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111 results for “Evolution of ageing”
Data from: Evolution of ageing, costs of reproduction and the fecundity–longevity trade-off in eusocial insects
Eusocial insects provide special opportunities to elucidate the evolution of ageing as queens have apparently evaded costs of reproduction and reversed the fecundity-longevity trade-off generally observed in non-social organisms. But how reproduction affects longevity in eusocial insects has rarely been tested experimentally. In this study, we took advantage of the reproductive plasticity of workers to test the causal role of reproduction in determining longevity in eusocial insects. Using the eusocial bumblebee Bombus terrestris, we found that, in whole colonies, in which workers could freely 'choose' whether to become reproductive, workers' level of ovarian activation was significantly positively associated with longevity and ovary-active workers significantly outlived ovary-inactive workers. By contrast, when reproductivity was experimentally induced in randomly-selected workers, thereby decoupling it from other traits, workers' level of ovarian activation was significantly negatively associated with longevity and ovary-active workers were significantly less long-lived than ovary-inactive workers. These findings show that workers experience costs of reproduction and suggest that intrinsically high-quality individuals can overcome these costs. They also raise the possibility that eusocial insect queens exhibit condition-dependent longevity and hence call into question whether eusociality entails a truly reversed fecundity-longevity trade-off involving a fundamental remodelling of conserved genetic and endocrine networks underpinning ageing.
Data from: Evolution of male age-specific reproduction under differential risks and causes of death: males pay the cost of high female fitness
Classic theories of ageing evolution predict that increased extrinsic mortality due to an environmental hazard selects for increased early reproduction, rapid ageing and short intrinsic lifespan. Conversely, emerging theory maintains that when ageing increases susceptibility to an environmental hazard, increased mortality due to this hazard can select against ageing in physiological condition and prolong intrinsic lifespan. However, evolution of slow ageing under high-condition-dependent mortality is expected to result from reallocation of resources to different traits and such reallocation may be hampered by sex-specific trade-offs. Because same life-history trait values often have different fitness consequences in males and females, sexually antagonistic selection can preserve genetic variance for lifespan and ageing. We previously showed that increased condition-dependent mortality caused by heat shock leads to evolution of long-life, decelerated late-life mortality in both sexes and increased female fecundity in the nematode, Caenorhabditis remanei. Here, we used these cryopreserved lines to show that males evolving under heat shock suffered from reduced early-life and net reproduction, while mortality rate had no effect. Our results suggest that heat-shock resistance and associated long-life trade-off with male, but not female, reproduction and therefore sexually antagonistic selection contributes to maintenance of genetic variation for lifespan and fitness in this population.
Data from: Evolution of age at primiparity in pinnipeds in the absence of the quality-quantity trade-off in reproduction
Age at primiparity (AP) is a key life history trait which is crucial to the evolution of life-history strategies. This trait is particularly interesting in pinnipeds (walrus, eared seals and true seals), which are monotocous animals. Thus, the commonly observed trade-off between offspring quality and quantity does not apply to this taxon. Therefore, comparative studies on the evolution of AP might shed light on other important evolutionary correlates when litter size is fixed. Using phylogenetic generalised least squares analyses, we found a strong negative and robust correlation between relative birth mass (mean pup birth mass as a proportion of mean adult female mass) and AP. Rather than trading-off an early start of reproduction with light relative offspring mass, this result suggests that pinnipeds exhibit either faster (i.e. higher relative offspring mass leading to shorter lactation length, and thus shorter inter-birth interval) or slower life histories and that an early AP and a heavy relative offspring mass co-evolved into a comparatively fast life history strategy. On the other hand, AP was positively related to lactation length: a later start of reproduction was associated with a longer lactation length. Consequently, variation in AP in pinnipeds seems to be affected by an interplay between costs and benefits of early reproduction mediated by relative investment into the single offspring via relative birth mass and lactation length.
Data from: Oxidative stress and the evolution of sex differences in lifespan and ageing in the decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus
The Free Radical Theory of Ageing (FRTA) predicts that oxidative stress, induced when levels of reactive oxygen species exceed the capacity of antioxidant defences, causes ageing. Recently, it has also been argued that oxidative damage may mediate important life-history trade-offs. Here, we use inbred lines of the decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus, to estimate the genetic (co)variance between age-dependent reproductive effort, lifespan, ageing, oxidative damage and total antioxidant capacity within and between the sexes. The FRTA predicts that oxidative damage should accumulate with age and negatively correlate with lifespan. We find that protein oxidation is greater in the shorter lived sex (females) and negatively genetically correlated with lifespan in both sexes. However, oxidative damage did not accumulate with age in either sex. Previously we have shown antagonistic pleiotropy between the genes for early life reproductive effort and ageing rate in both sexes, although this was stronger in females. In females, we find that elevated fecundity early in life is associated with greater protein oxidation later in life, which is in turn positively correlated with the rate of ageing. Our results provide mixed support for the FRTA but suggest that oxidative stress may mediate sex-specific life-history strategies in G. sigillatus.
Data from: The evolution of age-dependent plasticity
When organisms encounter environments that are heterogeneous in time, phenotypic plasticity is often favored by selection. The degree of such plasticity can vary during an organism's lifetime, but the factors promoting differential plastic responses at different ages or life stages remain poorly understood. Here we develop and analyze an evolutionary model to investigate how environmental information is optimally collected and translated into phenotypic adjustments at different ages. We demonstrate that plasticity must often be expected to vary with age in a nonmonotonic fashion. Early in life, it is generally optimal to delay phenotypic adjustments until sufficient information has been collected about the state of the environment to warrant a costly phenotypic adjustment. Toward the end of life, phenotypic adjustments are disfavored as well because their beneficial effects can no longer be fully reaped before death. Our analysis clarifies how patterns of age-dependent plasticity are shaped by the interplay of environmental uncertainty, the accuracy of perceived information, and the costs of phenotypic adjustments with life-history determinants such as the relative strengths of fecundity and viability selection experienced by the organism over its lifetime. We conclude by comparing our results with expectations for alternative mechanisms, including developmental constraints, that promote age-dependent plasticity.
Data from: Sexual selection affects the evolution of lifespan and ageing in the decorated cricket Gryllodes sigillatus
Recent work suggests that sexual selection can influence the evolution of ageing and lifespan by shaping the optimal timing and relative costliness of reproductive effort in the sexes. We use inbred lines of the decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus, to estimate the genetic (co)variance between age-dependent reproductive effort, lifespan and ageing within and between the sexes. Sexual selection theory predicts that males should die sooner and age more rapidly than females. However, a reversal of this pattern may be favoured if reproductive effort increases with age in males but not in females. We found that male calling effort increased with age, whereas female fecundity decreased, and that males lived longer and aged more slowly than females. These divergent life-history strategies were underpinned by a positive genetic correlation between early-life reproductive effort and ageing rate in both sexes, although this relationship was stronger in females. Despite these sex differences in life-history schedules, age-dependent reproductive effort, lifespan and ageing exhibited strong positive intersexual genetic correlations. This should, in theory, constrain the independent evolution of these traits in the sexes and may promote intralocus sexual conflict. Our study highlights the importance of sexual selection to the evolution of sex differences in ageing and lifespan in G. sigillatus.
Figure 3 from: Ober K, Matthews B, Ferrieri A, Kuhn S (2011) The evolution and age of populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke on Arizona Sky Islands (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cychrini). ZooKeys 147: 183-197. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.2024
Figure 3 - Phylogeny of Scaphinotus petersi dated using a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock in BEAST. Outgroups are removed to show greater detail. Specimen numbers are removed, but the mountain range from which they were collected is indicated. Branches are proportional to time in thousands of years. Shading indicates the two most recent glacial maxima. 95% confidence intervals for the ages of major clades in the tree are indicated with blue bars. The capital letters indicate population fragmentation between mountain ranges (see Table 3).
Figure 1 from: Ober K, Matthews B, Ferrieri A, Kuhn S (2011) The evolution and age of populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke on Arizona Sky Islands (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cychrini). ZooKeys 147: 183-197. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.2024
Figure 1 - Study location A Scaphinotus petersi distribution is circled area. Habitat above 1830m is shown in black and between 1500 and 1830m is shown in grey B Shaded relief map of study area. Black dots denote sampling localities of Scaphinotus petersi used in this study (see Table 1) abbreviated as follows: P, Pinal Mountains; SC, Santa Catalina Mountains; PN, Pinaleño Mountains; and H, Huachuca Mountains. Figure courtesy of Sara Mitchell.
Figure 2 from: Ober K, Matthews B, Ferrieri A, Kuhn S (2011) The evolution and age of populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke on Arizona Sky Islands (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cychrini). ZooKeys 147: 183-197. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.2024
Figure 2 - Maximum likelihood tree of Scaphinotus petersi populations from combined COI and ND1 data. Outgroups are removed to show greater detail. Specimen numbers are removed, but the mountain range from which they were collected is indicated. Support for branches is indicated by Bayesian Posterior Probability/Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values. Scale bar units are substitutions per site.
Analysis of the Relationship Between Early Postoperative Anemia and the Evolution of Autonomy at 6 Months in Patients 75 Years of Age and Older Operated on Following a Fracture of the Upper End of the
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03810092. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Data from: The evolution of age-dependent plasticity
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Data from: Evolution of differential maternal age effects on male and female offspring development and longevity
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Data from: Heterogeneous rates of molecular evolution and diversification could explain the Triassic age estimate for angiosperms
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Data from: Experimental evolution of slowed cognitive aging in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Sex-specific mitonuclear epistasis and the evolution of mitochondrial bioenergetics, ageing and life history in seed beetles
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Data from: Evolution of age at primiparity in pinnipeds in the absence of the quality-quantity trade-off in reproduction
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Data from: Evolution of ageing, costs of reproduction and the fecundity–longevity trade-off in eusocial insects
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Data from: Evolution of male age-specific reproduction under differential risks and causes of death: males pay the cost of high female fitness
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Data from: Oxidative stress and the evolution of sex differences in lifespan and ageing in the decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus
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Data from: Sex-specific effects of natural and sexual selection on the evolution of life span and ageing in Drosophila simulans
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