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FIGURES 63–68 in New data on geometroid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometroidea: Uraniidae and Geometridae) from Sakhalin and Moneron islands with notes on their taxonomy distribution and ecology

FIGURES 63–68. Genitalia of Geometridae from Sakhalin. 63—Photoscotosia atrostrigata, 64—Pasiphila chloerata, 65—Eupithecia absinthiata, 66—Idaea foedata, 67—I. imbecilla, 68—I. pallidata. 63, 66—female genitalia, 64, 65, 67, 68—male genitalia (a—genital segment, b—aedeagus, c—8-th abdominal sternum). Scale—1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in New data on geometroid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometroidea: Uraniidae and Geometridae) from Sakhalin and Moneron islands with notes on their taxonomy distribution and ecology

FIGURE 1. Location of the collection places on the map of Sakhalin with the boundaries of administrative divisions. The collection sites are indicated by the red circles, their numbers correspond to their numbers on Tab. 1. Abbreviations of the Administrative divisions of Sakhalin Island: An—Anivskii district, A-S—Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinskii district, Dol—Dolinskii district, Khol—Kholmskii district, Kors—Korsakovskii district, Mak—Makarovskii district, Nev—Nevelskii district, Nog— Noglikskii district, Okh—Okhinskii district, Por—Poronayskii district, Sm—Smirnykhovskii district, Tom—Tomarinskii district, Tym—Tymovskii district, Ug—Uglegorskii district, Y-S—Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk city.

FIGURES 2–21 in New data on geometroid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometroidea: Uraniidae and Geometridae) from Sakhalin and Moneron islands with notes on their taxonomy distribution and ecology

FIGURES 2–21. Epipleminae, Ennominae, Desmobathrinae and Geometrinae from Sakhalin. 2—Dysaethria illotata, ♀, S Kholmsk; 3—D. moza, ♀, Sokhonda mount.; 4—Eversmannia exornata, ♀, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk; 5—Eilicrinia wehrlii, ♂, "Chertov most", photo in nature by O.L. Titova; 6—Lomographa simplicior, ♂, Sokhonda mount.; 7—Platycerota incertaria, ♂, Pionery, photo in nature by O.L. Titova; 8—Aethalura ignobilis, ♀, S Kholmsk; 9—Gigantalcis flavolinearia, ♂, S Kholmsk; 10—Pachyerannis obliquaria ♂, central Kholmsk, photo in nature by O.L. Titova; 11—Cusiala stipitaria, ♂, S Kholmsk; 12—Larerannis orthogrammaria, ♂, S Kholmsk; 13—Lassaba nikkonis, ♀, S Kholmsk; 14— Zanclidia testacea, ♀, Sokhonda mount.; 15—Abraxas niphonibia, ♀, Moneron (a—upper side; b—underside); 16—Macaria continuaria, ♂, Nysh; 17–18—Alsophila japonensis, S Kholmsk: 17—♂, 18—♀, photo in nature by O.L. Titova; 18—Inurois asahinai, S Kholmsk; 20—Geometra dieckmanni, ♀, S Kholmsk; 21—Comibaena amoenaria, ♂, S Kholmsk. Scale—10 mm.

FIGURES 22–57. Larentiinae and Sterrhinae from Sakhalin. 22 in New data on geometroid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometroidea: Uraniidae and Geometridae) from Sakhalin and Moneron islands with notes on their taxonomy distribution and ecology

FIGURES 22–57. Larentiinae and Sterrhinae from Sakhalin. 22—Leptostegna tenerata, ♀, Sokhonda mount.; 23—Tyloptera bella, ♂, Sokhonda mount.; 24—Acasis exviretata, ♀, Yasnomorskoe; 25—A. viretata, ♀, Yasnomorskoe; 26—Trichopteryx carpinata, ♀, Novoaleksandrovsk; 27—T. fastuosa, ♀, S Kholmsk; 28–29—T. hemana, S Kholmsk: 28—♂, 29—♀; 30—T. terranea, ♂, Novoaleksandrovsk; 31—Xanthorhoe hortensiaria, ♂, S Kholmsk; 32—Photoscotosia atrostrigata, ♀, S Kholmsk (a—upper side; b—underside); 33—Idiotephria evanescens, ♂, S Kholmsk; 34—Pennithera comis, ♀, S Kholmsk; 35—Eulithis achatinellaria, ♂, Krasnaya Tym; 36—E. testata, ♂, Sakhalin, Okhinskii district, 40 km S of Neftegorsk, near Nutovo mountain, ~ 52º37ʹ N 143º07ʹ E, 30.VIII.2000, A.V. Propletkin legit.; 37—Gandaritis evanescens, ♂, Sokhonda mount.; 38—G. pyraliata, ♂, S Kholmsk; 39—G. whitelyi, ♂, Sokhonda mount.; 40—Ecliptopera capitata capitulata, ♀, Yasnomorskoe; 41—E. pryeri, ♂, S Kholmsk; 42—E. silaceata leuca, ♂, Yasnomorskoe; 43—Dysstroma citrata, ♂, S Kholmsk; 44—Lampropteryx minna, ♀, S Kholmsk; 45—Operophtera peninsularis, ♂, Leonidovo; 46—Laciniodes denigrata, ♂, Yasnomorskoe; 47—Hydrelia shioyana, ♀, Kholmsk; 48—Venusia phasma, ♂, S Kholmsk; 49—V. semistrigata, ♀, S Kholmsk; 50—Perizoma alchemillata, ♂, S Kholmsk; 51—Gymnoscelis esakii, ♂, S Kholmsk, photo in nature by O.L. Titova; 52—Pasiphila chloerata, ♂, Yasnomorskoe; 53—Eupithecia absinthiata, ♂, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk; 54—Idaea foedata, ♀, Razdolnoe; 55—I. imbecilla, ♂, Yasnomorskoe; 56—I. pallidata, ♂, Tymovskoe; 57—Timandra rectistrigaria, ♂, Zhitnitsa river. Scale—10 mm.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Figure 5 in Terrestrial invertebrates surviving San Ambrosio island's ecological catastrophe reinforce biogeographic affinities between the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands

Figure 5. Insects. (a) Dermestes (Dermestinus) maculatus (Dermestidae), (b) Kuschelinus insularis (Carabidae) Endemic, (c) Pachystylus sp. 2 (Curculionidae), (d) Toxotarsus ambrosianus (Calliphoridae) Endemic, (e) Nysius sp. (Lygaeidae), and (f) Trimerotropis ochraceipennis (Acrididae).

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Terrestrial invertebrates surviving San Ambrosio island's ecological catastrophe reinforce biogeographic affinities between the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands

Figure 1. Desventuradas Islands. Located in the Southeastern Pacific the Desventuradas Islands (Red box) are composed of two islands: to the west San Félix (26°17'S; 80°05'W) and to the east San Ambrosio (26°20'S; 79°53'W) (Yellow box). Map generated with images from www.esri.com.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Terrestrial invertebrates surviving San Ambrosio island's ecological catastrophe reinforce biogeographic affinities between the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands

Figure 2. Deforestation of the Thamnoseris lacerata forest. (a) Historical picture taken around 1980 showing the extent of the T. lacerata forest on San Ambrosio. Photo credit: "Isla San Ambrosio, 1980" In: Chile a color, Geografía. Colección Biblioteca Antártica, Vol. I. pag. 437. Direction and production: Isabel Margarita Aguirre and other authors. Editorial Antártica 1983, Santiago de Chile. (b) Picture taken in September 2018, showing the same approximate location of a deforested landscape on San Ambrosio. Photo credit: Lukas Mekis / Island Conservation.

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Data from: Ecological and environmental predictors of escape among birds on a large tropical island

Ecological and environmental traits can influence avian escape behaviour but most data underpinning our current understanding relates to continental and temperate areas and species. We conducted a phylogenetically controlled comparative analysis of flight-initation distance (FID) against a variety of environmental, behavioural and life-history attributes for Sri Lankan birds (202 species; n = 2540). As with other studies, body mass was positively associated with FID, and longer FIDs occurred in areas where human population density was lower. We also found that the effect of human population density was more pronounced in larger birds. Birds that were in groups when approached tended to have longer FIDs. Unlike the findings of other comparative analyses, based mostly on continental, temperate populations, most other ecological variables did not feature in the best models predicting FID (time of year, breeding system, clutch size, habitat, migratory behaviour, development [altricial/precocial], elevation and diet). Thus, some associations (body mass and exposure to humans) may be universal, while others may not manifest themselves among tropical avifaunas. Further tropical datasets are required to confirm truly universal associations of environmental and ecological attributes and escape distances among birds.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

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Data from: Population genomics of Sitka black-tailed deer supports invasive species management and ecological restoration on islands

Invasive mammals represent a critical threat to island biodiversity; eradications can result in ecological restoration yet may fail in the absence of key population parameters. Over-browsing by invasive Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) is causing severe ecological and cultural impacts across the Haida Gwaii archipelago (Canada). Previous eradication attempts demonstrate forest regeneration upon deer removal, but reinvasion reverses conservation gains. Here we use restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (12,947 SNPs) to investigate connectivity and gene flow of invasive deer (n=181) across 15 islands, revealing little structure throughout Haida Gwaii and identifying the large, central island of Moresby (>2,600 km2) as the greatest source of migrants. As a result, the archipelago itself should be considered the primary eradication unit, with the exception of geographically isolated islands like SGang Gwaay. Thus, limiting eradications to isolated islands combined with controlled culling and enhanced biosecurity may be the most effective strategies for achieving ecological restoration goals.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

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Evolutionary winners are ecological losers among oceanic island plants

Aim: Adaptive radiation, in which successful lineages proliferate by exploiting untapped niche space, provides a popular but potentially misleading characterization of evolution on oceanic islands. Here we analyse the respective roles of members of in situ diversified vs. non-diversified lineages in shaping the main ecosystems of an archipelago to explore the relationship between evolutionary and ecological 'success'. Location: Canary Islands. Taxon: Vascular plants. Methods: We quantified the abundance/rarity of the native flora according to the geographical range (number of islands where present and geographical extent of the range), habitat breadth (climatic niche) and local abundance (cover) using species distribution data based on 500 × 500 m grid cells and 2000 vegetation inventories located all over the archipelago. Results: Species of diversified lineages have significantly smaller geographic ranges, narrower climatic niches and lower local abundances than those of non-diversified lineages. Species rarity increased with the degree of diversification. The diversified Canarian flora is mainly comprised by shrubs. At both archipelagic and island level, the four core ecosystems (Euphorbia scrub, thermophilous woodlands, laurel forest and pine forest) were dominated by non-diversified lineages species, with diversified lineages species providing <25% cover. Species of diversified lineages, although constituting 54% of the archipelagic native flora, were only abundant in two rare ecosystems: high mountain scrub and rock communities. Main conclusions: Radiated species, endemic products of in situ speciation, are mostly rare in all three rarity axes and typically do not play an important role in structuring plant communities on the Canaries. The vegetation of the major ecosystem types is dominated by plants representing non-diversified lineages (species that derive from immigration and accumulation), while species of evolutionarily successful lineages.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

FIGURE 39 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 39. Author's scaled illustration showing the morphologies of the endemic Mascarene Rallidae, from left to right: Aphanapteryx bonasia (juvenile); Aphanapteryx bonasia (adult); Erythromachus leguati; Dryolimnas augusti; Dryolimnas chekei sp. nov.; 'Porphyrio caerulescens'; Fulica newtonii.

FIGURE 38 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 38. The last surviving Mascarene rail, Madagascan Moorhen Gallinula chloropus pyrrhorrhoa (centre on rock), at the coastal Anse la Raie wetlands on the northern tip of Mauritius. This was once the habitat of Fulica newtonii. Photograph by the author.

FIGURE 36. Juvenile Fulica newtonii NHMUK u in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 36. Juvenile Fulica newtonii NHMUK u/r showing ontogenetic changes. Note the elements are nearly as large as an adult (far right), but the proximal ends are not ossified indicating subadult birds. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 37 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 37. Associated pair of humeri of Fulica newtonii (UMZC 298 u/s) showing pathological specimen with a healed fracture A, caudal aspect, C, cranial aspect, compared with normal specimen, B, D. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 35 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 35. Comparison of wing, pelvic and leg elements of Fulica newtonii with F. atra. Radii, left side, ventral aspect, A. MNHN MAD8856 F. newtonii u/s; B. NHMUK S/1988.60.1 ♂; ulnae, right side, ventral aspect, C. UMZC 298.aa F. newtonii u/s; D. UMZC 298a Fulica atra u/s; humeri, right side, caudal aspect, E. UMZC 298 F. newtonii u/s; F. UMZC 298a Fulica atra u/s; pelves, dorsal view, G. UMZC 298.aa F. newtonii u/s; H. UMZC 298a Fulica atra u/s; left femora, cranial aspect, I. UMZC 298.aa F. newtonii u/s; J. UMZC 298a Fulica atra u/s; left tibiotarsi, cranial aspect, K. UMZC 1004 F. newtonii u/s; L. UMZC 298a Fulica atra u/s; left tarsometatarsi, dorsal aspect, M. UMZC 298.aa F. newtonii u/s; N. UMZC 298a Fulica atra u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 33 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 33. Comparison of scapulae (ventrolateral aspect, left side) of Fulica newtonii with F. atra and Fulica cristata, A. NHMUK S/1988.60.1 Fulica atra ♂; B. NHMUK 1897.5.10.25 F. cristata u/s; C. UMZC 8856 F. newtonii u/s; D. UMZC 8856 F. newtonii u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 29 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 29. Comparison of tibiotarsi of Dryolimnas cuvieri and Gallinula chloropus with D. chekei nov. sp., cranial aspect. A. C. NHMUK S/1977.23.1 Gallinula chloropus u/s. B. UMZC 300AA4 u/s, D. UMZC 300AA3 †Dryolimnas chekei u/s; E. NHMUK 1882.2.28.2 D. c. cuvieri u/s; F. NHMUK S/1989.38.1 D. c. aldabranus ♂; G. NHMUK 1910.4.8.1 †D. c. abbotti u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 34 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 34. Comparison of sterna of Fulica newtonii with F. atra, (left) lateral view, (right) ventral view. A. C. UMZC 298a Fulica atra u/s; B. D. UMZC 298.aa F. newtonii u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 13 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 13. Comparison of carpometacarpi (ventral aspect, right side) of Mascarene rails, A. MI 925 Aphanapteryx bonasia u/s with unique preservation of phalanx digiti alulae I and phalanx proximalis digitis majoris; B. NHMUK u/r Erythromachus leguati u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 11. Comparison of radii (ventral aspect, right side) of Mascarene rails with Dryolimnas, A. UMZC 579.1 Aphanapteryx bonasia u/s; B. NHMUK u/r Erythromachus leguati u/s; C. NHMUK 1882.2.28.2 Dryolimnas cuvieri cuvieri u/s; D. NHMUK S/1989.38.1 D. c. aldabranus ♂; E. NHMUK 1910.4.8.1 D. c. abbotti u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.