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FIG. 4 in The late Givetian (Middle Devonian) ammonoid Epitornoceras Frech, 1902 from Argentina (southwestern Gondwana)

FIG. 4. — Stratigraphic section of the Chigua Formation showing the distribution of the identified taxa within the Chavela Member (ammonoid, trilobites, bivalve). Note the angular unconformity (>40°) between the Chigua and Malimán formations.

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FIG. 3 in The late Givetian (Middle Devonian) ammonoid Epitornoceras Frech, 1902 from Argentina (southwestern Gondwana)

FIG. 3. — The Chavela Creek: A, B, structural cross-section of the Chavela Creek, showing the tectonic relation between the Chigua and Pircas Negras formations, and the angular unconformity from the overlying Malimán Formation (Mississippian); arrows point towards younger deposits; the white box (in A) indicates the location of pictures C and D; C, overturned psammitic beds, younger deposits towards the East; D, Ichnofossils indicating the base of beds.

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FIG. 2 in The late Givetian (Middle Devonian) ammonoid Epitornoceras Frech, 1902 from Argentina (southwestern Gondwana)

FIG. 2. — Geological maps of the study area (A, B, modified from Amenábar 2009), and satellite image showing the location of the ammonoid fossils (C, from Google Earth).

Fig. 7 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 7. Ammonoid mass occurences from the different localities in the Anti Atlas ôf Morocco. A. PIMUZ 37920, concretion showing a ammonoid mass occurence and an orthocone (A1) with close up (A2) from Achguig, north east Tafilalt, lower Famennian. B. PIMUZ 37921, polished section of an ammonoid mass occurrence from Taouz, Tafilalt, lower Famennian. C. PIMUZ 37922, prepared ammonoids from an association from Madene EL Mrakib, Maider, lower Famennian. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 6. Size distribution of all ammonoids in each sample. A. Number od specimens (without specimens lost in preparation) vs. size class. The size classes –20 were defined by using the logarithm of the log diameters shown in Table 5. B. The ammonoids counts plotted on a metric axis.

Fig. 2 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 2. Geological map of the study area, the Tafilalt and Maïder, with indications of the localities and the approximate placing of the basins and platforms (map modified after Frey et al. 2020).

Fig. 3 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 3. Typical ammonoids from lower, middle, and upper Famennian, Anti-Atlas, Morocco. A. Sample PIMUZ 37916, Oum El Jerane. B. Sample PIMUZ 37917. C. Sample PIMUZ 37918. D. Sample PIMUZ 37915. E. Sample PIMUZ 37919. In order to show various aspects of variation, we sometimes display more than one specimen per species. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5. A in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 5. A scheme of shell measurements in Cheiloceras sp. from the lower Famennian of Madene El Mrakib, Anti-Atlas, Morocco (PIMUZ 37923). A. Polished sagittal section with the possible continuation of the ammonoid shown in grey. The photographed specimen is incomplete, parts of the body chamber are missing, and the specimen was probably larger as suggested by the reconstructed area. B. The body chamber shown without phragmocone; dashed lines indicate possible positions of the terminal aperture of the ammonoid. The diameter of the largest complete ammonoid from Madene sample and the diameter of the specimen without the body chamber are shown. C. The cross section showing the way the aperture opening was calculated. The number 4.2 is an average value from measurements of different sized specimens; a, apertural height; b, diameter of previous demi-whorl; conch diameter = a + b.

Fig. 1 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 1. Ammonoid mass occurrence (associated with brachiopods and orthocerids) from the lower Famennian of Madene El Mrakib, Morocco (prepared by Thomas Imhof, Trimbach); PIMUZ 37914.

Fig. 8 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 8. Estimating the number of missing specimens from Madene El Mrakib. A. Diameter plotted in log; the dashed line demarcates the possibly missing data based on the highest count at a diameter of 4 mm. B. Diameter plotted linearly; prepared specimens are marked by the blue field; the black dots mark the sums of prepared and crushed specimens; the orange field adds those specimens, which we might have missed entirely, either because of non-preservation or because they were overlooked during preparation; this is based on the regression line that was moved to the highest point of small specimens.

Fig. 4 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 4. Total volume of each sample and the volume of all ammonoids in the respective samples; including complete ammonoids and small ammonoids destroyed during preparation.

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Figure 1 in Quantifying scientific significance of a fossil site: the Gogo Fossil sites (Late Devonian, Western Australia) as a case study

Figure 1. Map showing area covering the Gogo Formation site localities (geology taken from Long and Trinajstic, 2010, figure 1).

Fig.12. A–E in The Late Devonian Upper Kellwasser Event and entomozoacean ostracods in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig.12. A–E. Franklinella (Franklinella) sigmoidale Müller−Steffen,1964. A.CarapaceZPALO.52/12inrightlateralview;sampleP−152. B.CarapaceZPAL O.52/1 in left lateral view; sample P−157. C. Left valve ZPALO.52/13 in lateral view; sample P−152. D. Right valve ZPALO.52/2 in lateral view; sample P−157. E.LeftvalveZPALO.52/78inobliqueventralview. F. Nehdentomis sp.CarapaceZPALO.52/22inleftlateralview;sampleP−166.Scalebars500µm.

Fig. 10 in The Late Devonian Upper Kellwasser Event and entomozoacean ostracods in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 10. Entomozoacean species from the Upper Kellwasser Horizon (sample P–126, 126a). A1–A3. Entomoprimitia (Entomoprimitia) kayseri (Waldschmidt,1885).RightvalveZPALO.52/23inlateral,obliquedorsalandobliqueventralviews. B1, B2. Entomoprimitia (Entomoprimitia) sartenaeri Casier, 1975.RightvalveZPALO.52/29inlateralandobliquedorsalviews. C–E. Entomoprimitia (Entomoprimitia) splendens (Waldschmidt,1885).C.Leftvalve ZPALO.52/24 in lateral view. D. Right valve ZPALO.52/17 in lateral view. E. Left valve ZPALO.52/18 in oblique dorsal view. Scale bars 500 µm.

Fig. 7. A, B in The Late Devonian Upper Kellwasser Event and entomozoacean ostracods in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 7. A, B. Entomoprimitia (Entomoprimitia) nitida (Roemer, 1850). A1–A3. Right valve ZPAL O.52/32 in lateral, oblique ventral and oblique dorsal views;sampleP−120. B1, B2.CarapaceZPALO.52/25inrightlateralandobliqueventralviews;sampleP−14. C, D. Rabienella? lagowiensis sp.nov. C1, C2. Rightvalve,holotypeZPALO.52/76inlateralandobliqueventralviews;sampleP−47. D1, D2.CarapaceZPALO.52/60inrightlateralandobliqueventral views;sampleP−a. E, F. Entomoprimitia (Entomoprimitia) sp.aff. E.(E.) wildungensis (Matern,1929). E.CarapaceZPALO.52/68inrightobliqueventral view; sample P−112. F1, F2. Right valve ZPALO.52/37 in lateral and oblique ventral views; sample P−120. Scale bars 500 µm.

Fig. 5 in The Late Devonian Upper Kellwasser Event and entomozoacean ostracods in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 5. The main entomozoacean bio−events and relative frequency superimposed over the primary conceptual phases of mass extinctions, recoveries and sea−level fluctuations recognised by Kauffman and Erwin (1995), Kauffman and Harries (1996) and Johnson et al. (1985).

Fig. 12 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 12. Hexactinellid and demosponge spicules from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian, sample Kw−156, all × 38. A, B, E. Anchoring spicules of hexactinellids. C, D, F–H.?Dermal pentactines. I. Hexactine. J. Undetermined demosponge spicule. All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 11 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 11. Demosponge (including lithistid) and hexactinelid spicules from Kowala Quarry, set H−2, late Frasnian, sample Ky−3. A, B. Strongyloxeas, × 70. C. Strongyl, × 70. D. Stauractin, × 54. E. Pentactine, × 36. F, J, M. Desmas (dendroclones) of antahspidellid lithistids, × 70. G. Tetraxon, × 70. H. Tetraxon, × 54. I. Hexactine, × 36. K, L. Fragments of astylospongiid lithistid skeleton, × 27 All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 10 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 10. Hexactinellid and lithistid spicules from Kowala Quarry, set H−2, late Frasnian. A, H, E. Hexactines (A × 43; H × 49; E × 75). B.?Stauractine, × 21. G. Dermal pentactine, × 64. I. fragments of fused skeleton of hexactinosan sponge, × 21. J. Fragment of fused skeleton of astylospongiid lithistid, × 32. C, D, F. dermal spicules (strongly modified pentatcines) of docodermatid hexactinellid. (D × 13; C × 15; F × 17). All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 8. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−4 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 8. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−4, early Famennian (Pa. crepida Zone), sample KM−1, all × 75. A–E. Haplentactinia aff. flagelifera. F. Polyentactinia cf. rudihispida. All SEM micrographs.