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FIGURE 15 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 15. Comparison of the skull and dentary of extant Castor canadensis (MVZ 80744) and C. fiber (USNM 248154) to fossil C. californicus (USNM 26154). Note that the North American species C. canadensis and C. californicus share shorter nasals, wider occiput, and more posteriorly positioned orbits than Eurasian C. fiber; both also display more anterior placement of the anterior margin of the pterygoid insertion and greater spread of the posterior processes (coronoid, condylar, angular) than C. fiber.
FIGURE 14 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 14. Variation line graph calculated by coefficients of variation with sample size correction for Castor canadensis and C. californicus postcranial measurements. Note that C. fiber is excluded due to limited sampling. Castor canadensis and C. californicus both contains high levels of variation in postcranial elements. See Table 17 for descriptive statistics, coefficients of variation, and ANOVA results.
FIGURE 13 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 13. Boxplots for (A) articular width of humeral distal end (HDAW), (B) femoral epicondylar breadth (FeEB), (C) anteroposterior diameter of tibia distal epiphysis (TDEAPD), (D) anteroposterior diameter of third metatarsal (MT3APD), and (E) mediolateral diameter of fourth metatarsal (MT4MLD) of Castor canadensis and C. californicus, which exhibit differences in mean values and no overlap in range values. See Table 17 for descriptive statistics, coefficients of variation, and ANOVA results.
FIGURE 12 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 12. Boxplots for (A) anteroposterior diameter of femur (FeAPD) and (B) mediolateral diameter of tibia distal epiphysis (TDEMLD) of Castor canadensis and C. californicus, which exhibit differences in mean values and minimal overlap in range values. See Table 17 for descriptive statistics, coefficients of variation, and ANOVA results.
FIGURE 9 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 9. Canonical variate plot for analysis of dentary data with Castor californicus treated as a distinct taxon a priori. Axes depict shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids.
FIGURE 11 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 11. Dendrogram of dentary hierarchical cluster analysis. Specimens used in analysis are labeled by species and catalog number.
FIGURE 8 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 8. Histogram of canonical variate scores for analysis of dentary data with Castor californicus treated as an unknown. The x axis depicts shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids. The y axis indicates the frequency of canonical variate scores among studied taxa.
FIGURE 7 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 7. Canonical variate plot for analysis of cranial data with Castor californicus treated as a distinct taxon a priori. Axes depict shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids.
FIGURE 1 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 1. Late Miocene through Late Pleistocene fossil localities of Castor across North America. Locality points obtained from NOW database of Fossil Mammals.
FIGURE 5 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 5. Relative warp plot for the dentary. Axes depict shape variation, associated with landmark deformations indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids.
FIGURE 6 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 6. Histogram of canonical variate scores for analysis of cranial data with Castor californicus treated as an unknown. The x axis depicts shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids. The y axis indicates the frequency of canonical variate scores among studied taxa.
FIGURE 4 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 4. Relative warp plot for the lateral view of the cranium. Axes depict shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids.
FIGURE 3 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 3. Relative warp plot for the dorsal view of the cranium. Axes depict shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids.
FIGURE 2 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 2. Landmark placement for craniums in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views and dentaries (D) in lateral view on Castor canadensis MVZ 80744. Definitions of landmarks are outlined in Table 1 for the cranium and Table 2 for the dentary.
Fig. 1 in The first fossil representative of the extant clubtail dragonfly genus Lindenia from the mid-Miocene of Öhningen, Germany
Fig. 1. Clubtail dragonfly Lindenia heeri sp. nov., holotype, ETH S.N. 228 from Upper Öhningen beds Member, mid-Miocene. Forewing photographed under standard light (A1) and UV light (A2).
FIGURE 10 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America
FIGURE 10. Dendrogram of cranial hierarchical cluster analysis. Specimens used in analysis are labeled by species and catalog number.
Fig. 3. Extant melyrid beetles Melyris abdominalis Fabricius, 1787 in New cleroid beetles from the Middle-Late Jurassic of China
Fig. 3. Extant melyrid beetles Melyris abdominalis Fabricius, 1787 from Senegal and Falsomelyris granulatus Fabricius, 1792 (A) and from Hammoum, Algeria (B). A. MMBC-SC; base of elytra, pronotum, and head dorsally (A1), outline of pronotum (A2). B. MMBC-SC; detail of sculpture of head (B1), dorsal habitus (B2).
How to render species comparable taxonomic units through deep time: A case study on intraspecific osteological variability in extant and extinct lacertid lizards
<p>Generally, the species is considered to be the only naturally occurring taxon. However, species recognized and defined using different species delimitation criteria cannot readily be compared, impacting studies of biodiversity through Deep Time. This comparability issue is particularly marked when comparing extant with extinct species because the only available data for species delimitation in fossils are derived from their preserved morphology, which is generally restricted to osteology in vertebrates. Here, we quantify intraspecific, intrageneric, and intergeneric osteological variability in extant species of lacertid lizards using pairwise dissimilarity scores based on a data set of 253 discrete osteological characters for 99 specimens referred to 24 species. Variability is always significantly lower intraspecifically than between individuals belonging to distinct species of a single genus, which is in turn significantly lower than intergeneric variability. Average values of intraspecific variability and associated standard deviations are consistent (with few exceptions), with an overall average within a species of 0.208 changes per character scored. Application of the same methods to six extinct lacertid species (represented by 40 fossil specimens) revealed that intraspecific osteological variability is inconsistent, which can at least in part be attributed to different researchers having unequal expectations of the skeletal dissimilarity within species units. Such a divergent interpretation of intraspecific and interspecific variability among extant and extinct species reinforces the incomparability of the species unit. Lacertidae is an example where extant species recognized and defined based on a number of delimitation criteria show comparable and consistent intraspecific osteological variability. Here, as well as in equivalent cases, application of those skeletal dissimilarity values to paleontological species delimitation potentially provides a way to ameliorate inconsistencies created by the use of morphology to define species.</p>
Figures 1–10. Termitodius species dorsal habitus and lateral pronotum. 1–2 in Extinct or extant? A new species of Termitodius Wasmann, 1894, (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Rhyparini) with a short review of the genus
Figures 1–10. Termitodius species dorsal habitus and lateral pronotum. 1–2) T. coronatus, cotype. 3–4) T. araujoi. 5–6) T. chaki, paratype. 7–8) T. woodruffi, copal paratype. 9–10) T. woodruffi, holotype.
Figures 17–25 in Extinct or extant? A new species of Termitodius Wasmann, 1894, (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Rhyparini) with a short review of the genus
Figures 17–25. Images of Termitodius and host. 17) T. woodruffi, paratype, cut open in copal processing, note genitalia inside body (arrow). After photographing, genitalia removed for study. 18–19) T. araujoi male genitalia, caudal and lateral view. 20–21) T. woodruffi male genitalia of paratype in Fig. 17, caudal and lateral view. 22) T. woodruffi with worker host termite. 23) Soldier termite with T. woodruffi. 24–25) T. woodruffi, individual paratypes.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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