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FIGURES 26–29 in Two new species of Plistobunus from China (Opiliones: Laniatores: Epedanidae)

FIGURES 26–29. Plistobunus gracilipenis sp. nov. 26. Left pedipalpus of female, medial view. 27. Same, ectal view. 28. Left chelicera, female, medial view. 29. Same, ectal view. Scale bars: 0.25mm (26–27); 0.5mm (28–29).

FIGURES 9–14 in Two new species of Plistobunus from China (Opiliones: Laniatores: Epedanidae)

FIGURES 9–14. Plistobunus gracilipenis sp. nov. 9. Left pedipalpus of male, medial view. 10. Same, ectal view. 11. Basichelicerite, male, dorsal view. 12. Same, female, dorsal view. 13. Left cheliceral fingers, male, frontal view. 14. Same, female, frontal view. Scale bars: 1mm (9–10); 0.5mm (11–14).

FIGURES 1–8 in Two new species of Plistobunus from China (Opiliones: Laniatores: Epedanidae)

FIGURES 1–8. Plistobunus gracilipenis sp. nov. 1. Male body, dorsal view. 2. Same, ventral view. 3. Same, lateral view. 4. Female body, dorsal view. 5. Same, ventral view. 6. Same, lateral view. 7. Left femur I of male, prolateral view. 8. Left femur I of female, prolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (1–5); 2 mm (6); 0.5 mm (7–8).

FIGURES 15–20 in Two new species of Plistobunus from China (Opiliones: Laniatores: Epedanidae)

FIGURES 15–20. Plistobunus gracilipenis sp. nov. 15. Left chelicera, male, medial view. 16. Same, ectal view. 17. Penis, dorsal view. 18. Distal part of penis, lateral view. 19. Distal part of penis (expanded), lateral view. 20. Distal part of penis, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25mm (18–20); 0.5mm (15–17).

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Integrative taxonomy and species delimitation in harvestmen: a revision of the western North American genus Sclerobunus (Opiliones: Laniatores: Travunioidea)

Alpha taxonomy, and specifically the delimitation of species, is becoming increasingly objective and integrative. The use of coalescent-based methods applied to genetic data is providing new tools for the discovery and delimitation of species. Here, we use an integrative approach via a combination of discovery-based multivariate morphological analyses to detect potential new species. These potential species are then used as a priori species in hypothesis-driven validation analyses with genetic data. This research focuses on the harvestmen genus Sclerobunus found throughout the mountainous regions of western North America. Based on our analyses, we conduct a revision of Sclerobunus resulting in synonymy of Cyptobunus with Sclerobunus including transfer of S. cavicolens comb. nov. and elevation of both subspecies of S. ungulatus: S. ungulatus comb. nov. and S. madhousensis comb. nov., stat. nov. The three subspecies of S. robustus are elevated, S. robustus, S. glorietus stat. nov., and S. idahoensis stat. nov. Additionally, five new species of Sclerobunus are described from New Mexico and Colorado, including S. jemez sp. nov., S. klomax sp. nov., S. skywalkeri sp. nov., S. speoventus sp. nov., and S. steinmanni sp. nov. Several of the newly described species are single-cave endemics, and our findings suggest that further exploration of western North American cave habitats will likely yield additional new species.

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Data from: A new monster from southwest Oregon forests: Cryptomaster behemoth sp. n. (Opiliones, Laniatores, Travunioidea)

The monotypic genus Cryptomaster Briggs, 1969 was described based on individuals from a single locality in southwestern Oregon. The described species C. leviathan Briggs, 1969 was named for its large body size compared to most travunioid Laniatores. However, as the generic name suggests, Cryptomaster are notoriously difficult to find, and few subsequent collections have been recorded for this genus. Here, we increase sampling of Cryptomaster to 15 localities, extending their known range from the Coast Range northeast to the western Cascade Mountains of southern Oregon. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data reveal deep phylogenetic breaks consistent with independently evolving lineages. We use discovery and validation species delimitation approaches to generate and test species hypotheses, including a coalescent species delimitation method to test multi-species hypotheses. For delimited species, we use light microscopy and SEM to discover diagnostic morphological characters. Although Cryptomaster has a small geographic distribution, this taxon is consistent with other short-range endemics in having deep phylogenetic breaks indicative of species level divergences. Herein we describe Cryptomaster behemoth sp. n., and provide morphological diagnostic characters for identifying C. leviathan and C. behemoth.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

FIGURE 6 in A classification of the penial microsetae of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores)

FIGURE 6. Characters from microsetae mapped (simplified) on a phylogeny of Gonyleptoidea (based on Kury & Villarreal, 2015 with the addition of Prostygninae according to Villarreal pers. comm.). Green rectangles are synapomorphic gains, yellow circles are homoplastic convergences (C) or reversals (R). Character states are: (1) presence of latero-distal fields of T4; (2) lateral fields greatly extended to proximal; (3) midfield of limited extension, entire or paired lungs, formed by T2, T3 or T5; (4) entire midfield greatly extended on VP, formed by T1; (5) midfield restricted to distal part of ventral plate.

FIGURE 5 in A classification of the penial microsetae of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores)

FIGURE 5. Distribution of microsetae on the ventral surface of penis ventral plate in Manaosbiidae (a-b) and Gonyleptidae (c–d): a. Syncranaus cribrum Roewer, 1913 (MNRJ-HS 692); b. Rhopalocranaus bordoni Šilhavý, 1979 (MNRJ); c. Discocyrtus crenulatus Roewer, 1913 (MNRJ 5380); d. Camposicola sanctateresae (Soares & Soares, 1946) (MNRJ 19366).

FIGURE 4 in A classification of the penial microsetae of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores)

FIGURE 4. Distribution of microsetae on the ventral surface of penis ventral plate in Cranaidae: a. Prostygnus sp. (CAS); b. Cranaus chlorogaster (Gervais, 1844) (MNRJ 7634); c. Chiriboga albituber Roewer, 1959 (MCZ); d. Carsevennia sp. (AMNH AK 15).

FIGURE 3 in A classification of the penial microsetae of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores)

FIGURE 3. Distribution of microsetae on the ventral surface of penis ventral plate in Metasarcidae (a) and Cosmetidae (b-f): a. Incasarcus dianae Kury & Maury, 1998, male holotype (MUSM 410); b: Rhaucus vulneratus Simon, 1879 (ICN AO 437); c. Cynorta conspersa (Perty, 1833) (MNRJ 4560); d. Taito juruensis (Mello-Leitão 1923) (MNRJ 2288); e. Gryne perlata Mello-Leitão, 1936 (MNRJ 19162); f. Eucynorta virescens Mello-Leitão, 1942 (MNRJ 8500).

FIGURE 2 in A classification of the penial microsetae of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores)

FIGURE 2. Distribution of microsetae on the ventral surface of penis ventral plate in Stygnidae (a), Nomoclastidae (b) and Ampycinae (c, d,): a. Ricstygnus quineti Kury, 2009, male holotype (MNRJ 2112); b. Acaime machadoi Villarreal et al., 2016, (MNRJ 2464); c. Nesopachylus monoceros Chamberlin, 1925 (AMNH AK 19); d. Neopachyloides sp. (FMNH AK 84).

FIGURE 1 in A classification of the penial microsetae of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores)

FIGURE 1. Examples of microsetae of penis ventral plate in Gonyleptoidea, illustrating the system of five categories proposed here: T1: type 1, simple, acuminate, tapering; T2: type 2, simple, laminar proximally and thinner distally; T3: type 3, bifid to multiple, short, common base may be reduced or absent; T4: type 4, multiple, superimposed on one another, mostly elongate, common base always present; T5: type 5, very short, always grouped in rows of 5 to 6 setae.

FIGURE 1 in First Amazonian species of Maracaynatum, with comments on the genus (Opiliones: Laniatores: Samoidae)

FIGURE 1. Maracaynatum isadorae sp. nov. Male holotype (INPA-OPI 003417), habitus: A) dorsal view, B) lateral view. Male paratype (INPA-OP 3419): C) chelicerae, mesal view, D) stridulatory organ, E) Pedipalp, ectal view, F) same, mesal view, G) scopula IV. Scale bars: A–B, E–F: 1 mm; C–D, G: 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 1–12 in First record of the genus Euepedanus from China, with the description of a new species (Opiliones: Laniatores: Epedanidae)

FIGURES 1–12. Euepedanus flavimaculatus sp. n., male holotype (1–10), female paratype (11–12). 1. Body, lateral view; 2. Left chelicerae, prolateral view; 3. Proximal segment of left chelicerae, retrolateral view; 4. Distal segment of left chelicerae, dorsal view; 5. Left palpus, prolateral view; 6. Same, retrolateral view; 7. Distal part of penis, dorsal view; 8. Same, lateral view; 9. Same, ventral view; 10. Total penis, ventral view; 11. Body, dorsal view; 12. Distal part of ovipositor. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (7–9, 12); 0.5 mm (2–4, 10); 1.0 mm (1, 5–6, 11).

FIGURES 4–8 in A new Tricommatinae from the montane savanna of São Paulo (Opiliones: Laniatores: Gonyleptidae)

FIGURES 4–8. Pseudopachylus martensi sp. nov. Male holotype from São José do Barreiro (MNRJ 4435) 4 Tarsus I; 5 Tarsus II; 6 Tarsus III; 7 Tarsus IV; 8 Trochanter to patella of left leg IV. 4–8 in prolateral view. Scale bars 1 mm.

FIGURES 23–25 in A taxonomic revision of the family Oncopodidae VI. Martensiellus, a new genus from Borneo, and the discovery of a tarsal pore organ in Oncopodidae (Opiliones: Laniatores)

FIGURES 23–25.?Martensiellus n. g. sp., female from Kaharian. SEMmicrographs of right tarsus I showing dorsal pore at different enlargements. Scale bars: 100 µm (23), 20 µm (24), 5 µm (25).

FIGURES 1–3 in A new Tricommatinae from the montane savanna of São Paulo (Opiliones: Laniatores: Gonyleptidae)

FIGURES 1–3. Pseudopachylus martensi sp. nov. Male holotype from São José do Barreiro (MNRJ 4435) 1 Habitus, dorsal view; 2 Same, lateral view; 3 Sternal region, coxae, stigmatic area and sternites, ventral view. Scale bars 1 mm.

FIGURES 9–10 in A new Tricommatinae from the montane savanna of São Paulo (Opiliones: Laniatores: Gonyleptidae)

FIGURES 9–10. Pseudopachylus martensi sp. nov. Male holotype, from São José do Barreiro (MNRJ 4435), distal part of penis (9 ventral view, 10 lateral view); Scale bars 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 11–17. Martensiellus tenuipalpus n. g., n in A taxonomic revision of the family Oncopodidae VI. Martensiellus, a new genus from Borneo, and the discovery of a tarsal pore organ in Oncopodidae (Opiliones: Laniatores)

FIGURES 11–17. Martensiellus tenuipalpus n. g., n. sp., penis (11–14 holotype, 15–17 paratype). 11–12. Total penis (11 dorsal view, 12 lateral view). 13–15, 17. Apex of penis in resting position (13, 15 dorsal view, 14, 17 lateral view). 16. Apex of penis with expanded glans, dorsal view. Abbreviations: d.m. distal margin of truncus penis, l.s. lateral sclerite of glans, m.p. median plate of glans, m.t. membranous tubes of glans, s stylus. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (11–12), 0.1 mm (13–17).

FIGURES 18–22 in A taxonomic revision of the family Oncopodidae VI. Martensiellus, a new genus from Borneo, and the discovery of a tarsal pore organ in Oncopodidae (Opiliones: Laniatores)

FIGURES 18–22.?Martensiellus n. g. spp., female from Mulu N.P. (18, 19), female from Kaharian (20–22). 18. Anterior part of body and proximal part of palpus and of chelicera, lateral view. 19, 22. Distal part of leg II, lateral view. 20. Anterior part of body and proximal part of palpus, lateral view; 21. Chelicera, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (18–19, 20–22 same scale).