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Fig. 8. A–H in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 8. A–H. Lepidometopus platycephalus, ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a late divider (A, B), early post-dividers (C–F), and a late post-divider (G, H) in protargol preparations. Arrowheads in (A, B) mark barren area that forms at the posterior end of the proter and at the anterior end of the opisthe after the parental somatic ciliary rows split in the middle. Dashed lines in (D, F) delimit the flattened anterior body portion, i.e., the preoral dome. AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids; CP – cytopharynx; CV – contractile vacuole; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; OAZP – opisthe's adoral zone of polykinetids; OPM – opisthe's paroral membrane; OPS – opisthe's perizonal stripe; PAZP – proter's adoral zone of polykinetids; PD – preoral dome; PM – paroral membrane; PPM – proter's paroral membrane; PPS – proter's perizonal stripe; PS – perizonal stripe; SK – somatic kineties. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Fig. 5. A–E in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 5. A–E. Lepidometopus platycephalus in the SEM. A. Epicortical scales (lepidosomes). B. Left side overview, showing the strongly flattened preoral dome (asterisk). C. Oblique posterior polar view, showing the globular postoral portion roofed by the cap-shaped preoral dome. D. Detail of oral area, showing the tongue-like paroral membrane and the adoral zone of polykinetids whose cilia spread backwards. The dome lip is very narrow while the side stripe forms a rather deep channel covered with epicortical scales. E. Ventrolateral view of oral body portion. The arrowhead marks entrance to buccal cavity. This cell lost lepidosomes during the preparation process. AC – adoral cilia; DL – dome lip; PD – preoral dome; PM – paroral membrane; PS – perizonal stripe; SC – somatic cilia; SS – side stripe. Scale bars: 1 µm (A), 5 µm (D, E), and 20 µm (B, C).

Fig. 6. A–J in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 6. A–J. Lepidometopus platycephalus, ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of early dividers (A–H) and of an early mid-divider (I, J) after protargol impregnation. Arrowheads mark the prospective adoral polykinetids formed at the posterior end of dorsal and dorsolateral kineties. Asterisks denote the prospective adoral polykinetids developing at the anterior end of the postoral kineties. Arrow in (I) points to two dorsolateral kineties which migrate towards the growing perizonal stripe to become perizonal rows 4' and 5' in the opisthe. BU – bulge; CV – contractile vacuole; MA – macronucleus; MI – dividing micronucleus; OAZP – opisthe's adoral zone of polykinetids; PAZP – proter's adoral zone of polykinetids; PM – paroral membrane; PPS – proter's perizonal stripe. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Fig. 7. A–F in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 7. A–F. Lepidometopus platycephalus, ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of mid-dividers after protargol impregnation. Asterisks denote scattered dikinetids of perizonal rows 1 and 2 that migrate along the new adoral zone to assemble the opisthe's paroral membrane. Arrows point to two dorsolateral kineties which migrate towards the opisthe's perizonal stripe to become rows 4' and 5'. Arrowheads mark newly formed ciliary rows left of opisthe's adoral zone. CH – chromosomes; F – fibres; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; OAZP – opisthe's adoral zone; OPM – opisthe's paroral membrane; PAZP – proter's adoral zone; PD – preoral dome; PPM – proter's paroral membrane; PS – perizonal stripe rows. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Fig. 4. A–J in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 4. A–J. Lepidometopus platycephalus in the SEM. A–E. Ventral (A), right side (B), dorsolateral (C, D), and left side (E) overview, showing general body organization. Opposed arrowheads mark the strongly flattened distal portion of the preoral dome (B, E); arrows denote left side cilia (B–D). F. Ventrolateral view, showing the paroral membrane and the perizonal stripe. G. Dorsolateral view, showing five perizonal rows. H. Epicortical scales. I, J. Only a single basal body is ciliated in the postoral dikinetids (I) except for the left side kineties where both basal bodies are ciliated (J). (1–5) – perizonal rows; AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids; PD – preoral dome; PM – paroral membrane; PS – perizonal stripe; SC – somatic cilia. Scale bars: 1 µm (H), 2 µm (G), 3 µm (F), 5 µm (I, J), and 20 µm (A–E).

Fig. 3. A–H in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 3. A–H. Lepidometopus platycephalus from life (A–D) and after silver carbonate impregnation (E–H). Asterisks mark the strongly flattened preoral dome (A–C, E). Opposed arrowheads denote cortex and epicortical scale layer (A, C, D). A, B, E. Ventro- (A, B) and dorsolateral (E) overviews, showing general body organization. C. Detail of anterior body portion. D. Detail of posterior body end, showing the single elongated caudal cilium. F. Lateral view, showing somatic ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. G, H. Dorsolateral views of anterior body portion, showing the oral ciliary pattern, the perizonal stripe, and the nuclear apparatus. AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids; CC – caudal cilium; CV – contractile vacuole; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; PM – paroral membrane; PS – perizonal stripe; SK – somatic kineties; SC – somatic cilia. Scale bars: 10 µm (C, G, H) and 20 µm (A, B, D–F).

Fig. 1 in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 1. Various views of semi-schematized anterior body portion of Lepidometopus. Opposed arrowheads mark the strongly flattened distal portion of the preoral dome. AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids (black); PS – perizonal stripe (grey); SS – side stripe.

Fig. 2. A–V in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 2. A–V. Lepidometopus platycephalus from life (A, D, F–I), after silver carbonate (B, C) and protargol (J–V) impregnation, and in the SEM (E). A. Ventrolateral view of a representative specimen, length 45 µm. Arrows denote left side cilia; arrowhead marks the distally tapered caudal cilium. B. The perizonal stripe is composed of five rows: the first three rows are arranged more closely than the two last rows whose dikinetids are slightly shifted, providing the stripe with a staggered appearance. C. The oral ciliature consists of an average of 11 adoral polykinetids and a paroral membrane optically intersecting the adoral zone. D. Optical section showing the epicortical layer. E. Epicortical scales have various shapes and are about 1.25 × 0.45 µm in size. F–I. Body perspectives. J, O–V. Variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus. Dashed line delimits the strongly flattened anterior body portion. Drawn to scale. K–N. Dorso- and ventrolateral views of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of the holotype (K, L) and of a paratype (M, N) specimen. AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids; CP – cytopharynx; CV – contractile vacuole; LE – lepidosomes; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; PD – preoral dome; PM – paroral membrane; PS (1–5) – perizonal stripe (rows); SC – somatic cilium; SK – somatic kineties. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Fig. 5 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 5. Structures associated with feeding in Arapaima, including: a) bony plates on the roof of the buccal cavity (vo = vomer, pas = parasphenoid, enp = entopterygoid, and dpt+ecp = fused dermopalatine+ectopterygoid), b) bony tongue (abbtp = anterior basibranchial toothplate) and gill rakers (gr), and c) jaw teeth (jaw bones are d = dentary, mx = maxilla, and pmx = premaxilla). Panels a and b are for a specimen from Mamirauá Reserve, Brazil (now a dried skeleton at Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil (INPA 26583, 121 cm TL, collected by C. Arantes, Nov. 2006); panel c is of a dried skull specimen from the Essequibo River that was on display at Iwokrama Centre, Guyana (estimated 239 cm TL, based on morphometric data for Essequibo basin Arapaima, Stewart & Watson, pers. comm.).

Fig. 6 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 6. Anatomy of the digestive tract from a 78 cm TL juvenile Arapaima from Mamirauá Reserve, Brazil (now a dried skeleton in Manaus, INPA 26582, collected by C. Arantes, Nov. 2006). The intestine in this specimen was 1.77 times TL, which was longer than the average for both Essequibo and Mamirauá populations.

Fig. 2 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 2. Scatter plot of δ13C and δ15N signatures for Arapaima and prey fish. The plot includes points for individual Arapaima (stars) and mean for values of prey taxa when possible (diamonds = piscivores, n = 6, triangles = omnivores, n = 12, squares = detritivores, n = 10). Species names for prey fishes are: Amb = Amblydoras sp., Anc = Ancistrus sp., Apt = Apteronotus cf. albifrons, Ch = Chilodus sp., Cre = Crenicichla sp., Cur = curimatid, Eig = Eigenmannia sp., Geo = Geophagus surinamensis, Hop = Hoplias malabaricus, Hyp = Hypostomus sp., Pla = Platydoras sp., Rin = Rineloricaria sp., Ste = Sternopygus sp., Tra = Trachycorystes trachcorystes.

Fig. 3 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 3. Histograms of the distribution of all feasible contributions of the three dietary fish groups for Arapaima: a) piscivores, b) omnivores, and c) algivores/detritivores based on the IsoSource model. Values in boxes are 1% percentile and 99% percentile ranges for these distributions.

Fig. 4 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 4. Histograms of the distribution of feasible contributions of the three dietary fish groups for Arapaima: a) piscivores, b) omnivores, and c) algivores/detritivores after imposing additional constraints of: I) omnivores> carnivores, and II) algivores/ detritivores> carnivores. Values in boxes are 1% percentile and 99% percentile ranges for these distributions.

Fig. 1 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 1. Map of collecting localities for stable isotope samples from the Essequibo River basin of southwestern Guyana. Sites are as follows: a) Banana Sucker Pond, b) Grass Pond, c) Makarapan Pond, d) Small Kumaka Pond, e) Inkapati Head Pond, and f) Stanley Lake. Inset shows location of study area in northern South America (black box with arrow) in relation to natural distribution of the genus Arapaima (grey shading).

Fig. 4 in Effects of the interannual variations in the flood pulse mediated by hypoxia tolerance: the case of the fish assemblages in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Fig. 4. Ordination of the samples of the upper Paraná River floodplain, through the detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), in years of short (diamond: 2000 white, 2001 gray) and moderate floods (square: 2002 gray, 2003 black). Numbers 1-6 are codes of the sampling stations (see Fig. 1).

Fig. 5 in Effects of the interannual variations in the flood pulse mediated by hypoxia tolerance: the case of the fish assemblages in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Fig. 5. Fish assemblage attributes in the main habitats of the upper Paraná River floodplain in years of short (2000 and 2001) and moderate (2002 and 2003) floods. The black area of the bars represents the proportion of STH. Numbers 1-6 on the abscissa are codes of the sampling stations (see Fig. 1).

Fig. 2 in Effects of the interannual variations in the flood pulse mediated by hypoxia tolerance: the case of the fish assemblages in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Fig. 2. Monthly (a) and daily level (b, between January and March) of the upper Paraná River recorded in Porto São José municipality. In b (right axis), the number of days between January and March, when the upper Paraná River surpassed the threshold of 350 cm (horizontal braked line). The years 2000 and 2001 were considered as years of short floods and 2002 and 2003 as years of moderate floods. Source: National Department of Waters and Electric Energy.

Fig. 6 in Effects of the interannual variations in the flood pulse mediated by hypoxia tolerance: the case of the fish assemblages in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Fig. 6. Relationships between each assemblage attribute and dissolved oxygen, in years of short (white) and moderate floods (black). Attributes where either calculated for the entire fish assemblage (STH+SIH) (a-c) and for the subsets of STH (d-f) and SIH (g-i). Numbers 1-6 are codes of the sampling stations (see Fig. 1).

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Рис. 2. МежгоΔовое соотношение чисΛенного обиΛия семейств герпетобионтных жесткокрыΛых в пойме (2008–2011 гг.) Fig. 2. Inter-annual ratio of numerical abundance of herpetobiont beetle families in the floodplain (2008–2011) in Population Dynamics For Herpetobiont Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Floodplain Of A Small Tributary In The Lower Reaches Of The Irtysh

Рис. 2. МежгоΔовое соотношение чисΛенного обиΛия семейств герпетобионтных жесткокрыΛых в пойме (2008–2011 гг.) Fig. 2. Inter-annual ratio of numerical abundance of herpetobiont beetle families in the floodplain (2008–2011)