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279 results for “Historical biogeography”
FIG. 4 in Reassessment Of A Historical Collection Of Sauropod Dinosaurs From The Northern Morrison Formation Of Wyoming, With Implications For Sauropod Biogeography
FIG. 4. Dorsal vertebral arches CM 36041 from RFPR Quarry B (?) referred to Galeamopus sp. Two articulated mid- to posterior neural arches in A, posterior; B, right lateral; and C, anterior views. Scale applies to all views. These vertebrae were initially cataloged as CM 1256, then numbered as CM 662 (possibly erroneously, see text), and finally recataloged as CM 36041. Abbreviations: ACPL, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; alp, aliform process; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POSL, postspinal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRSL, prespinal lamina; SPDL, spinodiapophyseal lamina; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; tp, transverse process; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina. Photos by Andrew McAfee.
FIG. 7 in Reassessment Of A Historical Collection Of Sauropod Dinosaurs From The Northern Morrison Formation Of Wyoming, With Implications For Sauropod Biogeography
FIG. 7. Caudal vertebrae of Diplodocinae indet. CM 307 in left lateral view. The series can be divided into midcaudal vertebrae (A–F), posterior caudal vertebrae (G–K), and distal caudal vertebrae (L–KK), following the definition of Tschopp et al. (2015a). Abbreviations: lr, lateral ridge; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; vlr, ventrolateral ridge. Modified from Holland (1906); no scale provided in original figure, but see table 3 for detailed measurements.
FIG. 2 in Reassessment Of A Historical Collection Of Sauropod Dinosaurs From The Northern Morrison Formation Of Wyoming, With Implications For Sauropod Biogeography
FIG. 2. Sketch of the location of the two quarries at the Red Fork of the Powder River (RFPR) showing that both lie in the same bone-bearing layer. Drawn by W. Utterback in 1903 and sent to J.B. Hatcher on June 30, 1903. No other historic drawings or charts relating to these RFPR quarries could be found at CM.
FIG. 12 in Reassessment Of A Historical Collection Of Sauropod Dinosaurs From The Northern Morrison Formation Of Wyoming, With Implications For Sauropod Biogeography
FIG. 12. Pectoral girdle elements of Flagellicaudata indet. Partial left scapula CM 90276 in A, lateral and B, medial views. Note the dorsal process toward the distal end. The specimen was initially included in CM 1256, later recataloged as CM 36019, and finally given its own catalog number CM 90276 during our reassessment (see text). There seem to be two field numbers associated with this scapula (193, 203). Left coracoid CM 36025 in C, lateral and D, medial views. Note the open coracoid foramen. The specimen was initially included in CM 1256 and later recataloged as CM 36025. Abbreviations: acm, acromion; cof, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid; sca, scapular articular surface. Photos by E.T. (A, C) and Andrew McAfee (B, D).
FIG. 6 in Reassessment Of A Historical Collection Of Sauropod Dinosaurs From The Northern Morrison Formation Of Wyoming, With Implications For Sauropod Biogeography
FIG. 6. Range of midcaudal centrum elongation in Morrison Formation sauropods. Ratio represents centrum length (cL) to posterior centrum height (pcH). Dots are ratios of single vertebrae, bars represent the range of means from individual specimens, and stars are the mean of the specimen means across the entire taxon. The dotted line in Apatosaurinae indet. indicates that the highest value (1.8) comes from a specimen represented by a single vertebra in this dataset (LACM 52844), whereas several other, more complete specimens all have values that range between 1.2 and 1.3 (represented by the continuous bar). The open rectangles represent ratios in specimens from RFPR (CM 312 and CM 36034 may be from a single individual, see text). Note the generally higher mean values of diplodocines (Supersaurus, Galeamopus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus) compared with apatosaurines (Apatosaurus, Brontosaurus, and indeterminate specimens) with the exception of LACM 52844. The RFPR specimens are colored as the taxon to which they are referred in the text, with the exception of CM 312 and CM 36034, which are referred to Neosauropoda indet.
FIG. 11 in Reassessment Of A Historical Collection Of Sauropod Dinosaurs From The Northern Morrison Formation Of Wyoming, With Implications For Sauropod Biogeography
FIG. 11. Range of humeral robusticity indices (RI) in Morrison Formation sauropods. Ratio represents the mean of proximal, distal, and minimum shaft mediolateral widths (prW, diW, minW, respectively), divided by proximodistal length (pdL). Dots are ratios of single humeri and stars are the mean across the entire taxon. The open rectangles represent ratios in specimens from RFPR. Note that Galeamopus humeri have a more similar RI to apatosaurines (Apatosaurus, Brontosaurus, and indeterminate specimens) than to the other diplodocines Diplodocus and Barosaurus. The RFPR specimens CM 28849 and CM 36026 are referred to Diplodocidae indet., and CM 21775 and CM 36019 to Camarasauridae indet.
What Darwin couldn't see: Island formation and historical sea levels shape genetic divergence and island biogeography in a coastal marine species
<p>Oceanic islands play a central role in the study of evolution and island biogeography. The Galapagos Islands are one of the most studied oceanic archipelagos but research has almost exclusively focused on terrestrial organisms compared to marine species. Here we used the Galapagos bullhead shark (<em>Heterodontus quoyi</em>) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to examine evolutionary processes and their consequences for genetic divergence and island biogeography in a shallow-water marine species without larval dispersal. The sequential separation of individual islands from a central island cluster gradually established different ocean depths between islands that pose barriers to dispersal in <em>H. quoyi</em>. Isolation-by-resistance analysis suggested that ocean bathymetry and historical sea level fluctuations modified genetic connectivity. These processes resulted in at least three genetic clusters that exhibit low genetic diversity and effective population sizes that scale with island size and the level of geographic isolation. Our results exemplify that island formation and climatic cycles shape genetic divergence and biogeography of coastal marine organisms with limited dispersal comparable to terrestrial taxa. Because similar scenarios exist in oceanic islands around the globe our research provides a new perspective on marine evolution and biogeography with implications for the conservation of island biodiversity.</p>
Data for: Phylogenomics and historical biogeography of Hydrangeeae (Hydrangeaceae) elucidate the effects of geologic and climatic dynamics on diversification
<p>Demonstrating the process of transregional biogeography and mechanisms underlying evolutionary radiations is crucial to understanding biological evolution. Here, we use Hydrangeeae (Hydrangeaceae), a tribe with a unique disjunct distribution and complex trait variations, using a solid phylogenetic framework, to investigate how geographical and climatic factors interact with functional traits to trigger plant evolutionary radiations. We constructed the first highly supported and dated phylogenetic framework using 79 protein-coding genes obtained from 81 plastomes, representing 63 species and all major clades, and found that most extant species originated from asynchronous diversification of two lineages undergoing repeated expansion and retraction, at middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere between East Asia and North America, during the Eocene to Pleistocene (driven by geologic and climatic dynamics). In accordance with these drivers, interactions of flora between central-eastern China and Japan occurred frequently after the Late Tertiary. We found that resource limitation and range fragmentation likely accelerated the diversification of Hydrangeeae, which supports the resource-use hypothesis. Our study sheds light on the evolutionary radiation and assembly of flora within East Asia, and the East Asian-North American disjunction, through integration of phylogenomic and biogeographic data with functional trait and ecological data.</p>
The role of historical biogeography in shaping colour morph diversity in the common wall lizard
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What Darwin couldn't see: Island formation and historical sea levels shape genetic divergence and island biogeography in a coastal marine species
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Investigating historical drivers of latitudinal gradients in polyploid plant biogeography: A multi-clade perspective
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Data for: Phylogenomics and historical biogeography of Hydrangeeae (Hydrangeaceae) elucidate the effects of geologic and climatic dynamics on diversification
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Historical biogeography of Vochysiaceae reveals an unexpected perspective of plant evolution in the Neotropics
<p>PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Despite the fast pace of exploration of the patterns and processes influencing Neotropical plant hyperdiversity, taxa explored are mostly from large groups that are widely distributed, morphologically diverse or economically important. Vochysiaceae is an example of an undersampled taxon, providing an excellent system for investigating Neotropical biogeography. We present a phylogenomic-based hypothesis of species relationships in Vochysiaceae to investigate its evolutionary history through space and time.</p> <p>METHODS: We inferred a phylogeny for 122 species from Vochysiaceae and seven other families of Myrtales. Fossils from four myrtalean families were used to estimate the divergence times within Vochysiaceae. Historical biogeography was estimated using ancestral range probabilities and stochastic mapping.</p> <p>KEY RESULTS: Monophyly of all genera was supported except Qualea, which was split by Ruizterania into two clades. Vochysiaceae originated roughly 100 million years ago (Mya), splitting into an Afrotropical and a Neotropical lineage ca. 50 Mya, and its ancestral range is in the area currently occupied by the Cerrado.</p> <p>CONCLUSIONS: The most recent common ancestor of Vochysiaceae + Myrtaceae had a West Gondwanan distribution, supporting a South American + African ancestral range of Vochysiaceae. On a global scale, geographic range reduction was the principal biogeographical event. At a finer scale, initial range reduction was also important and the Cerrado region was the most ancestral area with multiple colonization events to the Amazon, Central America and the Atlantic Forest. Colonization events occurred from open areas to forest vegetation providing an unusual finding regarding evolution of plants in the Neotropics.</p>
FIGURE 1 in Crozetia Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae): redescription of Cr. crozetensis, Cr. seguyi, number of larval instars, phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography
FIGURE 1. Geographic position of the Crozet Archipelago. (Adapted from Carroll 2001)
Data from: Vrba was right: Historical climatic fragmentation, and not current climate, explains mammal biogeography
<p>Climate plays a crucial role in shaping species distribution and evolution over time. Dr. Elisabeth Vrba's Resource-Use hypothesis posited that zones at the extremes of temperature and precipitation conditions should host a greater number of climate specialist species than other zones because of higher historical fragmentation. Here, we tested this hypothesis by examining climate-induced fragmentation over the past 5 million years. Our findings revealed that, as stated by Vrba, the number of climate specialist species increases with historical regional climate fragmentation, whereas climate generalist species richness decreases. This relationship is approximately 40% stronger than the correlation between current climate and species richness for climate specialist species and 77% stronger for generalist species. These evidences suggest that the effect of climate historical fragmentation is more significant than that of current climate conditions in explaining mammal biogeography. These results provide empirical support for the role of historical climate fragmentation and physiography in shaping the distribution and evolution of life on Earth.</p>
Fig. 3 in Fig. 7 in Journey to the West: Trans-Pacific Historical Biogeography of Fringehead Blennies in the Genus (Teleostei: Blenniiformes).
Fig. 3. Relationship between arrival time and heterozygosity of male Red-breasted Flycatchers.
Fig. 30 in Taxonomy and historical biogeography of the genus Rhyacophila P , 1834 on the Philippines (Insecta, Trichoptera)
Fig. 30: Tistribution map of the spinosellataspinosellata group in East and Southeast Asia.
Fig. 29 in Taxonomy and historical biogeography of the genus Rhyacophila P , 1834 on the Philippines (Insecta, Trichoptera)
Fig. 29: Tistribution map of the castaneacastanea group in Southeast Asia.
Fig. 28 in Taxonomy and historical biogeography of the genus Rhyacophila P , 1834 on the Philippines (Insecta, Trichoptera)
Fig. 28: Map of known localities of the spinosellata group in the Philippines.
Fig. 27 in Taxonomy and historical biogeography of the genus Rhyacophila P , 1834 on the Philippines (Insecta, Trichoptera)
Fig. 27: Map of known localities of the castaneacastanea group in the Philippines.
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