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292 results for “Indicator species”
Data from: More taxonomists describing significantly fewer species per unit effort may indicate that most species have been discovered
Recent studies show that there are more taxonomists describing species in recent decades than before. However, whether the rate of increase in number of taxonomists is greater than the rate of new species description has been questioned. We found a statistically significant decline in the proportion of species being described per number of taxonomists (i.e. authors of recent species descriptions) during the past century for (a) families of insects that had been stated not to show this trend, and (b) a sample of over 0.5 million marine, terrestrial and freshwater species. We suggest that this decreased 'catch' of species per taxonomic effort, despite scientists' greater ability to explore and sample habitats, means it is getting harder to discover new species, and supports recent studies suggesting that two-thirds of all species have been named.
Data from: Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of Phaeosphaeria nodorum and its close relatives indicate cryptic species and an origin in the Fertile Crescent
The origin of the fungal wheat pathogen Phaeosphaeria nodorum remains unclear despite earlier intensive global population genetic and phylogeographical studies. We sequenced 1,683 bp distributed across three loci in 355 globally distributed Phaeosphaeria isolates, including 74 collected in Iran near the center of origin of wheat. We identified nine phylogenetically distinct clades, including two previously unknown species tentatively named P1 and P2 collected in Iran. Coalescent analysis indicates that P1 and P2 are sister species of P. nodorum and the other Phaeosphaeria species identified in our analysis. Two species, P. nodorum and P. avenaria f. sp. tritici 1 (Pat1), comprised ∼85% of the sampled isolates, making them the dominant wheat-infecting pathogens within the species complex. We designed a PCR-RFLP assay to distinguish P. nodorum from Pat1. Approximately 4% of P. nodorum and Pat1 isolates showed evidence of hybridization. Measures of private allelic richness at SSR and sequence loci suggest that the center of origin of P. nodorum coincides with its host in the Fertile Crescent. We hypothesize that the origin of this species complex is also in the Fertile Crescent, with four species out of nine found exclusively in the Iranian collections.
Data from: At least some meiofaunal species are not everywhere. Indication of geographic, ecological and geological barriers affecting the dispersion of species of Ototyphlonemertes (Nemertea, Hoplonemertea)
Most meiofaunal species are known to have a broad distribution with no apparent barriers to their dispersion. However, different morphological and/or molecular methods supported patterns of diversity and distribution that may be different among taxa while also conflicting within the same group. We accurately assessed the patterns of geographic distribution in actual genetic species of a marine meiofaunal animal model: Ototyphlonemertes. Specimens were collected from several sites around Europe, Northern and Central America, Southern America, Pacific Islands and Asia. We sequenced regions of two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes. Using single-gene, a concatenated data set, multilocus approaches and different DNA taxonomy methods, we disentangled the actual diversity and the spatial structures of haplotypes and tested the possible correlation between genetic diversity and geographic distance. The results show (i) the importance of using several genes to uncover both diversity and highlight phylogeographic relationships among species and that (ii) independent genetic evolutionary entities have a narrower distribution than morphological species. Moreover, (iii) a Mantel test supported a positive correlation between genetic and geographical distance. By sampling from the two sides of Isthmus of Panama, we were additionally able to identify lineage divergence times that are concordant with vicariance mechanisms caused by the geological closure of the seaway across the Isthmus. We therefore propose that in addition to distance, other geological and ecological conditions are also barriers to the dispersion of and gene flow in marine meiofaunal organisms.
FIGURE 7. Phylogenetic tree from Bayesian analysis. Thick branches indicate posterior probabilities over 80 in Revision of the Ranitomeya fantastica species complex with description of two new species from Central Peru (Anura: Dendrobatidae)
FIGURE 7. Phylogenetic tree from Bayesian analysis. Thick branches indicate posterior probabilities over 80.
FIGURE 8. Study area. The thick line indicates the border between administration regions. 1 in Two new species of Parameletus Bengtsson, 1908 (Ephemeroptera: Siphlonuridae), and notes on other species from the Far East of Russia
FIGURE 8. Study area. The thick line indicates the border between administration regions. 1 – Primorskiy Kray, 2 – Khabarovskiy Kray, 3 – Sakhalinskaya Oblast', 4 – Magadanskaya Oblast', 5 – Kamchatskaya Oblast', 6 – Chukotka, 7 – Evreiskaya Autonomous Oblast', 8 – Amurskaya Oblast', 9 – Chitinskaya Oblast', 10 – Republic Sakha Yakutia.
FIGURE 5 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 5. Male. Discriminant analysis (DA) of characters of the electric organ discharge (EOD) waveform of five male samples of South African Marcusenius species, compared to M. devosi specimens from Kenya (D symbols). B, S and P symbols, M. pongolensis specimens from different South African locations; K symbols, M. krameri. EOD waveform characters that were included in DA as given in Table 2, but Ndur excluded because of irrelevance in the male sample.
FIGURE 4 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 4. Female. Discriminant analysis (DA) of characters of the electric organ discharge (EOD) waveform of five female plus juvenile samples of South African Marcusenius species, compared to M. devosi specimens from Kenya (D symbols). B, S and P symbols, M. pongolensis specimens from different South African locations; K symbols, M. krameri. EOD waveform characters that were included in DA as given in Table 3, but PNsep excluded because of irrelevance in the female sample.
FIGURE 2 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 2. Electric organ discharge of a Marcusenius krameri with the positive peak amplitude normalized to 1 V, as an example for showing the characters analysed and their definitions. EOD shown was field-recorded from male specimen Mogol27 (ZSM 39535(7) from Mokolo River).
FIGURE 1. A in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 1. A, partial geography of southern Africa showing localities where fish were sampled. B, partial geography of South Africa. Locality 1, Tana River, Kenya, Marcusenius devosi. Locality 2, Mokolo River, M. krameri. Locality 3, Sabie River, M. pongolensis. Locality 4, Kosi Bay area, Kosi River system, M. pongolensis. Locality 5, Pongola River, M. pongolensis. Locality 6, Type locality for M. pongolensis. Locality 7, Mhlatuze River, M. caudisquamatus.
FIGURE 3 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 3. Electric organ discharges (EOD) of a male bulldog (below) and a female specimen (above) in each panel. Abscissa, time bar is 2 ms for all panels, ordinate, amplitude (V). EODs are normalised to the same positive peak amplitude from baseline = 1 V. Kosi Bay, Marcusenius pongolensis from the Kosi System, specimens PM09A90 (female, SL 10.9 cm) and PM09A91 (male, SL 16.2 cm), SAIAB 88637(2). Sabie River, M. pongolensis, specimens 8Sabi (male, SL 13.4 cm) and 9Sabi (female, SL 12.3 cm), both SAIAB 54446(11). Pongola River, M. pongolensis, specimens Pon02 (male, SL 18 cm), SAIAB 79148(5), and Pon09 (female, SL 15.5 cm), ZSM 35087(5). Witrivier River, M. pongolensis, specimen Wit 02, male, SL 18 cm, and Wit 01, female, SL 9.9 cm, both SAIAB 88846(2). Tana River, M. devosi, specimens SAIAB 79139(14), Ta32na, male, SL 10.1 cm, and ZSM 35092, Ta11na, female, SL 11.2 cm. Mhlatuze River, M. caudisquamatus, specimen PM09A242, male, SL 17.5 cm, and PM09A238, female, SL 10.2 cm, both SAIAB 191225(6). Mokolo River, M. krameri, specimen Mogol27, ZSM 39535(7), male, SL 9 cm, and Mogol29, SAIAB 88888(15), female, SL 9.7 cm.
FIGURE 2. Daphnia hrbaceki. Arrows indicate neckteeth. A in A new Central European species of the Daphnia curvirostris complex, Daphnia hrbaceki sp. nov. (Cladocera, Anomopoda, Daphniidae)
FIGURE 2. Daphnia hrbaceki. Arrows indicate neckteeth. A. Adult male (RB); B. Adult parthenogenetic female (K); C. Juvenile male (RB); D. Juvenile female (RB); E. Subadult female (RB), detail of necktooth; F. Head of adult parthenogenetic female (K) in antero-ventral aspect. G. Head of adult ephippial female (K) in dorsal aspect.
FIGURE 1. Species collection locations. Ceratina floridana indicated with black triangles, C in Morphological and molecular delineation of a new species in the Ceratina dupla species-group (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae) of eastern North America
FIGURE 1. Species collection locations. Ceratina floridana indicated with black triangles, C. dupla in gray circles, and C. mikmaqi in black circles.
FIGURES 1−9. Imago. Arrows indicate basal patch.1−3, Sinoe robiniella. 4−6 in Review of the genus Sinoe (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with descriptions of two new species
FIGURES 1−9. Imago. Arrows indicate basal patch.1−3, Sinoe robiniella. 4−6, Sinoe chambersi sp. nov., 7−9, Sinoe kwakae sp. nov.
FIGURE 2. Stylochaeta scirtetica, lateral view. Arrow indicates the scutiform scale. Scale bar 10 in Contribution to the freshwater gastrotrich fauna of wetland areas of southwestern Ontario (Canada) with redescriptions of seven species and a check-list for North America
FIGURE 2. Stylochaeta scirtetica, lateral view. Arrow indicates the scutiform scale. Scale bar 10 µm.
FIGURE 1. Map indicating sampling areas. 1 in Rotifera from the Mediterranean Sea, with description of ten new species
FIGURE 1. Map indicating sampling areas. 1. Costa Blanca, Balearic Sea; 2. Costa Brava, Balearic Sea; 3. Golfe de Lion; 4. Hyères Archipelago; 5. Côte d'Azur; 6. Elba Island, Tyrrhenian Sea.
FIG. 5 in Sibling species in the marine pollution indicator genus Pontonema (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae), with a description of mediterranea sp. nov.
FIG. 5. Pontonema mediterranea sp. nov. (a) Lateral view of male head-end; (b) lateral view of male tail-end; (c) lateral view of female tail.
FIG. 2 in Sibling species in the marine pollution indicator genus Pontonema (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae), with a description of mediterranea sp. nov.
FIG. 2. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination for Pontonema males (upper) and females (lower) based on the complete character set. Dissimilarity measure for data is normalized Euclidean distance. Stress in both cases = 0.13. Sites K, C, T, S, G and B correspond to Kiel fjord, Cornelian Bay, Tyne Estuary, SeÁte, Garroch Head (Firth of Clyde) and Bay of Blanes, respectively.
FIG. 3 in Sibling species in the marine pollution indicator genus Pontonema (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae), with a description of mediterranea sp. nov.
FIG. 3. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordinations for Pontonema males based on character subsets. Dissimilarity measure for data is normalized Euclidean distance. Sites K, C, T, S, G and B correspond to Kiel fjord, Cornelian Bay, Tyne Estuary, SeÁte, Garroch Head (Firth of Clyde) and Bay of Blanes, respectively. (a) Ordination of character 15, stress= 0.17; (b) ordination of characters 7 and 15, stress = 0.02; (c) ordination of characters 3, 7 and 15, stress = 0.07; (d) ordination of characters 1, 7, 12 and 15, stress= 0.10.
FIG. 1 in Sibling species in the marine pollution indicator genus Pontonema (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae), with a description of mediterranea sp. nov.
FIG. 1. Diagrammatic representation of the characters quanti®ed. Based on P. alaeospicula as drawn by Bett and Moore (1988). The broken lines indicate the character measurements, and the numbers correspond to the character names as given in table 1. (a) Anterior oesophageal region, to extent of nerve ring. (b) Anterior region. Second subventral tooth is obscured by ®rst. The obvious characters of body length, maximum body diameter and length from vulva to anterior are not represented. (c) Posterior end male. (d) Posterior end female.
FIG. 4 in Sibling species in the marine pollution indicator genus Pontonema (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae), with a description of mediterranea sp. nov.
FIG. 4. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordinations for Pontonema females based on character subsets. Dissimilarity measure for data is normalized Euclidean distance. Sites K, C, T, S, G and B correspond to Kiel fjord, Cornelian Bay, Tyne Estuary, SeÁte, Garroch Head (Firth of Clyde) and Bay of Blanes, respectively. (a) Ordination of character 6, stress= 0.23; (b) ordination of characters 1 and 6, stress = 0.00; (c) ordination of characters 1, 8 and 9, stress = 0.09; (d) ordination of characters 1, 8, 9 and 10, stress= 0.17.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.