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359 results for “Elephant”
Data from: Trade-offs between age-related breeding improvement and survival senescence in highly polygynous elephant seals: dominant males always do better
<ol> <li>Life history trade-off theory predicts that current reproduction can negatively affect survival and future reproduction. Few studies have assessed breeding costs for males of polygynous species compared to females, despite substantial variation in breeding success among individual males (e.g. subordinate <i>cf</i>. dominant breeders). Specifically, differentiating between the cost of attending breeding seasons, and the additional cost of successfully securing and mating females is lacking.</li> <li>We investigated whether trade-offs are present in the highly polygynous male southern elephant seal (<i>Mirounga leonina</i>) using 34-years of individual-level data. We compare age-specific survival, recruitment and future breeding success probabilities of pre-breeders (males yet to recruit) and breeders (subordinate and dominant social ranks) using multievent models.</li> <li>Pre-breeders and breeders of overlapping ages had similar survival probabilities, suggesting that there was no attendance cost for early recruits. In addition, the probability of recruiting as a dominant breeder never exceeded recruitment probability as a subordinate breeder of the same age. Therefore, older pre-breeders that delayed attendance costs generally did not improve their breeding success (probability of being dominant) at recruitment more than younger recruits. Rather, recruitment age may be a function of individual quality, with lower quality individuals requiring more time to socially mature.</li> <li>When comparing subordinate and dominant breeders, we found clear evidence for survival senescence, with subordinate breeders having a higher baseline mortality. In contrast, age-specific future breeding success (probability of being dominant at <i>t</i>+1) increased with age, with dominant breeders maintaining higher subsequent breeding success than subordinate breeders.</li> <li>The opposite trends in survival and future breeding success for both subordinate and dominant breeders may indicate a lifetime, population-level trade-off. However, we found no evidence to suggest that being a dominant breeder consecutively (and having a higher accumulated breeding cost) accelerated the rate of senescence when compared to individuals that were previously subordinate.</li> <li>Thus, males experienced actuarial senescence regardless of social rank, with dominant (and possibly high quality) breeders showing a reduced trade-off between survival and future breeding success. We make several novel contributions to understanding polygynous male life histories and southern elephant seal demography.</li> </ol>
Dataset of trees, insects and forest structure of forests disturbed and undisturbed by elephants on Mount Cameroon
<p>Datasets for Maicher et al. Effects of disturbances by forest elephants on diversity of trees and insects in tropical rainforests on Mount Cameroon. <em>Scientific Reports </em>doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78659-7</p> <p>All related information can be found in the cited paper. When using the dataset for anything, cite the Maicher et al. <em>Scientific Reports </em>paper.</p> <p>For additional information, refer the paper or write to robert.tropek@gmail.com and vincent.maicher@hotmail.fr</p>
Data from: Long-term monitoring of seed dispersal by Asian elephants in a Sundaland rainforest
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Asian elephants (<i>Elephas maximus</i>) have inhabited almost all forests in tropical Asia until recently, yet little is known about their role in ecological processes, particularly in the Sundaic forests of Southeast Asia. These forests are peculiar in their phenology, with supra-annual and highly irregular episodes of mast fruiting. Here we present a long-term (six-year) monitoring of the seeds dispersed by elephants in dipterocarp forests of northern Peninsular Malaysia. We conducted monthly dung surveys at two mineral licks (11.3 km apart) frequently visited by elephants. Additionally, we recorded haphazard observations of seeds and seedlings in elephant dung at other locations. We recorded a minimum of 48 morphospecies from at least 25 plant families dispersed by elephants. Elephant seed dispersal was very heterogenous in space, with only 30.3 % of the morphospecies dispersed at both sites (Jaccard dissimilarity index = 0.48). Temporally, elephants dispersed seeds in sporadic pulses of abundance and diversity, without any apparent seasonality (seeds appeared in 19.1 % of 1,284 dung piles and 57.1 % of the 63 months in which we found dung) and with long periods without any seed being dispersed. Nearly half (48 %) of the plants dispersed by elephants belong to a megafaunal dispersal syndrome. Our long-term approach allowed us to unravel an important aspect of Asian elephants' role and effectiveness in the seed dispersal cycle. Sundaland's forests are undergoing a rapid loss of their previously common megaherbivores (rhinos and elephants), with profound and long-term consequences for ecosystem functioning.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Early sexual dimorphism in the developing gut microbiome of northern elephant seals
<p>The gut microbiome is an integral part of a species' ecology, but we know little about how host characteristics impact its development in wild populations. Here, we explored the role of such intrinsic factors in shaping the gut microbiome of northern elephant seals during a critical developmental window of six weeks after weaning, when the pups stay ashore without feeding. We found substantial sex-differences in the early-life gut microbiome, even though males and females could not yet be distinguished morphologically. Sex and age both explained around 15% of the variation in gut microbial beta diversity, while microbial communities sampled from the same individual showed high levels of similarity across time, explaining another 40% of the variation. Only a small proportion of the variation in beta diversity was explained by health status, assessed by full blood counts, but clinically healthy individuals had a greater microbial alpha diversity than their clinically abnormal peers. Across the post-weaning period, the northern elephant seal gut microbiome was highly dynamic. We found evidence for several colonisation and extinction events as well as a decline in <i>Bacteroides </i>and an increase in <i>Prevotella</i>, a pattern that has previously been associated with the transition from nursing to solid food. Lastly, we show that genetic relatedness was correlated with gut microbiome similarity in males but not females, again reflecting early sex-differences. Our study represents a naturally diet-controlled and longitudinal investigation of how intrinsic factors shape the early gut microbiome in a species with extreme sex differences in morphology and life history.</p>
Data from: Water for African elephants (Loxodonta Africana): faecal microbial loads affect use of artificial waterholes
In semi-arid protected areas artificial waterholes ensure that water is locally available to animals for extended periods. However, artificial waterholes may limit animal movement, which contributes towards habitat deterioration. Challenges of artificial water provisioning worsen in the presence of ecosystem engineers like African elephants Loxodonta africana, capable of transforming environments. Camera traps were used to monitor elephant visitation at 21 artificial waterholes in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We also assessed if water quality parameters influenced elephant preference for certain waterholes. There were no significant correlations between elephant abundance and water physicochemical properties. However, there was a strong negative correlation between elephant abundance and levels of Escherichia coli in water. Our findings suggest that elephants avoid drinking water with high levels of faecal microbial loads. Whereas most studies addressing animal management in protected areas consider waterholes as homogeneous units, we posit that water quality could also determine local landscape use and movement patterns of key species like elephants, a finding with relevant implications in reserve management practices.
Data from: Fission–fusion processes weaken dominance networks of female Asian elephants in a productive habitat
Dominance hierarchies are expected to form in response to socioecological pressures and competitive regimes. We assess dominance relationships among free-ranging female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and compare them with those of African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana), which are known to exhibit age-based dominance hierarchies. Both species are generalist herbivores, however, the Asian population occupies a more productive and climatically stable environment relative to that of the African savannah population. We expected this would lower competition relative to the African taxon, relaxing the need for hierarchy. We tested whether 1) observed dominance interactions among individuals were transitive, 2) outcomes were structured either by age or by social unit according to 4 independent ranking methods, and 3) hierarchy steepness among classes was significant using David's score. Elephas maximus displayed less than a third the number of dominance interactions as observed in L. africana, with statistically insignificant transitivity among individuals. There was weak but significant order as well as steepness among age-classes but no clear order among social units. Loxodonta africana showed significant transitivity among individuals, with significant order and steepness among age-classes and social units. Elephas maximus had a greater proportion of age-reversed dominance outcomes than L. africana. When dominance hierarchies are weak and nonlinear, signals of dominance may have other functions, such as maintaining social exclusivity. We propose that resource dynamics reinforce differences via influence on fission–fusion processes, which we term "ecological release." We discuss implications of these findings for conservation and management when animals are spatially constrained.
Elephant Skulls
Three elephant skulls in the Grant Zoology Museum, London. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/culture/grant-museum-zoology Large: African Forest Elephant Medium: Young Asian Elephant Small: Young African Elephant 244 photos taken in May 2019 with a Sony a6000 and processed in Agisoft Metashape. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Khmer Elephant Jar, c. 1230 CE
Lime Jar in the Form of an Elephant, c. 1230 CE, now in the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art. More information about the object here: https://collections.artsmia.org/art/4456/lime-jar-in-the-form-of-an-elephant-khmer A printable version is here: https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4058738 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Tanzanian Elephant Wooden Statuette
Tanzanian Wooden Statuette 3D scanned with 226 photos during my Master degree in order to leanr photogrammetry. I used Reality Capture to create the mesh, and then I optimised it using blender. Camera specs : D850, 24-70 @2.8, SB 800 Flash I rigged it and animated it for fun, you can see it on my website here : http://gaetan-entz.ovh/modelisation-3d-animation/ Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data and R analysis code: Asian elephants distinguish sexual status and identity of unfamiliar elephants using urinary odours
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Despite the ubiquity of odours in mammals, few studies have documented the natural olfactory abilities of many "non-model" species such as the Asian elephant. As Asian elephants are endangered, we may apply odours to more effectively manage threatened populations. We implemented a habituation–discrimination paradigm for the first time in Asian elephants to test the ability of elephants to discriminate between unfamiliar male elephant urine, hypothesizing that elephants would successfully distinguish non-musth from musth urine and also distinguish identity between two closely related individuals. We conducted two bioassay series, exposing three female and three male zoo-housed elephants to the same urine sample (non-musth urine in the first series, and urine from an unfamiliar individual in the second) over five days. On the sixth day, we simultaneously presented each elephant with a novel sample (either musth urine or urine from a second unfamiliar individual) alongside the habituated urine sample, comparing rates of chemosensory response to each sample to indicate discrimination. All elephants successfully discriminated non-musth from musth urine, and also urine from two unfamiliar half-brothers. Our results further demonstrate the remarkable olfactory abilities of elephants with promising implications for conservation and management.</span></p>
Elephant Autodesk ReCap
The museum records provided little information on the original context of this object. There is no known date or artist. There are very few similar examples of this type of elephant figurine, giving no comparable pieces. As a result, it is unknown what this object would have been used for, or how old it is. to learn more about the creation of this model, visit https://mypages.unh.edu/elephant/home Created with agisoft photoscan and a Nikon d7000 From the collection of the University of New Hampshire Museum of Art. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Elephant and Tiger mosaic, 4th - 5th C CE
'Elephant Attacking a Feline,' from the villa of Constantine the Great in Antioch, Turkey, late 4th - mid 5th century CE. More information about the mosaic here: https://collections.artsmia.org/art/1740/elephant-attacking-a-feline-turkey Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
DIG500 Indian Elephant Statuette M. Joseph
Decorative statuette of an Indian Elephant digitized for DIG500 course of the Digital Curation Post Baccalaureate Certificate Program, University of Maine, Orno. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Golden Elephant Figurine
Indian golden elephant with Trunk up and broken tusk Royal decoration Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Minai 'Bowl Depicting a Lady Riding an Elephant'
Mina'i ware 'Bowl Depicting a Lady Riding an Elephant,' 12th-13th C CE, now in the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art. More infomation [here](https://collections.artsmia.org/art/1096/bowl-depicting-a-lady-riding-an-elephant-iran) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Elephant's foot Tonalea, Arizona
Photogrammetry by drone using a dji mavic and reality capure. 139 photos were used and the mesh was edited in meshlab. They're actually more like giant lower elephant legs. Two lonely rock pillars right next to a highway. Scan By Austin Beaulier Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Elephant statue
Photogrammetry and manual retopology of a wooden elephant statue. The statue is about 2m in height. Photogrammetry: Agisoft Metashape Retopology: Blender Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Macquarie Island southern elephant seal capture-mark-recapture data
<p>The Southern Ocean has been disproportionately affected by climate change and is therefore an ideal place to study the influence of changing environmental conditions on ecosystems. Changes in the demography of predator populations are indicators of broader shifts in food-web structure, but long-term data are required to study these effects. Southern elephant seals (<em>Mirounga leonina</em>) from Macquarie Island have consistently decreased in population size while all other major populations across the Southern Ocean have recently stabilised or are increasing. Two long-term mark-recapture studies (1956-1967 and 1993-2009) have monitored this population, which provides an opportunity to investigate demographic performance over a range of climatic conditions. This provides insights on individual vital rates of known-age seals from Macquarie Island over extensively long timeseries.</p>
Recent estimate of Asian elephants in Borneo reveals a smaller population
<p>Asian elephants occurring in northern Borneo form a geographically isolated and genetically distinct population. Of this, the subpopulation of Central Sabah holds the greatest opportunity for long-term survival, due to a relatively large population size and occurrence over a vast, contiguous, and protected habitat. We surveyed this subpopulation in 2015 using advanced methods to obtain a population size estimate. We used the distance-sampling framework and laid out transects following a stratified random design for counting elephant dung piles; measured dung decay following the 'retrospective' method; and used Bayesian analysis to estimate dung decay rate and dung pile density. Thus, we estimated a posterior mean dung decay rate of 212 days (95% BCI: 133–319), an overall elephant density of 0.07 per km<sup>2</sup> (95% BCI: 0.03–0.11), and a population size of 387 elephants (95% BCI: 169–621). These estimates were far lower than the population size of 1132 individuals and density of 1.18 per km<sup>2 </sup>estimated in 2008. It is unlikely that there has been a steep population decline, as there were no drastic land-use changes between 2008 and 2015, nor were there other identifiable causes for a population decline. Therefore, it appears that the methodological and analytical flaws in the previous estimate are the most plausible reason for this observed difference. Given that the new estimate suggests a much smaller population, it is prudent and precautionary to use the new estimate as the basis for all policy decisions and conservation actions for elephants in Sabah.</p>
Age-specific differences in Asian Elephant defecation, dung decay, detection and their implication for dung count
<p><span>In vertebrate population estimation, converting faecal density into animal density requires information on faecal production rate, decay rate, and faecal density. Differences in the above factors for long-lived species across age classes were not evaluated. We have evaluated these factors associated with the dung count of Asian elephants </span><span>(<em>Elephas maximus</em>) </span><span>in the tropical forest of Southern India. </span></p> <p><span>The defecation rate of elephants was determined in semi-wild elephants at the Mudumalai elephant camp. The relationship between dung bolus diameter and age was determined to estimate the age of the elephant. Total and age-specific elephant density based on dung bolus diameter were estimated. A total of 24 transect lines of 2-4 km (125 km) were sampled in the study area. An experiment was conducted to assess detection probability across the age classes of dung piles. The dung decay rates across age classes and seasons were determined by marking fresh dung piles (n=1551). The dung-based age structure assessment and its limitations were evaluated. </span></p> <p><span>The mean defecation rate was 13.51</span><span>±</span><span>0.51 per day. The defecation rate was significantly lower for the younger age class and increased with the age of elephants. Defecation rates were significantly lower in the wet season than in the dry. </span><span>The dung-boli diameter positively increased with the age of elephants, and the growth curve can be used to predict the age and age structure of the elephant population. </span></p> <p><span>The disparity in the dung production rate results in the lower availability of younger age class (Juvenile and calf) dung in the transect for counting, that results in lower dung abundance. The detection probability of dung piles of younger age classes was low (0.58). The survival rates of dung piles of younger age classes were lower and increased with the age of elephants in the wet season. </span><span>Hence, demography assessment of the population based on dung needs to consider age-specific differences in dung production, decay, and detection probability. Through demography assessment using dung provides insight into population age structure, it has limitations </span><span>in predicting age structure for young elephants. </span></p>
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