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FIGURE 9 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 9. Type localities of Penaincisalia species with male orange dorsal colouration. Penaincisalia alina Bálint, 2019 (Apurímac: Abancay Pass), P. aurulenta Johnson, 1990 (Ancash: Caraz), P. jadwigae sp. n. (Huancavelica), P. perezi Bálint, 2001 (Ancash: Parque Nacional Huascarán, Quebrada Demanda) and P. sp. (Apurímac: Abancay Pass).

FIGURE 7–8 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 7–8. Female genitalia of Penaincisalia jadwigae sp. n. in lateral (7) and ventral view (8). Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURE 1–4 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 1–4. Penaincisalia jadwigae sp. n. type material. 1 = holotype dorsum, 2 = ditto, ventrum, 3 = paratype no. 1. (allotype) female dorsum, 4 = ditto, ventrum. All specimens under same magnification. Scale: holotype fore wing costa length 11 mm.

FIGURE 5–6 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 5–6. Male genitalia capsula and aedeagus of Penaincisalia jadwigae sp. n. in lateral (5) and ventral view (aedeagus excluded) (6). Scale bar: 1 mm.

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Introgression, admixture and selection facilitate genetic adaptation to high-altitude environments in Chinese cattle

Domestication and subsequent selection of cattle to form breeds and biological types that can adapt to different environments partitioned ancestral genetic diversity into distinct modern lineages. Genome-wide selection particularly for adaptation to extreme environments left detectable signatures genome-wide. We used high-density genotype data for 42 cattle breeds and identified the influence of Bos grunniens and Bos javanicus on the formation of Chinese indicine breeds that led to their divergence from India-origin Zebu. We also found evidence for introgression, admixture, and migration in most of the Chinese breeds. Selection signature analyses between high-altitude (>1800m) and low-altitude adapted breeds (<1500m) revealed candidate genes (ACSS2, ALDOC, EPAS1, EGLN1, NUCB2) and pathways that are putatively involved in hypoxia adaptation. Immunohistochemical, real-time PCR and CRISPR/cas9 ACSS2-knockout analyses suggests that the up-regulation of ACSS2 expression in the liver promotes the metabolic adaptation of cells to hypoxia via the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway. High altitude adaptation involved the introgression of alleles from high-altitude adapted Yaks into Chinese B. t. taurus prior to their formation into recognized breeds and followed by selection. In addition to selection, adaptation to high altitude environments has been facilitated by admixture and introgression with locally adapted cattle populations.

FIGURES 54–56 in A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)

FIGURES 54–56. (54) Pectiniunguis aequatorialis sp. nov. [male holotype (QCAZ)]: Detail of subepithelial pigmentation at level of leg-bearing segments 40–44, dorsal. (55–56). Pectiniunguis aequatorialis sp. nov. [male juvenile (MACN-My 51)]: (55) Left coxal organs, ventral (a: individual areas of mucous layer; b: outer lobes). (56) Right gonopod, ventral. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (56); 0.2 mm (55); 0.8 mm (54).

FIGURE 70 in A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)

FIGURE 70. Distribution records of Pectiniunguis aequatorialis sp. nov. and Pectiniunguis roigi Pereira, Foddai & Minelli, 2001.

FIGURES 48–53 in A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)

FIGURES 48–53. Pectiniunguis aequatorialis sp. nov. [male holotype (QCAZ)]: (48) Ultimate leg-bearing segment and postpedal segments, ventral. (49) Left coxal organs, ventral (a: individual areas of mucous layer; b: outer lobes). (50) Postpedal segments, ventral (a: gonopods). (51) Right gonopod, ventral. (52) Penis, dorsal. (53) Detail of tubula seminifera with mature spermatozoa at level of leg-bearing segments 35–38, ventral (a: spermatozoa, b: contour of tubula seminifera). Scale bars: 0.1 mm (51); 0.2 mm (49, 50, 52); 0.4 mm (48); 0.8 mm (53).

FIGURES 25–32 in A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)

FIGURES 25–32. Pectiniunguis aequatorialis sp. nov. [male holotype (QCAZ)]: (25) Metasternite 2. (26) Metasternite 3. (27) Metasternite 4. (28) Metasternite 7. (29) Metasternite 10. (30) Metasternite 11. (31) Metasternite 12. (32) Metasternite 13. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIGURES 1–7 in A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)

FIGURES 1–7. Pectiniunguis aequatorialis sp. nov. [male holotype (QCAZ)]: (1) Right antenna, ventral. (2) Right a.a. XIII and XIV, ventral (a, b: a, b type sensilla; c: claviform sensilla; d: apical specialized sensilla). (3) Detail of apex of right a.a. XIV, ventral (a: clavate sensilla; b: apical specialized sensilla). (4) Right a.a. II, ventral (b: b type sensilla). (5) Right a.a. V, ventral (a, b: a, b type sensilla). (6) Right a.a. IX, ventral (a, b: a, b type sensilla). (7) Right a.a. II, dorsal (a, b: a, b type sensilla). Scale bars: 0.1 mm (2–7); 0.6 mm (1)

FIGURES 18–24 in A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)

FIGURES 18–24. Pectiniunguis aequatorialis sp. nov. [male holotype (QCAZ)]: (18) Left side of first maxillae, dorsal (a: lappet of coxosternite; b: lappet of telopodite). (19) First and second maxillae, ventral (a: pleurite of second maxillae, b: coxosternite of second maxillae). (20) Detail of left postero-external region of coxosternite of second maxillae (b), and pleurite (a), ventral. (21) Claw of right telopodite of second maxillae, ventral. (22) Forcipular segment, ventral. (23) Forcipular segment, dorsal. (24) Detail of venom gland (a), calyx (b), and duct (c) of venom apparatus in left forcipular telopodite, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (21); 0.1 mm (20); 0.2 mm (18); 0.3 mm (24); 0.4 mm (19); 0.6 mm (22, 23).

FIGURES 8–17 in A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)

FIGURES 8–17. Pectiniunguis aequatorialis sp. nov. [male holotype (QCAZ)]: (8) Right a.a. V, dorsal (a, b: a, b type sensilla). (9) Right a.a. IX, dorsal (a, b, c: a, b, c type sensilla). (10) Right a.a. XIII, dorsal (a, b, c: a, b, c type sensilla). (11) Cephalic plate and bases of antennae. (12) Clypeus and bases of antennae. (13) Labrum. (14) Left mandible, dorsal. (15) Dentate lamella of left mandible, dorsal. (16) Right mandible, dorsal. (17) Dentate lamella of right mandible, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.03 mm (15, 17); 0.1 mm (8–10, 13, 14, 16); 0.4 mm (12); 0.5 mm (11).

FIGURES 41–47 in A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)

FIGURES 41–47. Pectiniunguis aequatorialis sp. nov. [male holotype (QCAZ)]: (41) Left leg (pair 23), anteroventral view. (42) Left leg (pair 42), anteroventral view. (43) Left leg (pair 44), ventral. (44) Claw of left leg (pair 25), anterior view (a: anterior accessory spine). (45) Claw of left leg (pair 25), posterior view (a: anterior accessory spine, b: posterior accessory spines). (46) Claw of left leg (pair 33), ventral view (a: anterior accessory spine, b: posterior accessory spines). (47) Ultimate leg-bearing segment and postpedal segments, dorsal (a: ultimate pretergite, b: intercalary pleurite). Scale bars: 0.05 mm (44– 46); 0.3 mm (41–43); 0.4 mm (47).

FIGURES 33–40 in A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)

FIGURES 33–40. Pectiniunguis aequatorialis sp. nov. [male holotype (QCAZ)]: (33) Metasternite 14. (34) Metasternite 16. (35) Metasternite 17. (36) Metasternite 18. (37) Metasternite 19. (38) Left leg (pair 1), anteroventral view. (39) Left leg (pair 2), anteroventral view. (40) Left leg (pair 12), anteroventral view. Scale bars: 0.3 mm.

FIGURES 57–68 in A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)

FIGURES 57–68. (57–65). Pectiniunguis ascendens Pereira, Minelli & Barbieri, 1994 [female holotype (INPA)]: (57) Right a.a. I-VI, ventral. (58) Right a.a. VII-XIV, ventral. (59) Clypeus and bases of antennae. (60) Forcipular segment, ventral. (61) Metasternite 3. (62) Metasternite 4. (63) Metasternite 8. (64) Metasternite 12. (65) Detail of left coxal organs, ventral. (66–68). Pectiniunguis ascendens Pereira, Minelli & Barbieri, 1994 [male allotype (INPA)]: (66) Ultimate leg-bearing segment and postpedal segments, dorsal. (67) Ultimate leg-bearing segment and postpedal segments, ventral. (68) Detail of distal end of last podomere of right ultimate leg, dorsal. (All from Pereira et al. 1994). Scale bars: 0.03 mm (68); 0.1 mm (65); 0.2 mm (57, 58, 66, 67); 0.3 mm (61–64, 59); 0.4 mm (60).

FIGURE 69 in A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)

FIGURE 69. Photograph showing the type locality of Pectiniunguis aequatorialis sp. nov., in a high Andean (Paramo) ecosystem, road to Papallacta, Oyacachi (ca. 3823 m a.s.l.), Cayambe Coca Ecological Reserve, Napo province, northern Ecuador. (Photo courtesy Matías Izquierdo).

FIG. 8 in A New Species of Silverside of the Genus Odontesthes (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) with Hypertrophic Lips from a High-Altitude Basin in Southern Brazil

FIG. 8. Distribution of Odontesthes crossognathos in the Pelotas River basin, Upper Uruguay River drainage, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states, south Brazil. Star represents the type locality.

FIG. 9 in A New Species of Silverside of the Genus Odontesthes (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) with Hypertrophic Lips from a High-Altitude Basin in Southern Brazil

FIG. 9. Haplotype network illustrating the genetic connectivity of COI haplotypes of Odontesthes crossognathos and congeners. Each circle represents a unique haplotype with circle sizes being proportional to their frequencies. Each color represents a different species of Odontesthes. Crossed markers in the branches that connect the haplotypes represent the number of mutations.

FIG. 7 in A New Species of Silverside of the Genus Odontesthes (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) with Hypertrophic Lips from a High-Altitude Basin in Southern Brazil

FIG. 7. Histological section of the lip of Odontesthes crossognathos showing dermal papillae (black arrows) as fingerlike projections from dermis constituted by loose connective tissue (lct), and projected through epidermal layers of pavement cells and reaching stratified squamous epithelial tissue (sste). EP ¼ epidermis; DE ¼ dermis; (*) ¼ technique artifact. Scale bar ¼ 200 lm.

FIG. 6 in A New Species of Silverside of the Genus Odontesthes (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) with Hypertrophic Lips from a High-Altitude Basin in Southern Brazil

FIG. 6. Pelvic girdle in dorsal view. (Left) Odontesthes humensis, right side, anterior to left, UFRGS 22497, 130.3 mm SL; (Right) Odontesthes crossognathos, left side, anterior to left, paratype, UFRGS 28830, 134.6 mm SL. Black arrows indicate the angle of dorsolateral process (dp) with dorsal plate (dpl). Gray arrows indicate the shape and direction of the median process (mp). Scale bar ¼ 2 mm.