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238 results for “Experimental testing”
An escape theory model for directionally moving prey and an experimental test in juvenile Chinook salmon
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TesCaV: An Approach for Learning Model-based Testing and Coverage in Practice, Experimental Data
<p>The data in this sheet provides the result of the exploratory experiment presented in the following paper:</p> <p>Beatriz Marín, Sofía Alarcón, Giovanni Giachetti, and Monique Snoeck. (2020) TesCaV: An Approach for Learning Model-based Testing and Coverage in Practice, in Fabiano Dalpiaz, Jelena Zdravkovic, Pericles Loucopoulos (eds), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science, LNCS, Springer.</p> <p> </p>
STEG data of manuscript "Electrical Generation of a Ground Level Solar Thermoelectric Generator: Experimental Tests and One-year Cycle Simulation" submitted to Energies
<p>Figure_7_data: laboratory data of TEG output power working at low temperature differences. Data used in Figure 7 of manuscript "Electrical Generation of a Ground Level Solar Thermoelectric Generator: Experimental Tests and One-year Cycle Simulation" submitted to Energies.</p> <p>Figure_9_data: experimental data of TEG temperature differences from July 24 to July 31, 2017. Data used in Figure 9 of manuscript "Electrical Generation of a Ground Level Solar Thermoelectric Generator: Experimental Tests and One-year Cycle Simulation" submitted to Energies.</p> <p>Figures_11_14_data: input and output data of the STEG model. One-year cycle data. Used to obtain figures 11 to 14 of manuscript "Electrical Generation of a Ground Level Solar Thermoelectric Generator: Experimental Tests and One-year Cycle Simulation" submitted to Energies</p>
Resistance-recovery tradeoff of soil microbial communities under altered rain regimes: An experimental test across European agroecosystems
<ol> <li>With the increased occurrence of climate extremes, there is an urgent need to better understand how management strategies affect the capacity of the soil microbial community to maintain its ecosystem functions (e.g. nutrient cycling).</li> <li>To address this issue, intact monoliths were extracted from conventional and ecological managed grasslands in three countries across Europe and exposed under common air condition (temperature and moisture) to one of three altered rain regimes (dry, wet and intermittent wet/dry) as compared to a normal regime. Subsequently, we compared the resistance and recovery of the soil microbial biomass, potential enzyme activities and community composition.</li> <li>The microbial community composition differed with soil management and rain regimes. Soil microbial biomass increased from the wetter to the dryer rain regime, paralleling an increase of available carbon and nutrients, suggesting low sensitivity to soil moisture reduction but nutritional limitations of soil microbes. Conversely, enzyme activities decreased with all altered rain regimes.</li> <li>Resistance and recovery (considering absolute distance between normal and altered rain regime) of the microbial communities depended on soil management. Conventional-intensive management showed higher resistance of two fundamental properties for nutrient cycling (i.e. bacterial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities) yet associated with more important changes in microbial community composition. This suggests an internal community reorganization promoting biomass and activity resistance. Conversely, under ecological management bacterial biomass and enzyme activities showed better recovery capacity, whereas no or very low recovery of these properties was observed under conventional management. These management effects were consistent across the three altered rain regimes investigated, indicating common factors controlling microbial communities' response to different climate-related stresses.</li> <li>Synthesis and applications: Our study provides experimental evidence for an important trade-off for agro-ecosystem management between i.) stabilizing nutrient cycling potential during an altered rain regime period at the expense of very low recovery capacity and potential long term effect (conventional sites) and ii.) promoting the capacity of the microbial community to recover its functional potential after the end of the stress (ecological sites). Thus management based on ecologically sound principles may be the best option to sustain long-term soil functioning under climate change.</li> </ol>
An Experimental Study on Applying Metamorphic Testing in Machine Learning Applications
<p>Machine learning techniques have been successfully employed in various areas and, in particular, for the development of healthcare applications, aiming to support in more effective and faster diagnostics (such as cancer diagnosis). However, machine learning models may present uncertainties and errors. Errors in the training process, classification, and evaluation can generate incorrect results and, consequently, to wrong clinical decisions, reducing the professionals' confidence in the use of such techniques. Similar to other application domains, the quality should be guaranteed to produce more reliable models capable of assisting health professionals in their daily activities. Metamorphic testing can be an interesting option to validate machine learning applications. Using this testing approach is possible to define relationships that define changes to be made in the application's input data to identify faults. This paper presents an experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of metamorphic testing to validate machine learning applications. A Machine learning application to verify breast cancer diagnostic was developed, using an available dataset composed of 569 samples whose data were taken from breast cancer images, and used as the software under test, in which the metamorphic testing was applied. The results indicate that metamorphic testing can be an alternative to support the validation of machine learning applications.</p>
An experimental test of the role of male mating history on paternal effects in the livebearer fish, Gambusia holbrooki
<p>We experimentally tested if differences in the mating history of old males affects their offsprings' performance in the mosquitofish, <em>Gambusia holbrooki</em>. Upon maturation, males were housed for the duration of a natural field breeding season (23 weeks) either with mating access to females ('lifetime mating') or with visual but no physical access to females ('no mating'). We then paired these males with a female to test whether male mating history had a significant effect on their mate's breeding success or offspring performance. The daughters, but not the sons, of 'no mating' treatment males matured significantly sooner, and at a significantly smaller size, than those of 'lifetime mating' treatment males. There was, however, no effect of male mating history on their daughters' initial fecundity, or on proxy measures of their sons' reproductive success. These results, when combined with earlier studies showing effects of male mating history on sperm quality, growth and immunity, suggest that variation in paternal effects currently attributed to male age could partly arise simply because older males have usually mated more often than younger males.</p>
Data from: Are house sparrow populations limited by the lack of cavities in urbanized landscapes? an experimental test.
Current urban policies are associated with deep changes in urban structures, which may impoverish urban biodiversity. A major concern is the disappearance of nesting sites for wild vertebrate species living in urban areas. New urban structures without any cracks or cavities may especially preclude cavity nesters from breeding in cities and they may cause population declines. In that context, we experimentally investigated this question in an urban exploiter bird species (the house sparrow, Passer domesticus), which is dramatically declining in most European cities. To test if the lack of cavities is limiting house sparrow populations in urban areas, we equipped 11 sites along an urbanization gradient with nest boxes and we then evaluated the rate of occupancy of these nest-boxes. This urbanization gradient was characterized by very rural places (isolated farms) and moderately urbanized areas (town of medium size, i.e. 60 000 inhabitants). Surprisingly, rural nest boxes were more occupied than urban ones, suggesting that cavity availability is probably more constraining in rural areas relative to urban ones. Therefore, our study suggests that urban house sparrow populations are probably not constrained by a lack of nesting sites in medium size cities with urban designs similar to our city of interest (Niort, Western France). This hypothesis definitely needs now to be tested in further urban landscapes (e.g. large cities and urban landscapes with other architecture and management policies).
Data from: Does predation risk affect mating behavior? An experimental test in dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica)
Introduction: One of the most important trade-offs for many animals is that between survival and reproduction. This is particularly apparent when mating increases the risk of predation, either by increasing conspicuousness, reducing mobility or inhibiting an individual's ability to detect predators. Individuals may mitigate the risk of predation by altering their reproductive behavior (e.g. increasing anti-predator responses to reduce conspicuousness). The degree to which individuals modulate their reproductive behavior in relation to predation risk is difficult to predict because both the optimal investment in current and future reproduction (due to life-history strategies) and level of predation risk may differ between the sexes and among species. Here, we investigate the effect of increased predation risk on the reproductive behavior of dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica). Results: Females, but not males, showed a substantial increase in the number of inks (an anti-predator behavior) before mating commenced in the presence of a predator (sand flathead Platycephalus bassensis). However, predation risk did not affect copulation duration, the likelihood of mating, female anti-predator behavior during or after mating or male anti-predator behavior at any time. Conclusions: Inking is a common anti-predator defense in cephalopods, thought to act like a smokescreen, decoy or distraction. Female dumpling squid are probably using this form of defense in response to the increase in predation risk prior to mating. Conversely, males were undeterred by the increase in predation risk. A lack of change in these variables may occur if the benefit of completing mating outweighs the risk of predation. Prioritizing current reproduction, even under predation risk, can occur when the chance of future reproduction is low, there is substantial energetic investment into mating, or the potential fitness payoffs of mating are high.
Data from: Variation in the impact of non-native seaweeds along gradients of habitat degradation: a meta-analysis and an experimental test
Biological invasions are acknowledged among the main drivers of global changes in biodiversity. Despite compelling evidence of species interactions being strongly regulated by environmental conditions, there is a dearth of studies investigating how the effects of non-native species vary among areas exposed to different anthropogenic pressures. Focusing on marine macroalgae, we performed a meta-analysis to test whether and how the direction and magnitude of their effects on resident communities and species varies in relation to cumulative anthropogenic impact levels. The relationship between human impact levels and non-native species impact intensity emerged only for a reduced subset of the response variables examined. Yet, there was a trend for the effects of non-native species on community biomass and abundance and on species abundance to become less negative at heavily impacted sites. By contrast, the magnitude of negative effects of seaweed on community evenness tended to increase with human impact levels. The hypothesis of decreasing severity of invader' impacts along a gradient of habitat degradation was also tested experimentally at a regional scale by comparing the effects of the removal of non-native alga, Caulerpa cylindracea, on resident assemblages among rocky reefs exposed to different anthropogenic pressures. Assemblages at urban and pristine site did not differ when invaded, but did so when C. cylindracea was removed. Our results suggest that, despite the generally weak relationship between human impacts levels and non-native species impacts, more negative impacts can be expected in less stressful environments (i.e. less degraded or pristine sites), where competitive interactions are presumably the driving force structuring resident communities. Implementing strategies for controlling the establishment of non-native seaweeds should be, thus, considered a priority for preserving biodiversity in relatively pristine areas. On the other hand, control of invaders at degraded sites could be warranted to lessen their role as propagule sources.
An experimental test of community-based strategies for mitigating human-wildlife conflict around protected areas
<p>Natural habitats are rapidly being converted to cultivated croplands, and crop-raiding by wildlife threatens both wildlife conservation and human livelihoods worldwide. We combined movement data from GPS-collared elephants with camera-trap data and local reporting systems in a before-after-control-impact design to evaluate community-based strategies for reducing crop raiding outside Mozambique's Gorongosa National Park. All types of experimental fences tested (beehive, chili, beehive and chili combined, and procedural controls) significantly reduced the number of times elephants left the Park to raid crops. However, placing beehive fences at a subset of key crossing locations reduced the probability that elephants would leave the Park by up to 95% relative to unfenced crossings, and was the most effective strategy. Beehive fences also created opportunities for income generation via honey production. Our results provide experimental evidence that working with local communities to modify both animal behavior and human attitudes can mitigate conflict at the human-wildlife interface.</p>
Data from: Experimental tests of the function and flexibility of song consistency in a wild bird
Measures of bird song that capture aspects of motor performance, such as consistency, have become a major focus in understanding sexual selection on song. Despite accumulating evidence that consistency is related to reproductive success in many species, the relative importance of male–male interactions and female–male interactions is still unclear. We studied the function and flexibility of song consistency and song rate in common yellowthroat warblers (Geothlypis trichas). A previous study of this population found that song consistency—measured as the amount of variability within a bout of songs—was positively correlated with the likelihood of siring extrapair young. In this study, we conducted two experiments aimed at testing (1) the role of song consistency and rate in mediating male–male and male–female interactions and (2) whether song effort is flexibly adjusted to changes in social context. In the first experiment, we simulated a male territorial intrusion with song playbacks that varied in consistency and rate; focal males responded aggressively to playbacks, but their response did not differ with playback consistency or rate. In the second experiment, we presented focal males with a taxidermic female mount and female vocalizations; focal males approached the speaker, but continued to sing and did not perform the aggressive rattle vocalization observed during male encounters. Immediately after the simulated female encounter, focal males increased in song consistency. Taken together, our results are most consistent with the hypothesis that song consistency in common yellowthroats is primarily a female-directed signal that is actively adjusted in response to rapidly changing social conditions.
Data from: Effects of fleas on nest success of Arctic barnacle geese: experimentally testing the mechanism
Parasites have detrimental effects on their hosts' fitness. Therefore, behavioural adaptations have evolved to avoid parasites or, when an individual is already in contact with a parasite, prevent or minimize infections. Such anti-parasite behaviours can be very effective, but can also be costly for the host. Specifically, ectoparasites can elicit strong host anti-parasite behaviours and interactions between fleas (Siphonaptera) and their hosts are one of the best studied. In altricial bird species, nest fleas can negatively affect both parent and offspring fitness components. However, knowledge on the effects of fleas on precocial bird species is scarce. Research on geese in the Canadian Arctic indicated that fleas have a negative impact on reproductive success. One possible hypothesis is that fleas may affect female incubation behaviour. Breeding females with many fleas in their nest may increase the frequency and/or duration of incubation breaks and could even totally desert their nest. The aim of our study was to 1) determine if a similar negative relationship existed between flea abundance and reproductive success in our study colony of Arctic breeding barnacle geese Branta leucopsis and 2) experimentally quantify if such effects could be explained by a negative effect of nest fleas on female behaviour. We compared host anti-parasite and incubation behaviour between experimentally flea-reduced and control nests using wildlife cameras and temperature loggers. We found that flea abundance was negatively associated with hatching success. We found little experimental support, however, for changes in behaviour of the breeding female as a possible mechanism to explain this effect.
Data from: Whether larval amphibians school does not affect the parasite aggregation rule: testing the effects of host spatial heterogeneity in field and experimental studies
Almost all macroparasites show over-dispersed infections within natural host populations such that most parasites are distributed among a few heavily-infected individuals. Despite the importance of parasite aggregation for understanding system stability, the potential for population regulation, and super-spreading events, many questions persist about its underlying drivers. Theoretically, aggregation results from heterogeneity in host exposure, resistance, and tolerance. However, few studies have examined how host spatial arrangement – which likely affects both parasite encounter and density-dependent interactions – influences infection and dispersion, representing a critical gap in our current knowledge regarding the possible drivers of parasite aggregation. Using field data from over 165 ponds and 8,000 hosts, we evaluated how the spatial clustering of amphibian larvae within ponds 1) varied among different amphibian species, and 2), affected the distribution of parasites within the host population using Taylor's Power Law. A complementary mesocosm experiment used field-guided manipulations of the spatial arrangement of larval amphibians to create a gradient in host clustering while controlling host density, thereby testing for spatial effects on both infection success and aggregation by three different trematode species. Our field data indicated that larval amphibians exhibited significant spatial clustering that was well captured by Taylor's Power Law (R2 0.92 to 0.97 for different host species), but the residual variation only weakly correlated with observed patterns of trematode parasite over-dispersion. Correspondingly, experimental manipulation of host clustering had no effects on parasite infection success or the degree of parasite aggregation among cages or mesocosms. Given the importance of parasite over-dispersion for host populations and disease dynamics, we advocate for further investigations of host and parasite spatial aggregation, particularly studies that incorporate and/or control for heterogeneity in exposure and susceptibility.
Data from: An experimental test of local adaptation among cytotypes within a polyploid complex
The geographic distributions of polyploids suggest they can have distinct and sometimes broader niches compared to diploids. However, relatively few field experiments have investigated whether range differences are associated with local adaptation or reflect other processes, such as dispersal limitation. In three years of transplants across the elevational ranges of five cytotypes in the Claytonia perfoliata complex, we found evidence for local adaptation. In at least one study year germination was higher within the natural range for each cytotype, and four of the five cytotypes attained larger biomass within their natural range. Fitness within and beyond range varied across years, with two instances of cytotypes showing higher fitness beyond the range, highlighting a potential role of temporal variability in cytotype differentiation. Polyploids as a group did not outperform diploids, but the cytotype with highest fitness across environments was a hexaploid reported to be invasive. Our results suggest that differences in geographic ranges within the C. perfoliata complex reflect local adaptation of cytotypes. Although we did not find a general polyploid advantage, our findings support the idea that occasional polyploid cytotypes exhibit high fitness relative to other cytotypes, and contribute to growing evidence supporting ecological differentiation of cytotypes within polyploid complexes.
Data from: Experimental manipulation reveals a trade-off between weapons and testes
Theory predicts a trade-off between sexually-selected weapons used to secure mates and post-copulatory traits used to maximize fertilization success. However, individuals that have a greater capacity to acquire resources from the environment may invest more in both pre- and post-copulatory traits, and trade-offs may not be readily apparent. Here, we manipulate the phenotype of developing individuals to examine allocation trade-offs between weapons and testes in Mictis profana (Hemiptera: Coreidae), a species where the hind legs are sexually selected weapons used in contests over access to females. We experimentally prevented males from developing weapons by inducing them to autotomize their hind legs before the final molt to adulthood. We compared trait expression in this group to males where autotomy was induced in the mid legs, which are presumably not under sexual selection to the same extent. We found males without weapons invested proportionally more in testes mass than those with their mid legs removed. Males that developed to adulthood without weapons did not differ from the mid leg removal group in other traits potentially under pre-copulatory sexual selection, other post-copulatory traits, or naturally selected traits. In addition, a sample of adult males from the same population in the wild revealed a positive correlation between investment in testes and weapons. Our study presents a critical contribution to a growing body of literature suggesting the allocation of resources to pre- and post-copulatory sexual traits is influenced by a resource allocation trade-off and that this trade-off may only be revealed with experimental manipulation.
Data from: How do foragers decide when to leave a patch? A test of alternative models under natural and experimental conditions
1. A forager's optimal patch-departure time can be predicted by the prescient marginal value theorem (pMVT), which assumes they have perfect knowledge of the environment, or by approaches such as Bayesian-updating and learning rules, which avoid this assumption by allowing foragers to use recent experiences to inform their decisions. 2. In understanding and predicting broader scale ecological patterns, individual-level mechanisms, such as patch-departure decisions, need to be fully elucidated. Unfortunately, there are few empirical studies that compare the performance of patch-departure models that assume perfect knowledge with those that do not, resulting in a limited understanding of how foragers decide when to leave a patch. 3. We tested the patch-departure rules predicted by fixed-rule, pMVT, Bayesian-updating and learning models against one another, using patch residency times recorded from 54 chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) across two groups in natural (n = 6,594 patch visits) and field-experimental (n = 8,569) conditions. 4. We found greater support in the experiment for the model based on Bayesian-updating rules, but greater support for the model based on the pMVT in natural foraging conditions. This suggests that foragers may place more importance on recent experiences in predictable environments, like our experiment, where these experiences provide more reliable information about future opportunities.5. Furthermore, the effect of a single recent foraging experience on patch residency times was uniformly weak across both conditions. This suggests that foragers' perception of their environment may incorporate many previous experiences, thus approximating the perfect knowledge assumed by the pMVT. Foragers may, therefore, optimise their patch-departure decisions in line with the pMVT through the adoption of rules similar to those predicted by Bayesian-updating.
Data from: Testing sex ratio theory with the malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum in natural and experimental infections
The malaria parasite (Plasmodium) life history accords well with the assumptions of Local Mate Competition (LMC) of sex ratio theory. Within a single meal of the blood-feeding vector, sexually dimorphic gametocyte cells produce gametes (females produce 1, males several) that mate and undergo sexual recombination. The theory posits several factors drive the Plasmodium sex ratio: male fecundity (gametes/ male gametocyte), number and relative abundance of parasite clones, and gametocyte density. We measured these traits for the lizard malaria parasite, P. mexicanum, with a large sample of natural infections and infections from experiments which manipulated clonal diversity. Sex ratio in single-clone infections was slightly female-biased, but matched predictions of theory for this low-fecundity species. Sex ratio was less female-biased in clonally diverse infections as predicted by LMC for the experimental, but not natural infections. Gametocyte density was not positively related to sex ratio. These results are explained by the P. mexicanum life history of naturally low clonal diversity and high gametocyte production. This is the first study of a natural malaria system that examines all traits relevant to LMC in individual vertebrate hosts and suggests a striking example of sex ratio theory having significance for human public health.
Data from: An experimental test of whether pyrodiversity promotes mammal diversity in a northern Australian savanna
1. The increasing awareness that a fire regime that promotes biodiversity in one system can threaten biodiversity in another has resulted in a shift away from fire management based on vague notions of maximising pyrodiversity, towards determining the optimal fire regime based on the demonstrated requirements of target species. 2. We utilised a long-running, replicated fire experiment on Melville Island, the largest island off the northern Australian coast, to test the importance of pyrodiversity for native mammals in a northern Australian savanna landscape. We first developed statistical models to determine how native mammal abundance has responded to nine years of experimentally-manipulated fire frequency. Next, given each species' modelled response to fire frequency, we identified the level of pyrodiversity and optimal mix of fire frequencies that would be expected to maximise mammal diversity and abundance, and minimise extinction risk. This was done for both the entire mammal assemblage and for the mammal species currently declining on Melville Island. 3. Fire frequency was a significant predictor of abundance of the northern brown bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus), black-footed tree-rat (Mesembriomys gouldii), brush-tailed rabbit-rat (Conilurus penicillatus), grassland melomys (Melomys burtoni), pale field-rat (Rattus tunneyi), and mice/dunnarts but not for the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). 4. The geometric mean abundance (GMA) of the entire mammal assemblage was positively associated with pyrodiversity, but peaked at an intermediate value. Hence, maximising pyrodiversity would reduce native mammal assemblage GMA below its potential maximum. The fire history for an area that maximised the entire native mammal assemblage GMA consisted of 57% long-unburnt, 43% triennially burnt and <1% annually burnt. Pyrodiversity did not reduce the extinction risk, nor increase the GMA of declining mammals above that predicted in areas entirely annually or triennially burnt. 5. Synthesis and applications: We demonstrate a useful approach with which to develop fire management strategies based on the demonstrated requirements of target species. By comparing the optimal fire regime identified for the conservation of threatened species and that identified for the entire mammal assemblage, we demonstrate the flexibility of this approach to tailor fire management to address specific management priorities in other fire-prone environments.
Experimental dataset: stereo-DIC experiment on uniaxially loaded, S-Shaped, high density polyethylene test sample
<p>Stereo-DIC experiments were performed on uniaxially loaded, s-shaped, high-density polyethylene test sample. 100 stationary images of unloaded test sample were taken for evaluation of DIC noise floor. Stereo calibration image dataset, involving a calibration target with rectangular grid (12 by 9 and pitch of 10 mm), is also made available. Tensile load from the test bench load-cell sampled at each moment an image is captured is available. </p>
An experimental test of the impact of avian diversity on attentional benefits and enjoyment of people experiencing urban green-space
<p>Biodiversity may play a key role in generating the well-being benefits of visiting green-spaces.</p> <p>The ability of people to accurately perceive variation in biodiversity is, however, unclear and evidence supporting links between biodiversity exposure and well-being outcomes remains equivocal. In part, this is due to the paucity of controlled experimental studies that deal adequately with confounding factors that covary with biodiversity.</p> <p>Attention restoration theory (ART) proposes that natural environments contain many softly fascinating stimuli that provide visitors with a sense of separation from their normal settings and routines, switching off direct attention and allowing recovery from attention fatigue. Increased biodiversity could increase these stimuli, and ART therefore potentially provides a mediating effect linking biodiversity to well-being.</p> <p>Here, we conduct a controlled experiment in which participants virtually experience urban green-space containing high and low levels of avian biodiversity (altered by manipulating bird song).</p> <p>Respondents accurately identified the contrast in biodiversity and reported greater enjoyment of the high biodiversity treatment than the low diversity control. Higher biodiversity did not, however, elicit greater self-reported stimulation or restoration, and did not increase perceived restorativeness scores or attentional capacity (quantified using the Digit Span Backwards attention test).</p> <p>Respondents that were more connected to nature, however, had greater attentional capacity following exposure to green-space.</p> <p>Our study provides rare experimental evidence that people can accurately detect variation in biodiversity, that high avian diversity boosts visitor perceptions of urban green-space quality, and that people with increased nature connectedness show enhanced attentional capacity.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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