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520 results for “Host interactions”
Impact of climate on a host-hyperparasite interaction on Arabica coffee in its native range
<p>Natural enemies of plant pathogens might play an important role in controlling plant disease levels in natural and agricultural systems. Yet, plant pathogen-natural enemy interactions might be sensitive to climatic changes. Understanding the relationship between climate, plant pathogens, and their natural enemies is thus important for developing climate-resilient, sustainable agriculture.</p> <p>To this aim, we recorded shade cover, daily minimum and maximum temperature, relative humidity, coffee leaf rust, and its hyperparasite at 58 sites in southwestern Ethiopia during the dry and wet season for two years. </p> <p>Coffee leaf rust severity was positively related to the maximum temperature. Hyperparasite severity was higher when the minimum temperature was low (i.e. in places with cold night temperatures). While canopy cover did not have a direct effect on rust severity, it reduced rust severity indirectly by lowering the maximum temperature. Canopy cover had a direct positive effect on the hyperparasite severity during one surveying period. </p> <p><em><strong>Synthesis and applications.</strong></em> Our findings highlight that coffee leaf rust and its hyperparasite are both affected by shade cover and temperature, but in different ways. On the one hand, these niche differences lead to the worrying prediction that levels of coffee leaf rust will increase, and its hyperparasite will decrease, with climate change. On the other hand, these niche differences between coffee leaf rust and its hyperparasite provide opportunities to develop strategies to manage the environment (such as shade cover and microclimate) in such a way that the rust is disfavored and the hyperparasite is favored.</p>
A Spatial Multi-Modal Dissection of Host-Microbiome Interactions within the Colitis Tissue Microenvironment
<p>All processed data used in the manuscript 'A Spatial Multi-Modal Dissection of Host-Microbiome Interactions within the Colitis Tissue Microenvironment'. For more detail please refer to the manuscript. If there is any question please contact Bokai Zhu via email: BZHU0@MGH.HARVARD.EDU.</p> <p>Data folder structure:</p> <p>Main data (eg. presented in main figures etc): Please see .zip file 'data_submission.zip'.</p> <p>Additional data (eg. during revision, or other misc files): Please see .zip file 'data_submission_part2.zip'.</p>
Context dependent host-symbiont interactions: shifts along the parasitism-mutualism continuum
<p>Symbiotic interactions can shift along a mutualism to parasitism continuum. While there are many studies examining dynamics typically considered to be mutualistic that sometimes shift towards parasitism, little is known about conditions underlying shifts from parasitism towards mutualism. In lake populations, we observed that infection by a microsporidian gut symbiont sometimes conferred a reproductive advantage and other times a disadvantage to its <i>Daphnia </i>host. We hypothesized that the microsporidian might benefit its host by reducing infection by more virulent parasites, which attack via the gut. In a lab study using field-collected animals, we found that spores of a virulent fungal parasite were much less capable of penetrating the guts of <i>Daphnia </i>harboring the microsporidian gut symbiont. We predicted that this altered gut penetrability could cause differential impacts on host fitness depending on ecological context. Using data from field surveys, we found that microsporidian-infected <i>Daphnia </i>hosts experienced a reproductive advantage when virulent parasites were common and a reproductive disadvantage when resources were scarce and virulent parasites were rare. Our findings highlight the importance of considering multiparasite community context and resource availability in host-parasite studies and open the door for future research into conditions driving shifts along parasitism to mutualism gradients.</p>
Host traits and environment interact to drive persistence of bat populations impacted by white-nose syndrome
<p>Emerging infectious diseases have resulted in severe population declines across diverse taxa. In some instances, despite attributes associated with high extinction risk, disease emergence and host declines are followed by host stabilization for unknown reasons. While host, pathogen, and the environment are recognized as important factors that interact to determine host-pathogen coexistence, they are often considered independently. Here, we use a translocation experiment to disentangle the role of host traits and environmental conditions in driving the persistence of remnant bat populations a decade after they declined 70-99% due to white-nose syndrome and subsequently stabilized. While survival was significantly higher than during the initial epidemic within all sites, protection from severe disease only existed within a narrow environmental space, suggesting host traits conducive to surviving disease are highly environmentally dependent. Ultimately, population persistence following pathogen invasion is the product of host-pathogen interactions that vary across a patchwork of environments.</p>
Temperature perturbation of cellular host-microbe interactions explains continent-wide endosymbiont prevalence
<p>Endosymbioses influence host physiology, reproduction, and fitness, but these relationships require efficient microbe transmission between host generations to persist. Maternally transmitted <i>Wolbachia</i> are the most common known endosymbionts, but their frequencies vary widely within and among host populations for unknown reasons. Here we integrate genomic, cellular, and phenotypic analyses with mathematical models to provide an unexpectedly simple explanation for global <i>w</i>Mel <i>Wolbachia</i> prevalence in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Cooling temperatures decrease <i>w</i>Mel cellular abundance at a key stage of host oogenesis, producing temperature-dependent variation in maternal transmission that plausibly explains latitudinal clines of <i>w</i>Mel frequencies on multiple continents. <i>w</i>Mel sampled from a temperate climate targets the germline more efficiently in the cold than a recently differentiated tropical variant (~2,200 years ago), indicative of rapid <i>w</i>Mel adaptation to climate. Genomic analyses identify a very narrow list of <i>w</i>Mel alleles—most notably, a derived stop codon in the major <i>Wolbachia</i> surface protein WspB—that underlie thermal sensitivity of cellular<i>Wolbachia</i> abundance and covary with temperature globally. Decoupling temperate <i>w</i>Mel and host genomes further reduces transmission in the cold, a pattern that is characteristic of host-microbe co-adaptation to a temperate climate. Complex interactions among <i>Wolbachia</i>, hosts, and the environment (GxGxE) mediate <i>w</i>Mel cellular abundance and maternal transmission, implicating temperature as a key determinant of <i>Wolbachia</i> spread and equilibrium frequencies, in conjunction with <i>Wolbachia</i> effects on host fitness and reproduction. Our results motivate strategic use of locally selected <i>w</i>Mel variants for <i>Wolbachia</i>-based biocontrol efforts, which currently protect millions of individuals from arboviruses that cause human disease.</p>
Data from: Parasite-driven cascades or hydra effects: susceptibility and foraging depression shape parasite-host-resource interactions
<p>This contains data for the manuscript listed in the title.<br><br>We measured the foraging rates of individual zooplankton hosts, <em>Daphnia dentifera</em>, on phytoplankton resources, <em>Ankistrodesmus falcatus</em>, in the presence of fungal parasites of zooplankton, <em>Metschnikowia bicuspidata</em>. Some of these data are previously published (Genotypes12_foraging.csv by Strauss, Alexander T., et al. "Genotypic variation in parasite avoidance behaviour and other mechanistic, nonlinear components of transmission." <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</em> 286.1915 (2019): 20192164.) and some are published now for the first time (Genotype3_foraging.csv).<br><br>In addition, we present novel evidence from a mesocosm experiment (Mesocosm_data1.csv-Mesocosm_data20.csv) of populations of each genotype or each pair of genotypes with phytoplankton resources and fungal parasites present or absent; our last treatment was low or high nutrient supply for the phytoplankton. With data on infection prevalence, host density, and phytoplankton density, we show how host traits and nutrients control outcomes for prevalence, host density, and phytoplankton density.<br><br>These data may be reused with appropriate citation.</p>
Beyond single host, single parasite interactions: quantifying competence for complete multi-host, multi-parasite communities
<p>Understanding parasite transmission in communities requires knowledge of each species' capacity to support transmission. This property, "competence", is a critical currency for modeling transmission under community change and for testing diversity-disease theory. Despite the central role of competence in disease ecology, we lack a clear understanding of the factors that generate competence and drive its variation.</p> <p>We developed novel conceptual and quantitative approaches to systematically quantify competence for a multi-host, multi-parasite community. We applied our framework to an extensive dataset: five amphibian host species exposed to four parasitic trematode species across five ecologically realistic exposure doses. Together, this experimental design captured twenty host-parasite interactions while integrating important information on variation in parasite exposure. Using experimental infection assays, we measured multiple components of the infection process and combined them to produce competence estimates for each interaction.</p> <p>With directly estimated competence values, we asked which components of the infection process best explained variation in competence: barrier resistance (the initial fraction of administered parasites blocked from infecting a host), internal clearance (the fraction of established parasites lost over time) or pre-transmission mortality (the probability of host death prior to transmission). We found that variation in competence among the twenty interactions was best explained by differences in barrier resistance and pre-transmission mortality, underscoring the importance of host resistance and parasite pathogenicity in shaping competence.</p> <p>We also produced dose-integrated estimates of competence that incorporated natural variation in exposure to address questions on the basis and extent of variation in competence. We found strong signals that host species identity shaped competence variation (as opposed to parasite species identity). While variation in infection outcomes across hosts, parasites, individuals, and doses was considerable, individual heterogeneity was limited compared to among-species differences. This finding highlights the robustness of our competence estimates and suggests that species-level values may be strong predictors for community-level transmission in natural systems.</p> <p>Competence emerges from distinct underlying processes and can have strong species-level characteristics; thus, this property has great potential for linking mechanisms of infection to epidemiological patterns.</p>
Host-parasite interactions between a copepod (Pharodes tortugensis) and small reef-associated gobies (Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands
<p>The effects of parasitic copepods on free-living hosts are infrequently documented, and the copepod Pharodes tortugensis has remained virtually unstudied since described. For the first time, we document its host range in the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the prevalence and intensity of infections on wild hosts, and its impacts on host morphology and performance. Infections were observed on four benthic gobies in the BVI (<em>Coryphopterus glaucofraenum</em>, <em>C. venezuelae</em>, <em>C. dicrus</em> and <em>C. eidolon</em>) but not on other host species previously reported from other parts of the western Atlantic. Infected gobies were widespread in the BVI (detected at 33 of 52 sites, prevalence from 1–25%) but extremely rare elsewhere in the Caribbean (detected at 2 of 16 sites, prevalence <0.006%). As is typical of macroparasite infections, <em>P. tortugensis</em> was over-dispersed in BVI host populations (mean intensity = 4.7, range = 1–17). Infections were most common in juvenile and female hosts, and rarely found in larger male hosts. The copepods attach in the branchial chamber of the goby; female copepods show high attachment fidelity to the ventral surface of the chamber, while male copepods attached most often to the first two gill arches and in the branchial chamber adjacent to the female. Infections caused substantial damage to the host's branchial chamber and gill filaments. Parasitized gobies also had larger livers and smaller gonads than unparasitized individuals of similar length. The changes in organ mass of infected gobies were not sizeable enough to affect total body mass, and host condition (the body-length vs. body-mass relationship) was similar for gobies with and without infections. Parasitized gobies were, however, significantly smaller in body mass at a given age, reflecting slower overall growth. Effects of <em>P. tortugensis</em> on individual hosts were broadly similar to those of other parasitic copepods that infect fish gills and, for unknown reasons, the BVI appears to be a persistent hotspot of infections on these goby hosts.</p>
Data and code from: Mixed infection, risk projection and misdirection: Interactions among pathogens alter links between host resources and disease
<p>A growing body of literature links resources of hosts to their risk of infectious disease. Yet most hosts encounter multiple pathogens, and projections of disease risk based on resource availability could be fundamentally wrong if they do not account for interactions among pathogens within hosts. Here, we measured infection risk of grass hosts (<i>Avena sativa</i>) exposed to three naturally-co-occurring viruses either singly or jointly (barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses [B/CYDVs]: CYDV-RPV, BYDV-PAV, and BYDV-SGV) along experimental gradients of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. We asked whether disease risk (i.e., infection prevalence) differed in single versus co-inoculations, and whether these differences varied with rates and ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. In single inoculations, the viruses did not respond strongly to nitrogen or phosphorus. However, in co-inoculations, we detected illustrative cases of 1) resource-dependent antagonism (RPV with increasing N; possibly due to competition), 2) resource-dependent facilitation (SGV with decreasing N:P; possibly due to immunosuppression), and 3) weak or no interactions within hosts (for PAV). Together, these within-host interactions created emergent patterns for co-inoculated hosts, with both infection prevalence and viral richness increasing with the combination of low nitrogen and high phosphorus supply. We demonstrate that knowledge of multiple pathogens is essential for predicting disease risk from host resources, and that projections of risk that fail to acknowledge resource-dependent interactions within hosts could be qualitatively wrong. Expansions of theory from community ecology theory may help anticipate such relationships linking host resources to diverse pathogen communities.</p>
Diverse host-parasite interactions mediate seasonal ecosystem linkages
<p>Nematomorph parasites manipulate terrestrial arthropods, such as crickets and ground beetles, to enter streams where the parasites reproduce. These manipulated arthropods become a substantial prey subsidy for stream salmonids, causing cross-ecosystem energy flow. Diverse nematomorph-arthropod interactions are known to underlie the energy flow. However, whether and how they can mediate the magnitude and temporal attributes of energy flow remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether distinct species or phylogenetic groups of nematomorphs respectively manipulate different arthropod hosts, and how the diverse nematomorph-arthropod interactions, if any, mediate seasonal prey subsidy for stream salmonids. We found that distinct phylogenetic groups of <em>Gordionus</em> and <em>Gordius</em> nematomorphs infected ground beetle and orthopteran hosts, respectively. The <em>Gordionus</em> nematomorphs led their ground beetle hosts to enter streams in spring, subsidizing salmonid individuals during that season. By contrast, the <em>Gordius</em> nematomorphs manipulated orthopterans in autumn, causing the prey subsidy for salmonid individuals during that time. Maintaining the two distinct nematomorph-arthropod interactions, thus, resulted in the parasite-mediated prey subsidy in both spring and autumn in the study streams. Manipulative parasites are common, and they often associate with a range of host lineages, suggesting that similar effects of diverse host-parasite interactions on energy flow might be widespread in nature.</p>
Dataset for the paper "Network-Based Differential Abundance Analysis: Bridging Community Interactions and Host-Microbiome Dynamics."
<p>The files with extension rds are files that contain simulated data and the tsv files contain original data along with their meta data.</p>
Skin autonomous antibody production regulates host-microbiota interactions
<p>Supplemental Tables containing bulk BCR-sequencing clonotype results for all samples and for sequences with somatic hypermutations. Data, analysis and results are described in more detail in the accompaning publication Gribonika et al., "Host-microbiota interaction is regulated by autonomous skin-intrinsic germinal centers", Nature, 2024</p>
FIGURE 2 in Interactions between the citrus bud mite Aceria sheldoni (Acari: Eriophyidae) and the lemon host tree in a Mediterranean area
FIGURE 2: Relation between number of CBMs and the rate of deformed fruits in two lemon orchards in Reggio Calabria Province (a. Catona; b.Salice), Italy, from January 2004 to November 2005.
FIGURE 1 in Interactions between the citrus bud mite Aceria sheldoni (Acari: Eriophyidae) and the lemon host tree in a Mediterranean area
FIGURE 1: Number of CBMs per bud at two lemon orchards in Reggio Calabria Province, Italy, from January 2004 to November 2005.
SARS-CoV-2–host proteome interactions for antiviral drug discovery
<p>Images and datasets used in Fig 6 and corresponding supplementary material Image analysis was performed with Harmony 4.9 software (PerkinElmer) with feature extraction and linear classification of N-protein positive cells from the total population as presented in the PlateResults file. Prism files (GraphPad Software) include the calculations for curve fits of drug testing data (4PL logistic regression) as well as area under the curve (AUC) of the fitted curves..</p>
Data from: Using DNA barcoding to identify host-parasite interactions between cryptic species of goby (Coryphopterus: Gobiidae, Perciformes) and parasitic copepods (Pharodes tortugensis: Chondracanthidae, Cyclopoida)
<p>Previous work, using morphological characters, identified a generalist copepod parasite (<i>Pharodes tortugensis</i>) at high prevalence on two common gobies (C<i>oryphopterus glaucofraenum</i> and <i>C. dicrus</i>) in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). DNA barcoding subsequently revealed <i>C. glaucofraenum</i> to be three morphologically similar species (<i>C. glaucofraenum</i>, <i>C. venezuelae</i> and <i>C. tortugae</i>), casting doubt on host identities in the BVI and the classification of the parasite as a single species. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data from 67 gobies in the BVI showed that, in addition to <i>C. dicrus</i>, host gobies were a mix of <i>C. glaucofraenum</i> and <i>C. venezuelae,</i> while <i>C. tortugae</i> was unexpectedly absent from the study area. COI data (n = 70) indicated that the copepod infecting all three hosts was a single species, almost certainly <i>P. tortugensis</i>. The pharodes–coryphopterus interaction has a strong impact on host dynamics in the BVI, and a revised understanding of these dynamics must account for any differences among the three newly confirmed hosts in transmission of, and susceptibility to, the shared parasite. No other infected hosts were discovered at our sites, but <i>P. tortugensis</i> is reportedly widespread and infects 12 additional host species elsewhere. Further DNA barcoding is thus needed to test whether <i>P. tortugensis</i> is truly a widespread generalist, or instead represents a group of more specialized cryptic species.</p>
Helminth-associated changes in host immune phenotype connect top-down and bottom-up interactions during co-infection
<p>Within-host parasite interactions can be mediated by the host and changes in host phenotypes often serve as indicators of the presence or intensity of parasite interactions.</p> <p>Parasites like helminths induce a range of physiological, morphological, and immunological changes in hosts that can drive bottom-up (resource-mediated) or top-down (immune-mediated) interactions with co-infecting parasites. Although top-down and bottom-up interactions are typically studied in isolation, the diverse phenotypic changes induced by parasite infection may serve as a useful tool for understanding if, and when, these processes act in concert.</p> <p>Using an anthelmintic treatment study of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), we tracked changes in host immunological and morphological phenotypes during helminth-coccidia co-infection to investigate their role in driving independent and combinatorial bottom-up and top-down parasite interactions. We also examined repercussions for host fitness.</p> <p>Clearance of a blood-sucking helminth, Haemonchus, from the host gastrointestinal tract induced a systemic Th2 immune phenotype, while clearance of a tissue-feeding helminth, Cooperia, induced a systemic Th1 phenotype. Furthermore, the Haemonchus-associated systemic Th2 immune phenotype drove simultaneous top-down and bottom-up effects that increased coccidia shedding by changing the immunological and morphological landscapes of the intestine.</p> <p>Higher coccidia shedding was associated with lower host body condition, a lower chance of pregnancy, and older age at first pregnancy, suggesting that coccidia infection imposed significant condition and reproductive costs on the host.</p> <p>Our findings suggest that top-down and bottom-up interactions may commonly co-occur and that tracking key host phenotypes that change in response to infection can help uncover complex pathways by which parasites interact.</p>
Helminth-associated changes in host immune phenotype connect top-down and bottom-up interactions during co-infection
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Temperature perturbation of cellular host-microbe interactions explains continent-wide endosymbiont prevalence
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Data from: Humidity modifies age-dependent heat wave effects in an insect host-parasitoid interaction
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