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243 results for “Economy”
Consideration of food and nutrition in blue economy voluntary commitments
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Robot swarms neutralize harmful Byzantine robots using a blockchain-based token economy
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Data for: Risk in the circular food economy: Glyphosate-based herbicide residues in manure fertilizers decrease crop yield
<p>Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most frequently used herbicides globally. They were launched as a safe solution for weed control, but recently, an increasing number of studies have shown the existence of GBH residues and highlighted the associated risks they pose throughout ecosystems. Conventional agricultural practices often include the use of GBHs, and the use of glyphosate-resistant genetically modified crops is largely based on the application of glyphosate, which increases the likelihood of its residues ending up in animal feed. These residues persist throughout the digestive process of production animals and accumulate in their excretion products. The poultry industry, in particular, is rapidly growing, and excreted products are used as plant fertilizers in line with circular food economy practices. We studied the potential effects of unintentional glyphosate contamination on an agronomically important forage grass, meadow fescue (<i>Festuca pratensis</i>) and a horticulturally important strawberry (<i>Fragaria x vescana</i>) using glyphosate residues containing poultry manure as a plant fertilizer in a common garden experiment. Glyphosate in the manure decreased plant growth in both species and vegetative reproduction in <i>F. x vescana</i>. Furthermore, our results indicate that glyphosate residues in organic fertilizers might have indirect effects on sexual reproduction in <i>F. pratensis</i> and herbivory in <i>F. x vescana</i> because they positively correlate with plant size. Our results highlight that glyphosate can be unintentionally spread via organic fertilizer, counteracting its ability to promote plant growth.</p>
Data from: Contributions of bats to the local economy through durian pollination in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Durian is economically important for local livelihoods in Indonesia. Our study investigated the identity of pollinators of semi-wild durian, and subsequently estimated the economic contribution of these pollination services. We conducted pollination exclusion experiments and deployed camera traps at durian trees from October 2017 to January 2018 in an area where the local economy depends on durian production in West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Durian flowers in the experiment that were accessible to bats had significantly higher fruit set compared to flowers that were completely closed to animal visitors or those that could only be visited by insects, suggesting that bats were the primary durian pollinator. The small, highly nectarivorous cave nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea) visited more inflorescences (n = 25) and had visits of much longer duration (X ̅ = 116.87 sec/visit) than the two species of flying foxes: Pteropus alecto (n = 7 inflorescences visited,X ̅ = 11.07 sec/visit) and Acerodon celebensis (n = 6 inflorescences visited,X ̅ = 11.60 sec/visit). Visits by large and small bats were influential in differentiating successful durian fruit production from unsuccessful. Using a bioeconomic approach, we conservatively estimate that bat pollination services are valued at ~$117/ha/fruiting season. By demonstrating an ecological link between bats and the local economy, this research provides an urgent message for Southeast Asian governments regarding the need to promote bat conservation in order to increase the production of durian grown under semi-wild conditions.
Acquisition of object-robbing and object/food-bartering behaviors: A culturally maintained token economy in free-ranging long-tailed macaques
<p>The token exchange paradigm shows that monkeys and great apes are able to use objects as symbolic tools to request specific food rewards. Such studies provide insights into the cognitive underpinnings of economic behavior in non-human primates. However, the ecological validity of these lab-based experimental situations tends to be limited. Our field research aims to address the need for a more ecologically valid primate model of trading systems in humans. Around the Uluwatu Temple in Bali, Indonesia, a large free-ranging population of long-tailed macaques spontaneously and routinely engage in token-mediated bartering interactions with humans. These interactions occur in two phases: after stealing inedible and more or less valuable objects from humans, the macaques appear to use them as tokens, by returning them to humans in exchange for food. Our field observational and experimental data showed (1) age differences in robbing/bartering success, indicative of experiential learning, and (2) clear behavioral associations between value-based token possession and quantity or quality of food rewards rejected and accepted by subadult and adult monkeys, suggestive of robbing/bartering payoff maximization and economic decision-making. This population-specific, prevalent, cross-generational, learned and socially influenced practice may be the first example of a culturally maintained token economy in free-ranging animals.</p>
Nitrogen economy of alpine plants on the north Tibetan Plateau: nitrogen conservation by resorption rather than open sources through biological symbiotic fixation
<p>Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important factors limiting plant productivity, and N fixation by legume species is an important source of N input into ecosystems. Meanwhile, N resorption from senescent plant tissues conserves nutrients taken up in the current season, which may alleviate ecosystem N limitation. N fixation was assessed by the <sup>15</sup>N dilution technique in four types of alpine grasslands along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients. The N resorption efficiency (NRE) was also measured in these alpine grasslands. The aboveground biomass in the alpine meadow was 4–6 times higher than in the alpine meadow-steppe, alpine steppe, and alpine desert-steppe. However, the proportion of legume species to community biomass in the alpine steppe and the alpine desert steppe was significantly higher than the proportion in the alpine meadow. N fixation by the legume plants in the alpine meadow was 0.236 g N m<sup>-2</sup>, which was significantly higher than N fixation in other alpine grasslands (0.041 to 0.089 g N m<sup>-2</sup>). The NRE in the alpine meadows was lower than in the other three alpine grasslands. Both the aboveground biomass and N fixation of the legume plants showed decreasing trends with the decline of precipitation and soil N gradients from east to west, while the NRE of alpine plants showed increasing trends along the gradients, which indicates that alpine plants enhance the NRE to adapt to the increasing droughts and nutrient-poor environments. The opposite trends of N fixation and NRE along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients indicate that alpine plants adapt to precipitation and soil nutrient limitation by promoting NRE (conservative nutrient use by alpine plants) rather than biological N fixation (open sources by legume plants) on the north Tibetan Plateau.</p>
Data from: Biophysical model of water economy can explain geographic gradients in body size in anurans
Geographical gradients of body size express climate-driven constraints on animals, but whether they exist and what cause them in ectotherms remains contentious. For amphibians, the water conservation hypothesis posits that larger bodies reduce evaporative water loss (EWL) along dehydrating gradients. To address this hypothesis mechanistically, we build upon well-established biophysical equations of water exchange in anurans to propose a state-transition model that predicts an increase of either body size or resistance to EWL as alternative specialization along dehydrating gradients. The model predicts that species whose water economy is more sensitive to variation in body size than to variation in resistance to EWL should increase in size with response to increasing potential evapotranspiration (PET). To evaluate the model predictions, we combine physiological measurements of resistance to EWL with geographic data of body size for four different anuran species. Only one species, Dendropsophus minutus, was predicted to exhibit a positive body size–PET relationship. Results were as predicted for all cases, with one species – Boana faber – showing a negative relationship. Based on a mathematical model verified empirically, we show that clines of body size among anurans depend on the current values of those traits and emerges as an advantage for water conservation. Our model offers a mechanistic and compelling explanation for the cause and the variation of gradients of body size in anurans.
Data from: How many broadleaved trees are enough in conifer plantations? The economy of land sharing, land sparing, and quantitative targets
1. For biodiversity conservation to be an effective and significant social investment, non-marketed values of biodiversity conservation and its associated opportunity costs should be evaluated in monetary terms. 2. In this study, we measured the willingness to pay (WTP) for bird abundance using a choice experiment (CE) based on the random utility model. We performed a cost–benefit analysis to identify the optimal proportion of broad-leaved trees in conifer plantations on a volume basis to maximize the social benefits of bird conservation and wood production. 3. The results suggested that respondents to the CE were not satisfied with their current situation and preferred an increase in bird abundance. However, the estimated WTP indicated diminishing returns of bird conservation. More specifically, WTP first greatly increased before gradually experiencing decreasing marginal values, reaching its peak, and finally decreasing slightly with increasing bird abundance. 4. Optimization analyses indicated that when the relation between bird abundance and broad-leaved tree proportion was convex, semi-natural plantations with non-zero broad-leaved tree proportion (0.02–0.22) were always optimal options. When the relation was linear, optimal broad-leaved tree proportion ranged from 0 to 0.78 and was greatly affected by wood values. When the relation was concave, there were only two optimal broad-leaved tree proportions: a very high proportion (approximately 0.90) and the lowest possible proportion (0). When the convex and concave relations approached the linear form, comparable benefits could be attained across broad ranges of broad-leaved tree proportion both within and across the relations. In such cases, it would be useful to increase the likelihood of a feasible land-use strategy of either land sparing or land sharing in order to be successful. 5. Synthesis and applications. It can be difficult to set quantitative targets in biodiversity conservation solely on an ecological basis, and social benefits of biodiversity conservation can create diminishing returns in many situations. The framework we proposed shows how to reconcile resource production and biodiversity conservation in the real world.
Raw Data for 'A Systematic Classification and Labelling Approach to Support a Circular Economy Ecosystem for NdFeB-Type Magnet'
<p>Raw Data for the paper "A Systematic Classification and Labelling Approach to Support a Circular Economy Ecosystem for NdFeB-Type Magnet" </p>
Figure 4 in "How Sensitive are Exports of a Small Open Economy to Prices and Foreign Incomes? Evidence From a Panel Data Analysis for Tunisia"
Figure 4 Principal Cocponent Analysis (PCA) perforced on the environcental factors. V: Vanadium, Cn: Chnomium, Mn: Mancanese, Co: Cobalt, Ni: Nickel, Cu: Coppen, Zn: Zinc, As: Ansenic, Cd: Cadmium, Sn: Tin, Tl: Thallium, Pb: Lead, Li: Lithium, Rb: Rubidium, Sn: Stnontium, Tsol: soil tempenatune, Hsol: soil humiditu, Gna: cnanulometnu, Na+: sodium, MO: oncanic matten.
Figure 1 in "How Sensitive are Exports of a Small Open Economy to Prices and Foreign Incomes? Evidence From a Panel Data Analysis for Tunisia"
Figure 1 Localization of sacplinS laSoon stations. S1: Bizente, S2: El Bchenliua, S3: Old hanbon ob Ghan El Melh, S4: Opposite El Bouchaz, S5: Sidi Ali Mekki, S6: Nonth lacoon ob Tunis, S7: South lacoon ob Tunis, S8: Konba, S9: Tazanka, S10: El Bibane.
A STUDY ON GIG ECONOMY AND REDEFINING EMPLOYMENT IN BHOPAL DISTRICT
<p>The Gig economy has had an enormous impact on the nature and status of employment. The <br>Fourth Industrial Revolution, adoption of Exponential Technologies and digital platform have <br>changed the traditional full-time, stable individual employment system but also bring tremendous <br>job opportunities in the form of on-demand freelance contractor work to unemployed workforce <br>especially Millennials. It is disrupting the way in which we work, who we work with and where <br>we work from. This paper explained what the gig economy is, what are the challenges facing by <br>workforce and Indian Economy and its impact on nature and status of employment. This paper is <br>tried to analyze the millenials" perspective regarding the gig jobs, employment status under gig <br>economy and also tried to explore the factors which should be included in overall employment <br>system. This paper also gives an overview for Best Practices to be adopted for framing policies <br>and regulations of workers under gig economy. A total of 124 gig workers from taxi aggregator <br>services of Bhopal District have been selected for this Study. Our study concluded that the most of <br>the gig workers earn their primary income through gig job and they would like to continue this gig <br>job on permanent basis</p>
Replication Package for "Trust and State Effectiveness: The Political Economy of Compliance"
<p>There is a README file that provides information on the data used in the paper titled “Trust and State Effectiveness: The Political Economy of Compliance” by Tim Besley and Sacha Dray, and steps to replicate its results.<br>DATA SOURCES:<br>Raw datasets needed for replication are in the folder "data/raw".<br>1/ IVS_clean.dta : dataset based on the Integrated Values Survey 1981-2021, which can be accessible from the World Values Survey or European Values Survey website.<br>-<br>EVS (2022): EVS Trend File 1981-2017. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA7503 Data file Version 3.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.14021.<br>-<br>2/ UK_C19_cohorts: dataset from the COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies.<br>-<br>Centre for Longitudinal Studies. (2020). COVID-19 survey in five national longitudinal cohort studies: Millennium Cohort Study, Next Steps, 1970 British Cohort Study and 1958 National Child Development Study, 2020–2021 [data collection].</p>
Data for "The hydrogen economy can reduce costs of climate change mitigation by up to 22%"
<p>This dataset contains the underlying data for all figures in the main text and in the SI of Wolfram et al. "The hydrogen economy can reduce costs of climate change mitigation by up to 22%", published in One Earth (2024). </p>
Multi-regional Input–output Table for the Global Emerging Economies (EMERGING)
<p><strong>EMERGING</strong>: Up-to-date and full-scale MRIO tables covering 135 sector code (the actual number of sectors is 134) in 245 economies. The EMERGING database is also designed to incorporate more official and publicly available data from national statistical institutes to ensure a high level of data quality, especially for these economies. </p> <p>Please see the steps in the development of the database and reconciliation and validation of bilateral trade data and national statistics in: <strong>Huo, J., Chen, P., Hubacek, K., Zheng, H., Meng, J., & Guan, D. (2022). Full-scale, near real-time multi-regional input–output table for the global emerging economies (EMERGING). Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1– 15. </strong><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13264"><strong>https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13264</strong></a></p> <p><strong>EMERGING CO<sub>2</sub> Inventory</strong>: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>eq) from fossil fuel combustion and energy consumption at the sectoral level in each region are available from the IEA database and CEADs emission inventory data. The EMERGING CO<sub>2</sub> Inventory includes a total of 7 energy types: 1. Coal; 2. Natural gas; 3. Oil products; 4. Crude, NGL, Ref Feeds.; 5. Other; 6. Oil shale & oil sands; 7. Peat & Peat products.</p> <div><strong>End year: </strong>The current version of the time series for EMERGING MRIO data is from 2010, 2015 to 2019. We have completed a full update for the period of 2020 to 2022 and the relevant new MRIO table is currently in the testing phase. It will be publicly shared online soon.</div> <div> </div> <p><strong>Announcements</strong></p> <p>These data are made freely available to the public and the scientific community in the belief that their wide dissemination will lead to greater understanding and new scientific insights. The availability of these data does not constitute publication of the data. The data providers rely on the ethics and integrity of the user to ensure that they receive fair credit for their work. If the data are obtained for potential use in a publication or presentation, we kindly ask you to cite them properly according to the instructions on the website.</p> <p>Queries about the EMERGING database and further collaboration can be addressed to: jing.j.meng@ucl.ac.uk or huojw20@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn </p>
Coordinates of sites included in the re-creation of Vita Finzi and Higgs' paper "Prehistoric Economy in the Mount Carmel Area of Palestine: Site Catchment Analysis", (1970)
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Survey Questions and answers on Smart and sustainable Digital economy
<p>Survey Responses</p>
Data from: Invasion-induced root-fungal disruptions alter plant water and nitrogen economies
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Despite widespread evidence that biological invasion influences both the biotic and abiotic soil environments, the extent to which these two pathways underpin the effects of invasion on plant traits and performance is unknown. Leveraging a long-term (14-yr) field experiment, we show that an allelochemical-producing invader affects plants through biotic mechanisms, altering the soil fungal community composition, with no apparent shifts in soil nutrient availability. Changes in belowground fungal communities resulted in high costs of nutrient uptake for native perennials and a shift in plant traits linked to their water and nutrient use efficiencies. Some plants in the invaded community compensate for the disruption of nutritional symbionts and reduced nutrient provisioning by sanctioning more nitrogen to photosynthesis and expending more water, which demonstrates a trade-off in trait investment. For the first time, we show that the disruption of belowground nutritional symbionts can drive plants toward alternative regions of their trait space in order to maintain water and nutrient economics.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Friends with or without benefits? An empirical evaluation of bilateral trade and economic integration between some of the post-Soviet economies.
<p>This dataset reproduces empirical results for the paper Friends with or without benefits? An empirical review of trade integration between some of the post-Soviet economies. Eurasian Economic Review (2022). It includes i) augmented gravity analysis and ii) impact of bilateral\multilateral FTA/PTA agreements for the EUEA members: Armenia, Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. This research was funded in whole by National Science Centre, Poland under PRELUDIUM 20 grant №2021/41/N/HS4/00759. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC-BY public copyright license to any Author Accepted Manuscript (AAM) version arising from this submission.</p>
Digital Economy, COVID-19 and Employment - Data and Commands
<p> The compressed file contains the data and commands for the paper. The data file named SampleData.dta contains the data set. The command file named Command.do contains all the execution commands. Please note that the commands interact with the data set.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.