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Fig. 13 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 13. Interpretation of voids and pores in the sterile specimens of dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse, and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov.; the meaning of the colors are the same as in Fig. 5. A. Axial view (general axial section). B. Proximal tangential section, first and second interverticillar spaces from the top are lacking pores, based on specimen in Fig. 9I, LM-DiSTAR /BA.577.37, n. 135, upper part. C. Oblique section, the proximal sleeve is missing interverticillar pores; based on specimen in Fig. 8E, LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.27, n. 124. D. Distal tangential section; note the interverticillar, irregular voids; based on specimen in Fig. 7K, LMDiSTAR/BA.577.34, n. 132, middle–upper part.

Fig. 10 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 10. Dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov. A. Reconstruction of the alga in axial view; A1, calcified skeleton (black) and soft parts (grey) in axial section; A2, axial view of the soft parts (green); dotted line separates the sterile and fertile parts of the thallus. B. Reconstruction of the alga in transverse view. B1, sector of a whorl in transverse section showing the calcified skeleton (black) and reconstruction of the soft parts (grey); B2, upper view of whorl and sector of a whorl also showing gametophores (upper part); soft parts in green.

Fig. 4. A in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 4. A comparison of selected dasycladalean genera compared. A. Bornetella Munier-Chalmas, 1877. B. Chinianella Ott, 1967 ex Granier and Deloffre, 1994. C. Jodotella Morellet and Morellet, 1913. D. Granieria group, Conradella Masse and Bucur, 2002 (D1) and Granieria Barattolo and Romano in Barattolo et al., 2008 (D2). E. Montiella group, Bakalovaella Bucur, 1993 (E1), Montiella Morellet and Morellet, 1922 (E2), Barattoloporella Parente, 1997 (E3).

Fig. 5 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 5. Scheme of mineralization in dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov. A. Axial section, lowest whorl is weakly calcified. Trace of transverse sections is indicated with dashed lines. B. Transverse section at whorl level. C. Transverse section through the interverticillar space. The interverticillar empty spaces merge laterally (annular channel) and are connected between whorls (vertical channels). A central pore sometimes leaves in contact the interverticillar void and the central cavity, either shifted downwards (white arrow) or upward (black arrow).

Fig. 2 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 2. Structure of dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) according Lebouché and Lemoine (1963).

Fig. 6 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 6. Dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov., upper Sinemurian (Lotharingian), Canders, 2.4 km E of Fontcaude, (S France). A. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.16, n. 065, oblique section of a weakly mineralized specimen showing intusannulation. B. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.21, n. 114, axial section, notice the irregular inner contour. C. LM-DiSTAR/ BA.577.24, n. 117, axial section of a weakly mineralized specimen showing intusannulation. D. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.28, n. 126, oblique section of a weakly mineralized specimen with intusannulation. E. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.4, n. 003, oblique section of a strongly mineralized specimen, note the regular contour of the inner cavity, interverticillar cavities sometimes communicate with the central cavity by mean of a small pore (see arrow). F. LMDiSTAR/BA.577.9, n. 018, oblique section showing the annular and vertical channels. G. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.10, n. 024, transverse-oblique section, a possible gametophore looks attached to primary lateral (see arrow). H. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.8, n. 014, transverse-oblique section showing the annular and vertical channels. I. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.15, n. 054, transverse-oblique section, note the annular channel with scalloped surfaces in the proximal sleeve and the calcareous shield, respectively.

Fig. 3 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 3. Possible structural models in dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994). A. Alternated whorls of weak/sterile and strong/fertile laterals; sterile and fertile laterals ramified (A1); only sterile laterals ramified (A2). B. Spaced whorls of weak/sterile laterals bearing a laterally attached gametophore (goniospory); large gametophore attached proximally (B1); subterminal gametophore (B2). C. Spaced whorls of weak/sterile laterals with simple interverticillar voids.

Fig. 1 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 1. Map with type localities of the species discussed in the text indicated. A. Chinianella ellembergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov., upper Sinemurian (Jurassic) of Canders (Languedoc, France). B. Distefanopolia micropora (Di Stefano and Senowbari-Daryan, 1985) and Distefanopolia macropora (Di Stefano, 1981 ex Di Stefano and Senowbari-Daryan, 1985) nov. comb., Norian (Upper Triassic), Cozzo di Lupo (Sicily, Italy). C. Distefanopolia zanklii (Ott, 1967) nov. comb., Norian–Rhaetian (Upper Triassic) of Dürreckberg (Upper Bavaria, Germany). D. Distefanopolia crosii (Ott, 1968) nov. comb., Upper Triassic of Kohlalpen Valley (Kaiser Mountains, Austria). E. Distefanopolia carpatica (Bystrický, 1967) nov. comb., Norian Upper Triassic) of Muráň Plateau (Slovakia).

Fig. 11 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 11. The structure of the Late Triassic species of dasycladalean algae Distefanopolia gen. nov. A. Distefanopolia micropora (Di Stefano, 1981 ex Di Stefano and Senowbari-Daryan, 1985) nov. comb., MGG-PA/Si24ax, Norian, Cozzo di Lupo (Palermo, Sicily), oblique section; note the first fertile whorl (bottom) showing two tufts of about eight pores, the third pore aside displays the usual inflated shape. B. Distefanopolia carpatica Bystrický, 1967) nov. comb., Norian, Muráň-PIateau (Gemer, Slovakia), oblique section, holotype, corresponding to Bistricky (1967: pl. 15: 3, thin section Nr. 2237), note the large, rounded gametophore encircled by several secondary laterals (below). Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 11 in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 11. Combined radiolarian and ammonite dating of Lower Jurassic deposits on Mount Rettenstein. The upper age limit of the grey marly limestone is constrained with ammonites, determined in the overlying red nodular limestone, numerical age after Gradstein et al. (2012). Revised radiolarian dating of samples from the Dürrnberg Formation is shown for comparison.

Fig. 6 in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 6. Radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein, Austria, Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic. A. Empirea sp. 1, sample Rö416. B. Acaeniotylopsis ghostensis (Carter in Carter et al., 1988); sample Rö416. C, D. Liassobetraccium bavaricum (Kozur and Mostler, 1990); sample Rö37. E, F. Liassobetraccium verticispinosum (Kozur and Mostler, 1990); sample Rö37. G–J. Tozerium filzmoosense Cifer sp. nov. G. Holotype, sample Rö416: 170717. H. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170503. I. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170739. J. Paratype, sample Rö37: 171105. K–O. Loupanus pliensbachicus Cifer sp. nov. K. Holotype, sample Rö416: 170562. L. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170559. M. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170757. N. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170704. O. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170560. P, Q. Loupanus sp. 1; sample Rö417. R, S. Thurstonia? timberensis Whalen and Carter in Carter et al., 1998; sample Rö416. T. Thurstonia? minutaglobus Whalen and Carter in Carter et al., 1998; sample Rö416. U–W. Thurstonia? robusta Cifer sp. nov. U. Holotype, sample Rö417: Rö417_093.V. Paratype, sample Rö417: Rö417_090. W. Paratype, sample Rö417: Rö417_098.

Fig. 5 in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 5. Microfacies of grey marly limestone with high abundance of radiolarians and sponge spicules in micritic matrix. Bioturbation is indicated by brighter and darker areas. A. Sample Rö416. B. Sample Rö417.

Fig. 3. A in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 3. A. View of the complete Mount Rettenstein complex from the southwest. B. Position of the studied section in the Weitenhaus cirque, the oval indicates the location where the studied samples were collected. C. Schematic sketch of the structural build of Mount Rettenstein with the three main tectonic units (from Auer et al. 2006). Structural Unit I: The primary part of the Tirolic mega-unit which, in contrast to the higher structural units, stayed ( more or less) in place relative to the basis of the Upper Tirolic thrust sheet. In the Mount Rettenstein region, Permian to early Middle Triassic strata make up the succession above the Greywacke Zone basement (Ganss et al. 1954). Structural Unit II: This intermediate, rather thin sheet is mainly made up of a laterally variable mega-slide succession of the Middle Jurassic Hallstatt Mélange. It is thought to have achieved its present position in the hangingwall of a normal fault (Auer et al. 2006). Structural Unit III: The topmost Mount Rettenstein unit corresponds to the Lower to Upper Jurassic Mount Rettenstein succession sensu stricto in the sense of Auer et al. (2009). It is suggested to have been emplaced along a thrust fault (Auer et al. 2006).

Fig. 2 in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic table with lithostratigraphic names and main tectonic events of the Jurassic of the Northern Calcareous Alps with their variations depending on the palaeogeographic position (after Gawlick et al. 2009). The different facies belts and therefore also the formations belong to depositional realms, which roughly correspond to the later formed tectonic units. The outer shelf region can only be reconstructed from blocks in Middle to Upper Jurassic mélanges and is, therefore, not completely understood in all details. The grey limestone succession from Mount Rettenstein shows characteristics of both the Scheibelberg and the Dürrnberg formations (in bold). Estimated palaeogeographic positions of the studied section are indicated. Abbreviations: Cret., Cretaceous; Fm., Formation; Lst., Limestone.

Fig. 1. A in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 1. A. Structural overview maps of the Alpine orogen, showing the situation of the central Northern Calcareous Alps. B. The middle sector of the central Northern Calcareous Alps with locations mentioned in the text indicated (modified from Frisch and Gawlick 2003). Abbreviations: Re, Mount Rettenstein; BD, Bad Dürrnberg; Te, Teltschengraben.

FIGURE 7 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 7. Palaeoart depiction of †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov. swimming in the twilight of the Posidonia Shale Sea. The post-cranium is based on †'Coccolepis' liassica and †Coccolepis bucklandi. Artwork by S. Cooper.

FIGURE 6 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 6. Cranial reconstruction of †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov. with missing regions based on reconstruction of 'Coccolepis' liassica in Gardiner (1960). Missing or speculative areas are indicated with a dashed line and coloured in grey. Abbreviations: ag = angular; an = antorbital; br = branchiostegal rays; cl = cleithrum; d = dentary; dpt = dermopterotic; dsph = dermosphenotic; esc = extrascapular; g = gular plate; hyo = hyomandibula; io.c = infraorbital sensory canal; j = jugal; msc = mandibular sensory canal; mx = maxilla; na = nasal; nar = external naris; op = opercle; poc = postorbital canal; pop = preopercle; ro = rostral; scl = supracleithrum; scr = sclerotic ring; sop = subopercle.

FIGURE 3. SMNS 52044 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 3. SMNS 52044, †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov. (paratype), skull and post-cranial elements preserved in ventro-lateral (left) view as a regurgitalite. (A), overview of specimen – skull exposed in left ventrolateral view. Much of the orbital region has been infilled with resin. (B), interpretive line drawing. Abbreviations: an = antorbital; ag = angular; cbl? = ceratobranchial?; chy = ceratohyal; cl = cleithrum; d = dentary; dpt = dermopterotic; esc = extrascapular; fr = frontals; g = gular plate; ha/nur = haemal/ neural arches and spines; hbl? = hypobranchials?; hyo = hyomandibula; ptr? = pterygiophores; m.sc = mandibular sensory canal; mpt = metapterygoid; mx = maxilla; na? = nasal?; op = opercle; pop = preopercle; scu? = preanal scute?; scr = sclerotic ring plate; sop = subopercle; t = teeth. Scale bar is equal to 20 mm.

FIGURE 4 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 4. †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov., details of jaws, palatoquadrate, and teeth. (A) maxillary teeth in SMNS 52044 – notice the smooth texture of the bone externa. Please note that some of the smaller damaged teeth on the maxilla are highlighted. (B) close-up of left palate, upper and lower jaws of SMNS 59978. (C), line drawing with surrounding matrix highlighted with false colour. Abbreviations: ag = angular; chy = ceratohyal; d = dentary; ecpt = ectopterygoid; enpt = endopterygoid; dpal = dermopalatine; hhy = hypohyal; mpt = metapterygoid; mx = maxilla; pmx = premaxilla; pmx.t = toothed region of premaxilla; scr = sclerotic ring; t = tooth crowns. Scale bars equal 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 1. Locality map and stratigraphy of the Posidonienschiefer Formation at Holzmaden, showing the distribution of coccolepidids in the formation. (A) Simplified map of Germany showing the location of Stuttgart. (B) State map of Baden-Württemberg showing regional exposure of the Posidonienschiefer Formation with the Holzmaden area indicated with a star. (C) Map of the Holzmaden area with a star indicating the collection locality. (D) Stratigraphic log of the Posidonienschiefer Formation at Holzmaden showing the collection horizon for the new coccolepidid fish. Modified from Cooper et al. (2022).