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FIGURES 116–135 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 116–135. Afrocymbella gibba sp. nov., LM valve views. Figs 116–120, 122, 124–127. Valves from the type material. Fig. 120. Holotype specimen. Scale bar = 10 μm.

FIGURES 84–86 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 84–86. Afrocymbella delphinea sp. nov., SEM internal valve views. 84. View of the whole valve showing raphe structure and areolae without velum. 85. Detail of mid-valve showing proximal raphe ends covered by flap-like silica development and antler-like intermissio stigmoid. 86. Close view of distal raphe terminal fissure and APF with knobby jointed ridge of silica. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 84), 2 μm (Figs 85–86).

FIGURES 87–108 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 87–108. Afrocymbella cocquytiana sp. nov., LM valve views. All valves from the type material. Fig. 93. Holotype specimen. Scale bar = 10 μm.

FIGURES 81–83 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 81–83. Afrocymbella delphinea sp. nov., SEM external valve views. 81. View of the whole valve showing raphe structure, and striae continue uninterrupted onto valve mantle. 82. Close view of the mid-valve showing dorsally deflected proximal raphe ends and slightly round to slightly elongated single stigmoid on the dorsal side of slightly elongated central nodule. 83. Detail of valve apex showing the slit-like areolae and APF of round poroids. Scale bars = 10 μm (Fig. 81), 2 μm (Figs 82, 83).

FIGURES 57–59 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 57–59. Afrocymbella nyassae sp. nov., SEM internal valve views. 57. View of the whole valve showing raphe structure and areolae without velum. 58. Detail of mid-valve of a broken valve showing proximal raphe ends covered by flap-like silica development and antler-like intermissio stigmoid. 59. Close view of valve apices showing APF with knobby jointed ridge of silica (white arrow) and distal raphe fissures slightly raised into small helictoglossae. Scale bars = 5 μm (Figs 57–58), 2 μm (Fig. 59).

FIGURES 60–80 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 60–80. Afrocymbella delphinea sp. nov., LM valve views. 60–63, 65–80. Valves from the type material. Fig. 74. Holotype specimen. Scale bar = 10 μm.

FIGURES 28–31 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 28–31. Afrocymbella symmetrica sp. nov., SEM internal valve views. 28. View of the whole valve. 29. Detail of valve ends showing APF with knobby jointed ridge of silica. 30. Detail of mid-valve showing internal openings of areolae without velum, proximal raphe ends covered by flap-like silica development, and antler-like intermissio stigmoid. 31. Close view of the bisected distal raphe terminal fissures, terminating into small lobed helictoglossa (black arrow). Scale bars = 10 μm (Fig. 28), 2 μm (Figs 29–31).

FIGURES 54–56 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 54–56. Afrocymbella nyassae sp. nov., SEM external valve views. 54. Half-valve showing uniseriate striae and single stigmoid positioned distally from the round, slightly asymmetric central area. 55. View of the whole valve showing raphe structure and striae continuing onto valve mantle. 56. Close view of distal raphe terminal fissure and APF of round poroids. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 54), 2 μm (Fig. 55), 1 μm (Fig. 56).

FIGURES 32–53 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 32–53. Afrocymbella nyassae sp. nov., LM valve views. All valves displayed from the type material (core sample MAL05-1C- 26E2, 17–18 cm, ~135.5 ka). Fig. 39. Holotype specimen. Scale bar = 10 μm.

FIGURES 112–115 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 112–115. Afrocymbella cocquytiana sp. nov., SEM internal valve views. 112. View of the whole valve showing raphe structure and areolae without velum. 113. Detail of mid-valve showing proximal raphe ends covered by flap-like silica development and antler-like intermissio stigmoid. 114. Close view of valve apices showing APF with knobby jointed ridge of silica. 115. Distal raphe fissures slightly raised into small helictoglossae. Scale bars = 10 μm (Fig. 112), 2 μm (Figs 113–115).

FIGURE 1 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURE 1. Map of the lakes Tanganyika and Malawi, showing the sampling locations of modern (red circles) and fossil (cores MAL05- 1C and NPO4-KH1-1K; white circles) specimens used in this study.

FIGURES 144–147 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 144–147. Afrocymbella gracilis, LM valve views. Observed in samples from Chituta Bay and Kombe, Lake Tanganyika. Scale bar = 10 μm.

FIGURES 109–111 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 109–111. Afrocymbella cocquytiana sp. nov., SEM external valve views. 109. View of the whole valve showing raphe structure, slit-like areolae, and APF on footpole. 110. Detail of mid-valve showing dorsally deflected proximal raphe ends, small central nodule, and round to slightly elongated stigmoid dorsally positioned. 111. Detail of valve apex showing the striae structure and APF. Scale bars = 10 μm (Fig. 109), 2 μm (Figs 110–111).

FIGURES 2–23 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 2–23. Afrocymbella symmetrica sp. nov., LM valve views. 2–19, 23. Valves from the type material, core NPO4-KH1-1K, Drive 4, 43–44 cm sample (~50 ka). Fig 9. Holotype specimen. 20–22. Valves from modern sample. Scale bar = 10 μm.

FIGURES 24–27 in The genus Afrocymbella (Bacillariophyceae) from lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, with description of new fossil and extant species

FIGURES 24–27. Afrocymbella symmetrica sp. nov., SEM external valve views. 24, 26. View of the whole valve showing raphe structure, striae on valve mantle, APF on footpole, and dorsally positioned stigmoid. 25. Detail of valve apex showing the striae structure and APF. 27. Detail of mid-valve showing dorsally deflected proximal raphe ends, small diamond-shaped central area, and slightly elongated stigmoid. Scale bars = 5 μm (Figs 24, 26), 2 μm (Fig. 27), 1 μm (Fig. 25).

FIGURE 1 in Hemibates koningsi spec. nov: a new deep-water cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika

FIGURE 1. PCA scatter plot based on 24 morphometric measurements, species score limits visualized as convex hulls (N=51). PCII vs. PCIII. PC II explains 3.0% of the variance while PC II explains 1.1%. Dots = Hemibates koningsi sp. nov., diamond = holotype of Hemibates koningsi sp. nov., squares = Hemibates stenosoma, triangles = syntypes of Hemibates stenosoma.

FIGURE 2 in Hemibates koningsi spec. nov: a new deep-water cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika

FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree (RAxML; substitution model GTR + Gamma) of the Lake Tanganyika endemic cichlid genera Hemibates (2 species), Bathybates (7 species) and Trematocara (5 species) as outgroup based on 51 mitochondrial protein coding gene ND2 haplotypes (900 bp). Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap (BS) values based on 360 bootstrap replications. Black circles represent BS values of 100. BS values below 50 are not shown. Representative species and specimens depicted from the top to bottom: male Hemibates koningsi sp. nov. (ZSM 45056, DRC-2012/3138), female Hemibates koningsi sp. nov. (ZSM 44566, DRC-2012/3275), male Hemibates stenosoma (ZSM 44573, DRC-2012/3211), female Hemibates stenosoma (ZSM 44567, DRC-2012/3126), Bathybates graueri, Bathybates fasciatus, Bathybates vittatus, Bathybates leo, Bathybates minor, Trematocara macrostoma and Trematocara unimaculatum.

FIGURE 5 in Hemibates koningsi spec. nov: a new deep-water cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika

FIGURE 5. Pharyngeal jaws of the Hemibates stenosoma and H. koningsi sp. nov. A. Lateral view of pharyngeal jaws of H. stenosoma from the top to bottom: BMNH 1906–9–6–77–78 (syntype); ZSM 44567, DRC-2012/3124; ZSM 44564, DRC- 2012/3116 B. Lateral view of pharyngeal jaws of Hemibates koningsi sp. nov. paratypes from the top to bottom: MRAC 2017– 005–P-0001, DRC-2012/3103; ZSM 44570, DRC-2012/3186; ZSM 44565, DRC-2012/3243 C. Dorsal view of the lower pharyngeal jaw of Hemibates koningsi sp. nov. (MRAC 2017–005–P-0001, DRC-2012/3103, paratype), left: radiograph, suture of lower pharyngeal jaw straight, right: same lower pharyngeal jaw photographed through a stereomicroscope.

FIGURE 4 in Hemibates koningsi spec. nov: a new deep-water cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika

FIGURE 4. Hemibates koningsi sp. nov. A. Arrangement and morphology of oral jaw teeth (Holotype, ZSM 45056, DRC- 2012/3138, 192.2 mm SL) B. Flank scales with minute, cycloid to weakly ctenoid scales on their anterior basis (holotype) C. Female Hemibates koningsi sp. nov, shortly after collection, ZSM 44566, DRC-2012/3275 141.9 mm SL; Zambia, Northern Province, Lake Tanganyika, Mpulungu basin, no exact locality data available, purchased in Inguenyo fish market, Mpulungu.

FIGURE 3 in Hemibates koningsi spec. nov: a new deep-water cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika

FIGURE 3. Hemibates koningsi sp. nov. A. Holotype, shortly after collection B. Holotype, ZSM 45056, DRC-2012/3138, 192.2 mm SL; Zambia, Northern Province, Lake Tanganyika, Mpulungu basin, no exact locality data available, purchased in Inguenyo fish market, Mpulungu C. radiograph of holotype.