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FIGURE 17. Ultrastenos huberi, pterygoid fragments. A in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 17. Ultrastenos huberi, pterygoid fragments. A: QM F42665, right pterygoid in articulation with right ectopterygoid in ventral view. B: QM F31076, pterygoid pair in ventral view. Abbreviations: ect, ectopterygoid; ecss, sutural surface for articulation with the ectopterygoid; palss, sutural surface for articulation with the palatine; sofm, margin of the suborbital fenestra; vptr, ventral pterygoid ridge. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 12. Ultrastenos huberi, shared derived character states. A-D in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 12. Ultrastenos huberi, shared derived character states. A-D: QM F42665, holotype of Ultrastenos willisi. A, B, Right temporal fragment in dorsal view (A) and lateral view (B). C, D, ventral portion of braincase (with attached, displaced fragment of right pterygoid) in right lateral view (C) and occipital view (D). E-H: QM F31075, 'WH Cranial Form 1'. E, F, right temporal region in dorsal view (E) and lateral view (F). G, H, ventral portion of braincase in right lateral view (G) and occipital view (H). Numbered character states: 1, distance from the ventrolateral tip of the paroccipital process to the dorsal margin of the quadrate condyle is less than the transverse width of the quadrate condyle (shown by rectangular bracket); 2, short posterolateral process of the squamosal descends at an angle steeper than 65⁰; 3, parabasisphenoid-pterygoid suture recessed within a sulcus; 4, enlarged sagittal, ventral keel of the basioccipital prominent in lateral view; 5, otoccipital-basioccipital suture (marked with red line) fails to cross the synovial surface of the occipital condyle. Scale bars equal 20 mm.

FIGURE 16 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 16. Ultrastenos huberi, QM F61097, cranial fragment. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, left lateral view. Abbreviations: cl, canthus lacrimalis; ect, ectopterygoid; fr, frontal; ju, jugal; la, lacrimal; mal, maxillary alveolus; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; or, orbit; pf, prefrontal; rp, reception pit; sof, suborbital fenestra; Vpal, foramen for palatine ramus of cranial nerve V2 (maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve). Scale bar equals 50 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 3. Ultrastenos huberi, QM F31075, White Hunter Cranial Form 1, posterior cranial fragment. A, B, dorsal view as a photograph (A), and as an annotated photograph with interpretive overlay (B). C, D, occipital view as a photograph (C), and an annotated photograph with interpretive overlay (D). Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; fa, foramen aereum; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal; mf, metotic foramen; mptf, median pharyngeal tube foramen; ncr, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; parp, paroccipital process; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pcf, posterior carotid foramen; po, postorbital; pop, postoccipital process of the supraoccipital; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; ptyf, pharyngotympanic foramen; q, quadrate; qc, quadrate condyle; qjss, sutural surface for articulation with the quadratougal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra; XIIp, posterior foramen for cranial nerve XII (posterior hypoglossal foramen). Scale bar equals 50 mm.

Supplementary materials to: Hand gestures and the oratorical taskscape of Late Republican and Augustan Forum Romanum in Rome

Supplementary materials to the article: "Hand gestures and the oratorical taskscape of Late Republican and Augustan Forum Romanum in Rome" S1 - Virtual 3d Reconstruction of Forum Romanum, ca. 54 BCE used in the study S2 - Virtual 3d Reconstruction of Forum Romanum, ca. 27 BCE used in the study S3 - Virtual 3d Reconstruction of Forum Romanum, ca. 14 CE used in the study S4 - Parameters used in the Viewshed function in Exploratory 3D Analysis in the ArcGIS Pro 2.9 <div></div>

Musical instrument playing with the Parametric hand data

Data collected and source files for generation. Instructions on use and links to resources in README.txt Robot trajectories, logs, waveforms and loadcell data for experiments in embodied intelligence during music playing with the Parametric robot hand.

Fig. 7. Connection between UABM and ulnerve nerve. A in The Nerve Bundle via the Median Nerve Innervating the Ulnar Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand in a Gorilla Equivalent to the Deep Branch of the Ulnar Nerve in the Human

Fig. 7. Connection between UABM and ulnerve nerve. A. In the proximal forearm, a thin branch from the ulnar nerve meets a branch from the UABM to make a neural arch that gives off motor branches to the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) of the ring and little fingers. B. A thin proximal branch (hollow arrow) from the ulnar nerve unites with the radial bundle (motor fasciculi) of the UABM and the other thicker distal one (solid arrow) unites with its ulnar bundle (sensory fasciculi).

Fig. 3. Brachial plexus. A in The Nerve Bundle via the Median Nerve Innervating the Ulnar Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand in a Gorilla Equivalent to the Deep Branch of the Ulnar Nerve in the Human

Fig. 3. Brachial plexus. A. The brachial plexus is composed of the upper trunk·C4, C5 and C6 roots, the middle trunk·C7 root and the lower trunk·C8 root. B. The subclavian artery was found to split the middle trunk into two bundles: upper and lower. The upper bundle consists of the anterior and posterior divisions, and the lower bundle is the medial division (Eisler) going to the medial cord.

Fig. 4 in The Nerve Bundle via the Median Nerve Innervating the Ulnar Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand in a Gorilla Equivalent to the Deep Branch of the Ulnar Nerve in the Human

Fig. 4. Components of UABM. A. The UABM is composed of ᶃfasciculi from the medial division of the middle trunk·C7 root and ᶄfasciculi from the lower trunk·C8 root, and some from ᶅthe lateral cord. B. Intraneural dissection of the medial cord revealed that one half of fasciculi going to UABM come from the medial division of the middle trunk·C7 root (Eisler) and the other half from the lower trunk·C8 root.

Fig. 6 in The Nerve Bundle via the Median Nerve Innervating the Ulnar Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand in a Gorilla Equivalent to the Deep Branch of the Ulnar Nerve in the Human

Fig. 6. Motor branches to FCU of the ulnar nerve. Three motor branches to the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU); two to the proximal and middle portion of the muscle, and another to its distal portion. A thin branch is also seen to meet with a branch from UABM to make a neural arch.

Fig. 2 in The Nerve Bundle via the Median Nerve Innervating the Ulnar Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand in a Gorilla Equivalent to the Deep Branch of the Ulnar Nerve in the Human

Fig. 2. Innervation of all ulnar intrinsic muscles by the radial bundle of UABM. The radial bundle (motor branch) first gives off branches to the hypothenar muscles and to the lumbrical muscles of the little and ring fingers (marked with asterisks), and then to interossei (4th DI, 3rd PI and 3rd DI, 2nd PI). It goes further radially to give branches to both heads of ADP.

Fig. 5 in The Nerve Bundle via the Median Nerve Innervating the Ulnar Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand in a Gorilla Equivalent to the Deep Branch of the Ulnar Nerve in the Human

Fig. 5. The route of fasciculi composing the UABM. Several fasciculi of C8 root going to the UABM pass anterior or posterior to the ulnar nerve, two thick fasciculi anterior, and two thick and one thin fasciculi posterior. Three fasciculi from the lateral cord join the UABM.

Fig. 1 in The Nerve Bundle via the Median Nerve Innervating the Ulnar Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand in a Gorilla Equivalent to the Deep Branch of the Ulnar Nerve in the Human

Fig. 1. Ulnar antebrachial branch of the median nerve (UABM). It branched off the median nerve at the anterior aspect of the elbow and ran ulno-distally in the forearm toward the wrist. The ulnar artery is seen to come out from under the ulnar head of the pronator teres and to run distally along but about one cm apart from UABM.

Fig. 14 in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 14. Grasping pattern of the hand. A. Grasping a bough of the tree; B. Holding a piece of fruit. Sketches are drawn imitating the hand motion shown in movies of NHK BS TV program (Yamagiwa, 2012).

Fig. 13. Knuckle walk. A in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 13. Knuckle walk. A. The trunk tilts backward because of longer forelimbs; B. The knuckle walk of gorillas is walking with MP joints in extension and PIP joints in deep flexion bearing the weight on the dorsal aspects of the middle phalanges of the hands. Sketches are drawn imitating the walking style shown in movies of NHK BS TV program (Yamagiwa, 2012).

Fig. 12 in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 12. Dorsal aspect of the metacarpophalangeal joint. A. A shallow groove (white arrows) is seen along the dorsal margin of the articular cartilage of the metacarpal head; B. The dorsal edge of the proximal phalanx base sits in the groove by extending the MP joint passively; C. Grooves are deep enough at the 3rd and 4th metacarpals (white arrows), but not at the 2nd and 5th in the skeletal specimen of another gorilla stored in National Museum of Nature and Science.

Fig. 11. Extensor apparatus and retaining ligaments. A in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 11. Extensor apparatus and retaining ligaments. A. Extensor apparatus consists of two components: extrinsic compornent (dark green) and intrinsic component (light green). Ligamentous structures are shown in orange color. The interosseous hood is the proximal hood-like portion of the aponeurotic expansion of the interosseous tendon (a thick arrow). (modified from Tubiana and Valentin, 1964); B. On the radial side of the middle finger, the interosseous hood is shown. Adherent to the proximal margin of this interosseous hood, a sagittal band expands between DTML and EDC tendon; C. The oblique retinacular ligament (ORL) is well developed at the radial aspect.

Fig. 9. Underdeveloped EIP. A in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 9. Underdeveloped EIP. A small slender muscle sitting at the dorsoradial aspect of the ulna is judged to be underdeveloped EIP muscle although its tendon attaches to the dorsal aspect of the wrist (a white block arrow).

Fig. 7 in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 7. Innervation of intrinsic muscles by the radial bundle of UABM. The radial bundle first gives off branches to the hypothenar muscles and to the lumbrical muscles of the little and ring fingers (marked with asterisks), and then to interossei (4th DI, 3rd PI and 3rd DI, 2nd PI).

Fig. 15 in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 15. The mechanism to block hyperextension of the MP joint with the function of the sagittal band. A. When the finger is flexed, the sagittal band passes over the joint axis of the metacarpal head in coordination with the distalward movement of the extensor tendon; B. When the MP joint is extended and surpasses the range of extension, the traction force of the finger extensor is blocked with the tightened sagittal band that transmits the force palmarward so that the proximal phalanx base does not move further to hyperextension.