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Figure 1 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 1. Habitus in vivo of lenticular Discosomaticinae. A–B, Sibambea waorani from Yasuní National Park (Ecuador) C–D, Sibambea rotunda from Orellana (Ecuador). E–F, Kayania bicolumnata from Ecuadorian Amazon. G–H, Protus bolivari from Madre de Dios (Peru). I, Protus speciosus from Amazonas (Colombia). Photographs of Arthur Anker (A–B, I), Andreas Kay (C–F), Nicky Bay (G) and Paul Bertner (H).

Figure 15 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 15. SEM images of some structures of Acantholibitia pluriarcuata, male (MZUSP 48841). A–D, penis: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, detail of stylus, lateral view. E, left pedipalpus, mesal view. F, left basichelicerite, dorsal view. G, left cheliceral hand, dorsal view. H, claws of leg IV, oblique view. Scale bars: 10 μm (D), 50 μm (A–C, H), 200 μm (E, G), 100 μm (F).

Figure 7 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 7. Strict consensus of trees obtained with K = 6.2878 and 7.4809, indicating larger groups as defined herein, with asserted distributions juxtaposed. * indicates type species of the genera. Abbreviations: BY = Bayesian analyses, EW = equal weighting, IW = implied weighting, RBS = relative Bremer support, BT = bootstrap, GC = difference in frequencies GC (Group present/Contradicted), PP = posterior probabilities of clades.

Figure 2 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 2. Habitus in vivo of some Discosomaticinae from Brazil. A, Roquettea singularis from Pará. B, Gryne leprosa from Pará. C, Gryne marginalis from Pará. D, Gryne dimorpha from Goiás. E–G, Gryne orensis from Mato Grosso do Sul. Photographs of Arthur Anker & Pedro H. Martins (A, C–D), Bruno Garcia (B) and Adriano Kury (E–G).

Figure 13 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 13. SEM images of some structures of Acantholibitia biocellata, male (MNRJ 19042). A–D, penis: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, detail of MS-C, ventral view. E, left pedipalpus, mesal view. F, left basichelicerite, dorsal view. G, left cheliceral hand, dorsal view. H, claws of leg IV, oblique view. Scale bars: 10 μm (D), 20 μm (H), 50 μm (A–C), 200 μm (E), 100 μm (F, G).

Figure 29 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 29. Paraprotus atroluteus, syntype (SMF RI 291). A, dDorsal view. B, lateral view. C, panoramic dorsal view. D, original label. Scale bars: 1 mm. Photos courtesy Abel Pérez.

Figure 3 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 3. Habitus in vivo of some non-discosomaticinae. A, Cosmetus delicatus from Espírito Santo (Brazil). B, Paecilaema u-flavum from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). C, Cynorta conspersa from Pará (Brazil). D, Meterginus basalis from Cusuco National Park (Honduras). E, Rhaucus serripes from Cundinamarca (Colombia). F, Eucynorta virescens from Antisana Ecological Reserve (Ecuador). Photographs of Miguel Medrano (A, E, F), Sébastien Cally (B), Bruno Garcia (C), Jonathan Kolbi (D).

Figure 33 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 33. Protus distinctus, male (CAS AK 105). A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. C, panoramic dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 41 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 41. SEM images of some structures of Protus speciosus, male (ICN-Ao- 467). A–C, penis: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view. D, left cheliceral hand, frontal view. E, left basichelicerite, dorsal view. F, left pedipalpus, mesal view. G, same, dorsal view. H, same, detail of tarsus, ventral view. Scale bars: 100 μm (A–C, E, H), 200 μm (D), 500 μm (F, G).

Figure 40 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 40. Protus speciosus, male (ICN-Ao-381). A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. C, panoramic dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 32 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 32. SEM images of some structures of Protus bolivari, male (USNMENT 01538074). A–D, penis: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, detail of stylus, oblique view. E–F, right claw IV: E, ventral view; F, ventro-lateral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A–C), 20 μm (D, F), 100 μm (E).

Figure 25 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 25. Kayania compressicoxa, schematic female illustration modified from Avram & Soares (1983). A, dorsal view. B, ovipositor and detail of macrosetae. C, left chelicera, mesal view. D, right pedipalpus, mesal view.

Figure 24 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 24. Kayania bicolumnata, male holotype (SMF 12782/16). A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, distal part of the penis emerging through genital operculum. D, habitus, lateral view. E, postero-lateral view. F, original labels by Weyrauch and Roewer. Scale bars: 1 mm. Photos courtesy Abel Pérez.

Figure 37. Protus marllusi. A–B in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 37. Protus marllusi. A–B, Male holotype (MNRJ 7602): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view. C–E, variation of spots of dorsal scutum, female paratypes, dorsal view: C. MNRJ 4842. D. MNRJ 7602. E. MNRJ 2173. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 38 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 38. SEM images of some structures of Protus marllusi, holotype (MNRJ 7602). A–C, penis: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view. D, left cheliceral hand, dorsal view. E, left basichelicerite, dorsal view. F, left pedipalpal tarsus, ventral view. G, left pedipalpus, ventral view. H, same, mesal view. Scale bars: 100 μm (A–C, E, F), 200 μm (D), 500 μm (G, H).

Figure 28 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 28. Paraprotus albithorax, female holotype (SMF RII 132/2). A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. C, panoramic dorsal view. D, original label. Scale bar: 1 mm. Photos courtesy Abel Pérez.

FIGURE 36. Living specimens inside the caves. A in Annotated checklist of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores) associated with Brazilian caves

FIGURE 36. Living specimens inside the caves. A) Roquettea morpho. 1 from Caverna SL-61, Curionópolis, PA; B) Acutisoma longipes, male from Gruta do Mandembe, Luminárias, MG; C) Goniosoma capixaba, female from Gruta Archimides Panssini, Vargem Alta, Espírito Santo; D) Goniosoma vatrax, male from Caverna MP-2, Itabirito, MG; E) Goniosoma vatrax, female from Caverna Rola Moça I, Belo Horizonte, MG; F) Goniosoma venustum, male from Gruta das Furnas, Cambuci, RJ. Photos A, D, F courtesy by Espeleo Team and B, C, E, F by R.L. Ferreira.

FIGURE 43 in Annotated checklist of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores) associated with Brazilian caves

FIGURE 43. Living troglomorphic (undescribed species) and troglobitic specimens. A) Iandumoema und. sp. 1, male from Caverna da Água do João Ferreira, Itacarambi, MG; B) Iandumoema und. sp. 1, female Caverna da Água do João Ferreira, Itacarambi; C) Giupponia chagasi, from Lapa do Boqueirão, Carinhanha, BA; D) Pachylospeleus strinatii, male from Caverna Ressurgência das Areias, Iporanga, SP. Photos A, B courtesy by L.M. Rabelo and C, D by R.L. Ferreira.

FIGURE 32. Habitus, dorsal view. A, B in Annotated checklist of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores) associated with Brazilian caves

FIGURE 32. Habitus, dorsal view. A, B) Syncranaus cribrum, male (ISLA 13096), female (ISLA 13095); C, D) Pickeliana capito, male (ISLA 12104), female (ISLA 12105); E) Pickeliana morpho. 1, female (ISLA 13074); F) Protimesius laevis, male (ISLA 13069).

FIGURE 28. Habitus, dorsal view. A in Annotated checklist of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores) associated with Brazilian caves

FIGURE 28. Habitus, dorsal view. A) Ogloblinia und. sp. 1, female (ISLA 12103); B) Paradiscocyrtus cerayanus, female (ISLA 4686); C, D) Parapachyloides uncinatus, male (ISLA 13029), female (ISLA 3352); E, F) Planiphalangodus und. sp. 1, male (ISLA 1480), female (ISLA 13228).