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Fig. 5 in Redescription of Adenomera diptyx (Boettger, 1885) (Anura, Leptodactylidae) and description of a closely related new species

Fig. 5. Adenomera diptyx (Boettger, 1885), ♂ (UNNEC 13936, SVL: 22.6 mm) from Parque Nacional Cerro Corá, Amambay Department, Paraguay. A–B. Dorsal and ventral views. C–D. Dorsal and lateral views of the head. E–F. Ventral views of the left hand and foot. G–H. Coloration in life.

Fig. 4 in Redescription of Adenomera diptyx (Boettger, 1885) (Anura, Leptodactylidae) and description of a closely related new species

Fig. 4. Adenomera diptyx (Boettger, 1885), paralectotype housed at the Natural History Museum Vienna (NMW 4475). Dorsal and ventral views. (Photographic credit: A. Schumacher.) Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Redescription of Adenomera diptyx (Boettger, 1885) (Anura, Leptodactylidae) and description of a closely related new species

Fig. 3. Adenomera diptyx (Boettger, 1885), type specimens housed at the Natural History Museum. A–C. Lectotype, ♂ (BMNH 1947.2.17.47). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Lateral view. D–E. Paralectotype (BMNH 1947.2.17.48). D. Dorsal view. E. Ventral view. (Photographic credit: NHM, edited by VHZ.) Scale bars = 1 cm.

Fig. 2 in Redescription of Adenomera diptyx (Boettger, 1885) (Anura, Leptodactylidae) and description of a closely related new species

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the Adenomera Steindachner, 1867 open-habitat clade, based on the 50% majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference of a concatenated dataset of four (two mitochondrial + two nuclear) genes. Outgroup sampling and molecular dataset are presented in the Material and Methods and Appendix 3. Terminals are species names, followed by voucher specimens. Numbers in parentheses across A. hylaedactyla (Cope, 1868) terminals indicate the lineage number (sensu Fouquet et al. 2014). Posterior probabilities (PP) are provided near the nodes (not shown below species level). Asterisks denote PP = 1.0. Scale bar is given as nucleotide substitution rate.

Fig. 1 in Redescription of Adenomera diptyx (Boettger, 1885) (Anura, Leptodactylidae) and description of a closely related new species

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of Adenomera diptyx (Boettger, 1885) (blue circles) and Adenomera guarani sp. nov. (black circles and yellow circle = type locality). Subclade 3 (pink circles) and subclade 4 (orange circle) according Fouquet et al. (2014) are also represented. ARGENTINA: Corrientes: 1) Corrientes; 2) San Cayetano; 3) Paso de la Patria; 4) Ituzaingó; 5) Parque Nacional Mburucuyá; 6) Saladas (acoustic record by VHZ no voucher); Santa Fe: 7) Villa Ocampo (acoustic record by VHZ, no voucher); Chaco: 8) Resistencia (acoustic record by VHZ, no voucher), 9) La Leonesa; 10) San Martín; Formosa: 11) Fontana; 12) Clorinda; 13) Laguna Naick Neck. PARAGUAY: Central: 14) Villeta; Ñeembucú: 15) 26 km NE of Pilar; 16) 19,8 km SSW of Pilar; Paraguarí: 17) Parque Nacional Ybycuí; Guairá: 18) Reserva de Recursos Manejados Ybyturuzú (Airaldi et al. 2013); Cordillera: 19) Saltos de Piraretá; 20) Piribebuy; Central: 21) Lago de Ypacaraí (Fouquet et al. 2014); Caaguazú: 22) 24 km N of Coronel Oviedo; Presidente Hayes: 23) Ea. La Golondrina; San Pedro: 24) Villa del Rosario; 25) Laguna Blanca; 26) Lima; Presidente Hayes: 27) 44 km W of Concepción, Riacho Negro; Concepción: 28) 19 km NE of Concepción; 29), Rancho Z; 30) 85 km W of Concepción, Arroyo Capitigo; Amambay: 31) Parque Nacional Cerro Corá; Alto Paraguay: 32) Ea. Doña Julia. BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: 33) Bela Vista; 34) Pantanal Research Station (= Nhecolândia, Passo do Lontra); 35) Corumbá (Fouquet et al. 2014); 36) Três Lagoas; Mato Grosso: 37) UHE Guaporé; 38) Poconé (Fouquet et al. 2014). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: 39) Caparú, Velasco; 40) San Sebastián; 41) Buena Vista; 42) Parque Nacional Amboró; Beni: 43) Santa Anita; 44) Paraparau.

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Waste of Atta leaf-cutting ants provides nutriment for Leptodactylus rhodonotus tadpoles (Hymenoptera, Formicidae; Amphibia, Leptodactylidae)

Video sequence obtained on 20 November 2019 in rainforest at 915 m a.s.l., Departamento Pasco, Peru, showing the edge of the ants' waste heap at a small roadside ditch, with leaf-cutting ants dropping waste crumbs into the running water and Leptodactylus rhodonotus tadpole feeding on ant waste. Reference to this video has been published in the following article: Köhler, J. & F. Glaw (2023): Waste of Atta leaf-cutting ants provides nutriment for Leptodactylus rhodonotus tadpoles (Hymenoptera, Formicidae; Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Spixiana 46 (1): 20.

FIGURE 57 in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 57. Loadings plots of 12 acoustical variables for the first two components of a Principal Compoment Analysis (PCA) based on 45 species (= samples) of Physalaemus (A–C). Plots with the ordered variable loadings for first (A) and second (B) components. Distribution of the samples along the first and second components with the variable loadings depicted as vectors on the biplot (C). Colors indicate the species groups to which the species belong (see caption in the figure). "N_A" means "no species group assigned" (see Table 1). Note that the two groups are mainly separated by the frequency delta, fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and dominant frequencies at the beginning and end of the call along the second component (see text). The variable variances were scaled in order to equalize their influence in the PCA.

FIGURE 53. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F).

FIGURE 55. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B).

FIGURE 51. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M).

FIGURE 52 in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between "instantaneous" dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of "instantaneous" dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio "instantaneous" dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency.

FIGURE 50. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q).

FIGURE 48. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 48. Call A of Physalaemus santafecinus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B and D).

FIGURE 46. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp.

FIGURE 45. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 45. Call A of Physalaemus riograndensis. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (E and F); 42.3 (B).

FIGURE 54. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L).

FIGURE 44. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D).

FIGURE 43. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F).

FIGURE 41. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G).

FIGURE 37. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 37. Call A of Physalaemus aguirrei. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). A variant call A with a different envelope and initial FM segment (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1500 (B); 1024 (D).