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139 results for “Fossoriality”
Figure 4 in A new subfamily of fossorial colubroid snakes from the Western Ghats of peninsular India
Figure 4. (a) Geographic distribution of Xylophiinae subfam. nov. (green) and approximate distribution of subfamily Pareinae (blue). Photographs show representative taxa of the two subfamilies within Pareidae: (b) Xylophis perroteti from Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India (Photo: Achyuthan N. Srikanthan); (c) Pareas monticola from Barail, Assam, India (Photo: V. Deepak). Approximate distribution drawn based on locations provided in Srinivasulu et al. (2014) and Wallach et al. (2014).
Figure 2 in A new subfamily of fossorial colubroid snakes from the Western Ghats of peninsular India
Figure 2. Ranges of uncorrected p-distances (black and grey) and K2P distances (dark blue and light blue) for between-family (dark bars) and within-family (light bars) comparisons of snakes in the superfamily Colubroidea. Pareidae here includes Pareinae and Xylophiinae subfam. nov. Numbers on the x-axis denotes sample size of subfamilies under each family.
Figure 1 in A new subfamily of fossorial colubroid snakes from the Western Ghats of peninsular India
Figure 1. Pruned ML tree showing bootstrap support for the relationships of species in the family Pareidae. See Appendix 4 for the complete ML phylogeny including 507 taxa (493 species of snakes and seven non-snake squamates).
FIGURE 2 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in a fossorial reptile: description of a new species of Blanus (Squamata: Amphisbaenia: Blanidae) from the Iberian Peninsula
FIGURE 2. Schematic drawing showing some measurements used in the present study. PFL⎯Prefrontal length; PFW⎯Prefrontal width; HW⎯Head width; DS⎯Dorsal segments; VS⎯Ventral segments.
FIGURE 1. A in Evidence of cryptic speciation in a fossorial reptile: description of a new species of Blanus (Squamata: Amphisbaenia: Blanidae) from the Iberian Peninsula
FIGURE 1. A) Phylogenetic Maximum Likelihood (ML) relationship between the central and southwestern clades of Blanus cinereus based on ND4 and16S mitochondrial haplotypes. B. mettetali, B. tingitanus and B. strauchi are used as outgroups. Node numbers represent, from left to right, ML bootstrap values, Bayesian Inference posterior probabilities, Maximum Parsimony and Minimum Evolution bootstrap values. Bootstrap values below 50% are not shown. Inset: ML tree based on anonymous unknown nuclear locus (AUNL) haplotypes of three species of Blanus, showing the split between the southwestern and central clade in Blanus cinereus. B) Map of the Iberian Peninsula showing sampling localities of Blanus cinereus included in the DNA study. See Material Examined for further details. Grey dots represent populations of the southwestern clade, and black dots represent populations of the central clade. Modified from Albert et al., 2007.
FIGURE 5 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in a fossorial reptile: description of a new species of Blanus (Squamata: Amphisbaenia: Blanidae) from the Iberian Peninsula
FIGURE 5. Photograph showing the holotype of Blanus mariae MNCN44638, which is deposited in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain. The scale shown in the lowest part of the picture is in centimeters.
FIGURE 4 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in a fossorial reptile: description of a new species of Blanus (Squamata: Amphisbaenia: Blanidae) from the Iberian Peninsula
FIGURE 4. Haplotypes of the anonymous unknown nuclear locus (AUNL) belonging to Blanus from Iberia (B. cinereus; central clade and B. mariae; southwestern clade) and from Morocco (B. tingitanus; Northern Morocco and B. mettetali; Southwestern Morocco). The following Genbank accession numbers correspond to these sequences: EI011512-EI011566.
FIGURE 3 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in a fossorial reptile: description of a new species of Blanus (Squamata: Amphisbaenia: Blanidae) from the Iberian Peninsula
FIGURE 3. Discriminate scores for percentage of individuals belonging to the central (grey color) and southwestern (black color) clades along Discriminate Function Analysis 1.
Figure 3 Bayesian inference tree reconstructed from cytochrome b in Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles
Figure 3 Bayesian inference tree reconstructed from cytochrome b sequences of water vole ArVicola. The tree is rooted with 11 species of Arvicolinae: MicrotUS aGreStiS, M. cabrerae, M. SUbterraneUS, M. lUSitanicUS, M. dUodecimcoStatUS, M. arValiS, Neodon irene, N. leUcUrUS, ChionomYS niValiS, C. roberti, and C. GUd. The branching pattern and branch lengths follow the Bayesian analysis, whereas the first and second numbers on the branches correspond to posterior probability values and bootstrap support in the maximum likelihood tree analyses, respectively. Symbols for morphotypes (∆ – fossorial; □ – aquatic) correspond to those in Figure 1 and Table 1.
Figure 2 in Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles
Figure 2 Skulls (in lateral view) of fossorial (A) and aquatic (B) water voles: (A) Slovenia, Ljubljana, Blagovica, CbL =35.5 mm (PMS 18874); (B) Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kupres, CbL =39.6 mm (PMS 2541). Skulls are deposited in the Slovenian Museum of Natural History (PMS). Scale bar =5 mm.
Figure 1 in Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles
Figure 1 Distribution of water vole samples sequenced for cytochrome b gene. Approximate ranges of ArVicola amphibiUS S.S. and A. Scherman follow Batsaikhan et al. (2008) and Amori et al. (2008a), respectively. Symbols for morphotypes (∆ – fossorial; □ – aquatic) correspond to those in Figure 4 and Table 1. Samples of unknown morphotype are denoted by circles.
Figure 5 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 5. The lateral wall of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): right prootic (blue) in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) ventral and (E) medial views; and left opisthotic (golden) in (F) anterior, (G) lateral and (H) posterior views. afac, articulation facet concavity; ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boa, basioccipital sutural area; bsa, parabasisphenoid sutural area; CNV, passage of the cranial nerve five (V); eoa, exoccipital sutural area; fa, facial foramen; flo, floccular fossa; fo, fenestra ovalis; jf, jugular foramen; lscc, attachment of the lateral semicircular area; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pa, pila antotica; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pdp, prootic dorsal process; prd, prootic lateral depression; pscc, attachment of the posterior semicircular canal; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; spa, supraoccipital sutural area; vea, vestibular area; ve, vestibule. The horizontal line pattern on the prootic in (B) represents the prootic depression. The diagonal square pattern in (F) represents the articular surface of the prootic. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The upper scale bar serves for (A-E) and the lower for (F-H).
Figure 11 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 11. Illustration of a cistecephalid species and its inferred palaeobiology. Skin texture is inspired by the naked mole-rat and the foraging behaviour typical of a fossorial taxon feeding on insects. Reconstruction credits: copyright Luzia Soares (2021).
Figure 10 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 10. The lateral and occipital portions of the braincase of Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032): epipterygoid (light pink) in (A) anterior and (B) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (C) anterior view; supraoccipital (dark green) in (D) anterior, (E) posterior, (F) left lateral and (G) medial views; prootic (blue) in (H) anterior, (I) lateral, (J), medial and (K) posterior views; opisthotic (golden) in (L) anterior, (M) medial and (M) posterior views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; cc, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eocr, exoccipital descending crest; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; epap, anteromedial angular process of the epipterygoid; epar, ascending ramus of the epipterygoid; epft, epipterygoid footplate; fa, facial foramen; flo, floccular fossa; fo, fenestra ovalis; fm, foramen magnum; ihb, impressions of the hindbrain; jf, jugular foramen; lscc, attachment of the lateral semicircular canal; nc, nuchal crest; oae, opisthotic anterior depression; od, opisthotic posterior depression; opc, opisthotic posterior crests; pa, pila antotica; pabt, prootic anterior buttress; pade, pila antotica ellipsoidal depression; pard, pila antotica anterodorsally directed ridges; pbg, prootic anterior bulge; pg, prootic anterior groove; plbt, prootic lateral vertical buttress; pmbt, prootic medial vertical buttress; prs?, prootic sinus; pscc, attachment of the posterior semicircular canal; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; pvfo, prootic vertical fossa; sacr, crests of the supraoccipital ala; saex, medial excavation of the supraoccipital lateral ala; sfo, supraoccipital posterior fossa; sap, supraoccipital anterior process of the median lobe; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior oblique ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; tgn, passage of the cranial nerve (V); ve, vestibular area. Scale bars equal 1 mm. The first scale serves for (A-B), the second for (C-G) and the third for (H-N).
Figure 4 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J).
Figure 2 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 2. Comparisons of the braincase between Pristerodon and emydopoids. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) anterior, (B) left lateral, (C) posterior and (D) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (E) anterior, (F) left lateral, (G) posterior and (H) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (I) anterior, (J) left lateral, (K) posterior and (L) ventral views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (M) anterior, (N) left lateral, (O) posterior and (P) ventral views. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid. Same color code scheme is used in the following figures.
Figure 1 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 1. Illustration of the braincase region within the entire skull. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) right lateral, (B) posterior and (C) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (D) right lateral, (E) posterior and (F) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (G) left lateral and (H) posterior views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (I) right lateral, (J) posterior and (K) ventral views. Note that the Malawian cistecephalid specimen is completely covered by matrix, such that a good contrast to enable the visibility of the skull was not obtained. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid.
Figure 7 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 7. The posteroventral braincase wall of Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690 and BP/1/2701a): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; the exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior, (F) posterior, (G) dorsal and (H) ventromedial views; supraoccipital (dark green) in (I) anterior, (J) posterior, (K) ventral and (L) dorsal views; prootic (blue) in (M) anterior, (N) left lateral, (O) medial, (P) dorsal and (Q) posterior views; (R) the complete braincase of BP/1/2690 in left lateral view; opisthotic (golden) of BP/1/2690 in (S) anterior and (T) posterior views; right opisthotic of BP/1/2701a in (U) posterior view; the braincase of BP/1/2690 in (V) ventral view. ap, alar process of the prootic; ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; bo, basioccipital; boc, basioccipital condyly; bocc, basioccipital condyle concavities; bod, basioccipital ventral depression; bocdr, basioccipital condyle dorsal ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bonf, basioccipital nutritive foramina; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bt, basioccipital tubera; CNV, passage of the cranial nerve five (V); eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; eopsu, exoccipital posterior sulcus; fa, facial foramen; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; gp, gap between the prootic and the clinoid process; hf, hypoglossal foramen; jf, jugular foramen; lscc, attachment of the lateral semicircular area; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; ob, opisthotic body; obu, opisthotic bulges; occp, occipital pit; olc, opisthotic lateral crest; omc, opisthotic medial crest; op, opisthotic; opmb, opisthotic posteromedial buttress; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pa, pila antotica; pabt, prootic anterior buttress; pbs, parabasisphenoid; ppex, prootic posterior excavation; pr, prootic; prac, pila antotica anterior crests; prmc, prootic medial crest; prpb, prootic posterior bulge; pscc, attachment of the posterior semicircular canal; pt, pterygoid; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sac, supraoccipital semicircular crests; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; smb, supraoccipital subvertical buttress; spi, supraoccipital posterior pit; su, supraoccipital; svd, supraoccipital posterior vertical depressions; ve, vestibular area. The horizontal square pattern in (O) represents the sutural area between the prootic and supraoccipital; the horizontal line pattern in (O, Q) represents the articular surface between the prootic and the opisthotic and the oblique pattern in (O) represents the articular surface between the prootic and the parabasisphenoid. Finally, the vertical pattern in (S), represents the articular surface for the prootic on the opisthotic. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-H), the second for (I-L), the third for (M-Q, S, T, V), the fourth for (R) and the fifth for (U).
Figure 3 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K).
Figure 12 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 12. Phylogenetic results simplified to highlight Emydopoidea intra- and interrelationships. Numbers at nodes represent: Symmetric Resampling values/CG values above nodes; Bremer Support values/Relative Bremer Support values below nodes. See the Supporting Information (Figs S1–S3) for the complete tree.
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