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FIGURE 8 in Redescription of the argyrolagid Microtragulus bolivianus (Metatheria, Polydolopimorphia, Bonapartheriiformes) based on new remains from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 8. Microtragulus sp., upper and lower molars in occlusal views. 1. JUY-P 53, isolated left M3. 2. JUY-P 54, isolated left m2 or m3. Scale bar equals 2 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Redescription of the argyrolagid Microtragulus bolivianus (Metatheria, Polydolopimorphia, Bonapartheriiformes) based on new remains from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 6. Microtragulus bolivianus, astragalus and calcaneus. 1-5. JUY-P-0075, complete right astragalus in: 1, dorsal; 2, plantar; 3, medial; 4, lateral; and 5, distal views. 6-10. JUY-P-0073, complete left calcaneus in: 6, dorsal; 7, plantar; 8, medial; 9, lateral; and 10, distal views. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Redescription of the argyrolagid Microtragulus bolivianus (Metatheria, Polydolopimorphia, Bonapartheriiformes) based on new remains from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 4. Microtragulus bolivianus, right lower dentition in occlusal view. 1. JUY-P-0066, detail of i1. 2. JUY-P-0066, m1-4. 3. JUY-P-0067, m1-4. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 3. Microtragulus bolivianus. 1-3. JUY-P-0065 in Redescription of the argyrolagid Microtragulus bolivianus (Metatheria, Polydolopimorphia, Bonapartheriiformes) based on new remains from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 3. Microtragulus bolivianus. 1-3. JUY-P-0065, fragment of right maxilla with M3-M4 in: 1, lateral; 2, medial; and 3, occlusal views. 4-5. JUY-P-0066, right mandibular body with i1, alveoli of i2 and p3, and complete m1-4 in: 4, medial; and 5, lateral views. 6-7. JUY-P-0067, right mandibular body with complete i1 and i2, alveolus of p3, and complete m1-4 in: 6, medial; and 7, lateral views. 8-9. JUY-P-0068, anterior fragment of right mandibular body with i1 and alveoli of i2 and p3 in: 8, medial; and 9, lateral views. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Redescription of the argyrolagid Microtragulus bolivianus (Metatheria, Polydolopimorphia, Bonapartheriiformes) based on new remains from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 2. Line drawings (occlusal view) of Microtragulus bolivianus showing the anatomical nomenclature used in the text. 1. Right M3-4. 2. Right m1-4 (image reflected). Abbreviations: cf, central fossa; cfd, central fossid; ectf, ectoflexid; ectd, ectostylid; ent, entoconid; entd, entostylid?; entf, entoflexid; gr, groove; hyp, hypoconid; hypd, hypoconulid; mesl, mesiolabial lobe; met, metacone; metd, metaconid; metl, metaconule; prt, protocone; prtd, protoconid.

FIGURE 5 in Redescription of the argyrolagid Microtragulus bolivianus (Metatheria, Polydolopimorphia, Bonapartheriiformes) based on new remains from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 5. Microtragulus bolivianus, fore and hindlimb bones. 1-4. JUY-P-0069, right humerus almost complete except the proximal third in: 1, anterior; 2, posterior; 3, medial; and 4, lateral views. 5-8. JUY-P-0070, left humerus almost complete except the proximal third in: 5, anterior; 6, posterior; 7, medial; and 8, lateral views. 9-12. JUY-P- 0071, distal half of left humerus in: 9, anterior; 10, posterior; 11, medial; and 12, lateral views. 13-16. JUY-P-0072, distal end of right humerus in 13, anterior; 14, posterior; 15, medial; and 16, lateral views. 17-19. JUY-P 59, proximal half of right ulna in: 17, anterior; 18, lateral; and 19, medial views. 20-22. JUY-P 60, proximal half of left ulna in: 20, anterior; 21, lateral; and 22, medial views. 23. JUY-P 61, proximal fragment of radius. 24-25. JUY-P 52, distal end of right tibiofibula in: 24, anterior; and 25, posterior views. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Redescription of the argyrolagid Microtragulus bolivianus (Metatheria, Polydolopimorphia, Bonapartheriiformes) based on new remains from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 9. Argyrolagus sp. MACN 17590, left mandibular fragment with m1-4. 1-4. Photograph and line drawing in: 1-2, medial; and 3-4, dorsal views. The arrow points the maxillary canal. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Redescription of the argyrolagid Microtragulus bolivianus (Metatheria, Polydolopimorphia, Bonapartheriiformes) based on new remains from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 7. Microtragulus bolivianus, metatarsal III and IV and phalanges. JUY-P 55, complete right metatarsal III and JUY-P 56, distal portion of right metatarsal IV (not associated) in: 1, anterior; and 2, posterior views. Scale bar equals 10 mm. 3-5. JUY-P 58, ungual phalanges in lateral view. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 1. 1 in Redescription of the argyrolagid Microtragulus bolivianus (Metatheria, Polydolopimorphia, Bonapartheriiformes) based on new remains from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 1. 1. Location map of the fossiliferous levels of the Uquía Formation exposed at San Roque, Humahuaca (Jujuy Province, Argentina). Relative location of the prospected area in: 2, Jujuy Province; and 3, Northwestern Argentina. Modified from Ortiz et al. (2012).

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TABLE 1 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

TABLE 1. — Dental measurements of the specimens of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997. Abbreviations: C/c, upper/lower canines; P/p, premolars; L, length; M/m, molars; Tal., talonid; Trg, trigonid; W, width. Measurements expressed in millimeters.<table><tbody><tr><th>Specimen</th><th></th><th>C</th><th>P2</th><th>P3</th><th></th><th>M1</th><th>M2</th><th>M3</th><th>M4</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>VPPLT 1612 (right)</th><td>L</td><td>20.63</td><td>3.47</td><td>6.46</td><td></td><td>12.3</td><td>13.22</td><td>12.99</td><td>3.99</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td>6.74</td><td>1.88</td><td>4.42</td><td></td><td>6.97</td><td>8.83</td><td>10.2</td><td>10.8</td></tr><tr><th>VPPLT 1612 (left)</th><td>L</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>6.41</td><td></td><td>12.5</td><td>c. 12.60</td><td>c. 13.18</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td>?</td><td>c. 2.60</td><td>2.56</td><td></td><td>6.45</td><td>8.67</td><td>10.3</td><td>c. 10.70</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>c</td><td>p2</td><td>p3</td><td></td><td>m1</td><td>m2</td><td>m3</td><td>m4</td></tr><tr><th>IGM 184247 (right)</th><td>L</td><td>?</td><td>c. 6.00</td><td>c. 7.20</td><td></td><td>c. 9.50</td><td>11.45</td><td>13.6</td><td>13.4</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td>?</td><td>c. 3.00</td><td>c. 3.30</td><td>Trg</td><td>c. 4.45</td><td>5.25</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Tal.</td><td>c. 4.00</td><td>4.75</td><td>5.05</td><td>1.75</td></tr><tr><th>IGM 184247 (left)</th><td>L</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td></td><td>?</td><td>11.3</td><td>13.6</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Trg</td><td>?</td><td>5</td><td>5.8</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Tal.</td><td>?</td><td>4.45</td><td>5.1</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>VPPLT 1612 (right)</th><td>L</td><td>?</td><td>c. 4.25</td><td>c. 6.70</td><td></td><td>9.38</td><td>11.81</td><td>13.38</td><td>13.6</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td></td><td>c. 2.26</td><td>c. 3.91</td><td>Trg</td><td>4.25</td><td>5.6</td><td>6.59</td><td>6.73</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Tal.</td><td>3.6</td><td>4.85</td><td>5.41</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><th>VPPLT 1612 (left)</th><td>L</td><td>8.94</td><td>3.39</td><td>6.7</td><td></td><td>9.24</td><td>c. 12.05</td><td>c. 13.35</td><td>c. 14.00</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td>5.32</td><td>1.76</td><td>2.5</td><td>Trg</td><td>3.88</td><td>5.29</td><td>c. 6.46</td><td>6.23</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Tal.</td><td>c. 3.20</td><td>4.55</td><td>c. 5.62</td><td>2.5</td></tr></tbody></table>

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TABLE 2 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

TABLE 2. — Body mass estimations. Abbreviations: Log, common logarithm (with base 10); ln, natural logarithm (with base e); M2A, second upper molar area; M2L, second upper molar length; m2A, second lower molar area; m3L, third lower molar length; %PE, percent prediction error; R2, ratio estimate; SE, smearing estimate correction factor; X, selected variable. Body mass expressed in kilograms. Equation source references: 1, Myers 2001, ‘All species’ data-set; 2, Myers 2001, Dasyuromorphian data set; 3, Zimicz 2012.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>Body</th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Species</th><td>Equation</td><td>X</td><td>%PE</td><td>R2</td><td>SE</td><td>mass</td><td>Ref.</td></tr><tr><th>“ A. gracilis (IGM 184247)”</th><td>log(y) = 1.005 + 1.857 log(x)</td><td>m2A</td><td>7.00</td><td>0.951</td><td>1.119</td><td>22.77</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>log(y) = 0.567 + 3.400 log(x)</td><td>m3L</td><td>12.00</td><td>0.945</td><td>1.035</td><td>27.29</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>ln(y) = 1.76 + 3.17 ln(x)</td><td>m3L</td><td>12.08</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.110</td><td>25.29</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>“ A. gracilis (VPPLT 1612)”</th><td>log(y) = 0.426 + 1.890 log(x)</td><td>M2A</td><td>7.00</td><td>0.989</td><td>1.029</td><td>22.15</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>log(y) = 1.005 + 1.857 log(x)</td><td>m2A</td><td>7.00</td><td>0.951</td><td>1.119</td><td>27.19</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>ln(y) = 1.89 + 3.14 ln(x)</td><td>M2L</td><td>7.03</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.160</td><td>25.47</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>log(y) = 0.567 + 3.400 log(x)</td><td>m3L</td><td>12.00</td><td>0.945</td><td>1.035</td><td>25.82</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>ln(y) = 1.76 + 3.17 ln(x)</td><td>m3L</td><td>12.08</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.110</td><td>24.02</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>“ P. goini (MLP 07-VII-1-1)”</th><td>log(y) = 0.426 + 1.890 log(x)</td><td>M2A</td><td>7.00</td><td>0.989</td><td>1.029</td><td>25.93</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>ln(y) = 1.89 + 3.14 ln(x)</td><td>M2L</td><td>7.03</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.160</td><td>19.79</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>“ T. atrox (P14531)”</th><td>log(y) = 0.426 + 1.890 log(x)</td><td>M2A</td><td>7.00</td><td>0.989</td><td>1.029</td><td>42.50</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>ln(y) = 1.89 + 3.14 ln(x)</td><td>M2L</td><td>7.03</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.160</td><td>41.12</td><td>3</td></tr></tbody></table>

FIG. 72 in Model-based analysis of postcranial osteology of marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria

FIG. 72. — Comparison of left astragali and their articular patterns in selected metatherians to illustrate what were probably linear stages of transformation in the upper and lower ankle joints, as well as the astragalonavicular joint; A-C, a sudameridelphian (IMG I); A, dorsal view; B, plantar view; C, distal view; D-F, a didelphid (Marmosa); D, dorsal view; E, plantar view; F, distal view; G-I, a microbiothere (Dromiciops); G, dorsal view; H, plantar view; I, distal view; J-L, a dasyurid (Dasycercus); J, dorsal view; K, plantar view; L, distal view. Abbreviations: AFi, astragalofibular facet; ampt, astragalar medial plantar tuberosity; AN, astragalonavicular facet; ATil, lateral astragalotibial facet; ATim, medial astragalotibial facet; CaA, calcaneoastragalar facet; CaAd, distal calcaneoastragalar facet; CLAJP, continuous lower ankle joint pattern; Su, sustentacular facet. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 74 in Model-based analysis of postcranial osteology of marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria

FIG. 74. — Simplified phylogeny of the taxa (thick vertical bars) and the hypothesized lineages leading to them (dashed lines). Numbered thick vertical arrows show points on the phylogeny where the stem of the various groups can be identified by diagnostic traits with respect to their ancestry. Only the entry of the stem of Sudameridelphia (1) is problematic in this regard because archaic metatherians outside of South America are less well known. Point 4 stands for the last common ancestor of Australidelphia, derivable from a bona fide didelphid (see text). Point 6 is the putative ancestry of the Gondwanadelphia, and as such it is queried. Thinner, and close to horizontal, arrows indicate both direction of phyletic derivations, as well as the direction of geographical dispersal. Note derivation and dispersal of australidelphians from a South American didelphid stem to Antarctica-Australia.

FIG. 71 in Model-based analysis of postcranial osteology of marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria

FIG. 71. — Comparisons of several stages of monotreme and therian astragalocalcaneal patterns and articular relationships. For each of the six taxa the dorsal and distal views are shown in articulation above, and the lower ankle joint surfaces for the two left bones are shown below. In the metatherians the movement of the tarsus on the crus has one degree of freedom in rotation and another in translation, whereas in eutherians the stabilized upper ankle joint usually only allows one degree of freedom in rotation. Arrows on the tibial facet of the astragalus show rotational (and translational) freedom in the upper ankle joint, whereas the slimmer arrow on the astragalar fibular facet shows rotation of the calcaneus under the astragalus (i.e. movement in the lower ankle joint). Abbreviations: AFi, astragalofibular facet; ampt, astragalar medial plantar tuberosity; AN, astragalonavicular facet; ATil, lateral astragalotibial facet; ATim, medial astragalotibial facet; CaA, calcaneoastragalar facet; CaCu, calcaneocuboid facet; CaCua, auxiliary calcaneocuboid facet (australidelphian) CaCud, distal calcaneocuboid facet (didelphid); CaCul, lateral calcaneocuboid facet (australidelphian) CaCum, medial calcaneocuboid facet (australidelphian); CaCup, proximal calcaneocuboid facet (didelphid); CaFi, calcaneofibular facet; cpp, calcaneal peroneal process; ct, calcaneal tuber; Su, sustentacular facet.

FIG. 68 in Model-based analysis of postcranial osteology of marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria

FIG. 68. — Comparisons of the distal end and head of the left humeri of the five extant didelphid species (A-E) with known habitus and the seven Itaboraí humeral groups (F-L); A, D. gliroides; B, R. raphanurus; C, M. domestica; D, C. derbianus; E, M. nudicaudatus. The drawings were prepared so that the distal width of the humerus was kept (approximately) constant, and the size of the head was then drawn at the same scale as the distal end of the same humerus. Anterior is toward the top of the page for the distal ends. From top to bottom, the size of the humeral groups (and possibly the body size as well) increases. Arrows point to the posterior and lateral extension of the curved (to various degrees) facet for the ulna. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 69 in Model-based analysis of postcranial osteology of marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria

FIG. 69. — The patterns of bones in the carpus, viewed anteriorly, in some representatives of major groups of Metatheria. Lines between the patterns that can be found in the taxa (indicated under them by the taxonomic vernacular) represent approximate (or queried) transformations of these patterns. They do not stand for transformation of taxa from one into the other. Abbreviations: Cn, cuneiform; Lu, lunate; Mcp1-5, metacarpals; Mg, magnum; Pi, pisiform; Ra, radius; Sc, scaphocentrale; Tm, trapezium; Tr, trapezoid; Ul, ulna; Un, unciform.

FIG. 70 in Model-based analysis of postcranial osteology of marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria

FIG. 70. — The calcaneus, astragalus, navicular, and cuboid of Pucadelphys andinus; A, B, a single left specimen, that has not been separated, of calcaneus, astragalus, and cuboid; A, dorsal view; B, plantar view; C, D, single left specimen of a calcaneus and an astragalus; C, distal view; D, proximal view; E, right specimen of a cuboid and navicular in articulation, dorsal view; F-H, right calcaneus; F, dorsal view; G, medial view; H, distal view; I-L, right astragalus; I, dorsal view; J, medial view; K, plantar view; L, distal view. Abbreviations: ac, astragalar canal; AFi, astragalofibular facet; ampt, astragalar medial plantar tuberosity; AN, astragalonavicular facet; ATil, lateral astragalotibial facet; ATim, medial astragalotibial facet; CaA, calcaneoastragalar facet; CaCu, calcaneocuboid facet; CaFi, calcaneofibular facet; cpp, calcaneal peroneal process; ct, calcaneal tuber; Cu, cuboid; Na, navicular; Su, sustentacular facet. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 67 in Model-based analysis of postcranial osteology of marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria

FIG. 67. — Unguals that probably belong to metatherians from Itaboraí; A-F likely represent terrestrial species, whereas G-J suggest arboreal forms. For numbered designations see text. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 58. — Right IMG Femur 8 in Model-based analysis of postcranial osteology of marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria

FIG. 58. — Right IMG Femur 8; A-C, the whole bone; A, anterior view; B, posterior view; C, medial view; D-G, details; D, anterior view; E, posterior view; F, proximal view; G, distal view. For numbered designations of specific characters see text. Scale bars: A- C, 4 mm; D-G, 2 mm.

FIG. 51. — A-C, left nearly complete IMG Femur 3 in Model-based analysis of postcranial osteology of marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria

FIG. 51. — A-C, left nearly complete IMG Femur 3; A, proximal view; B, anteroir view; C, posterior view; D-F, left nearly complete IMG Femur 4; D, proximal view; E, anteroir view; F, posterior view. For numbered designations of specific characters see text. Scale bars: 2 mm.