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181 results for “Minnow”
Data from: Pelagic zone is an evolutionary catalyst, but an ecological dead end, for North American minnows
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Data from: Social learning in a high-risk environment: incomplete disregard for the 'minnow that cried pike' results in culturally transmitted neophobia
Many prey species rely on conspecifics to gather information about unknown predation threats, but little is known about the role of varying environmental conditions on the efficacy of social learning. We examined predator-naive minnows that had the opportunity to learn about predators from experienced models that were raised in either a low- or high-risk environment. There were striking differences in behaviour among models; high-risk models showed a weaker response to the predator cue and became neophobic in response to the control cue (a novel odour, NO). Observers that were previously paired with low-risk models acquired a strong antipredator response only to the predator cue. However, observers that interacted with high-risk models, displayed a much weaker response to the predator odour and a weak neophobic response to the NO. This is the first study reporting such different outcomes of social learning under different environmental conditions, and suggests high-risk environments promote the cultural transmission of neophobia more so than social learning. If such a transfer can be considered similar to secondary traumatization in humans, culturally transmitted neophobia in minnows may provide a good model system for understanding more about the social ecology of fear disorders.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of riffle minnow, Alburnoides holciki, from the Hari River basin in Afghanistan and Iran (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae)
FIGURE 6. Alburnoides sp., ZISP 25785, 61.8 mm SL, Atrek River drainage (Turkmenistan).
FIGURE 7 in A new species of riffle minnow, Alburnoides holciki, from the Hari River basin in Afghanistan and Iran (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae)
FIGURE 7. Alburnoides sp., CMNFI 1979-0493, 82.8 mm SL, Tajan River (Iran).
FIGURE 4 in Psilorhynchus tysoni, a new species of torrent minnow from the Salween River drainage, western Thailand (Teleostei: Psilorhynchidae)
FIGURE 4. Distribution of Psilorhychus tysoni. Open symbol represents type locality.
FIGURE 1. Psilorhynchus tysoni, CAS 237342 in Psilorhynchus tysoni, a new species of torrent minnow from the Salween River drainage, western Thailand (Teleostei: Psilorhynchidae)
FIGURE 1. Psilorhynchus tysoni, CAS 237342, holotype, 27.7 mm SL; Thailand: Mae Nam Moei.
Supplementary material 6 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696
The best partition schemes generated by ModelFinder v.2.2.0 (ML) and PartitionFinder v.2.1.1 (BI)
Figure 7 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696
Figure 7 PCA of morphometric characters for Phoxinus spp. under comparison and loading plot showing how strongly each character influences principal components. Specimens of P. colchicus from the Kuban River basin (Khamyshinka River, a tributary of Belaya River) are encircled by black color.
Figure 6 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696
Figure 6 Abin River (44.7210°N, 38.2051°E; 18 Aug. 2016) – example of biotope of Phoxinus adagumicus sp. nov.
Figure 5 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696
Figure 5 Most frequent variants of formula of pharyngeal bones of Phoxinus adagumicus sp. nov.: A. Single-row formula 5–4 (in 33% of specimens); B. Double-row formula 1.5–4.1 (in 21% of specimens). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 2 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696
Figure 2 BI consensus tree of concatenated COI and cytb mtDNA sequences representing all available Phoxinus species in Genbank combined with our data set. Number of some clades is given according to the study of Palandačić et al. (2020). Species from the Kuban basin are highlighted with color. Bootstrap values/posterior probabilities above 80/0.8 are shown; asterisks represent of 100/1 bootstrap/posterior probabilities values. Scale bar is in expected substitutions per site. The nodes with multiple specimens were collapsed to a triangle, with the horizontal depth indicating the level of divergence within the node.
Figure 1 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696
Figure 1 Map of localities of Phoxinus spp. sampled for this study. Localities are designated in Suppl. material 1.
Figure 3 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696
Figure 3 Holotype of Phoxinus adagumicus sp. nov. (IBIW_FS_385): A. General appearance of preserved specimen; B. Radiograph.
Supplementary material 4 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696
Morphometrics of Phoxinus adagumicus sp. nov., P. chrysoprasius, P. colchicus and its comparison
Figure 4 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696
Figure 4 Live coloration of Phoxinus adagumicus sp. nov. from the Zybza River. Side and ventral views are of the same specimens (IBIW_FS_339). Fish of spawning or post-spawning coloration were caught on 8th May 2022.
Supplementary material 5 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696
Material for genetic studies
Antipredator responses of embryos and larval fathead minnows
<p>Most research on embryonic learning and behavior in aquatic vertebrates has focused on fitness benefits after hatching, but the ability of embryos to perceive and respond to environmental stimuli may also have immediate adaptive value. Here, we examined whether fathead minnow embryos, <i>Pimephales promelas</i>, detect and respond to cues indicative of predation risk, and whether the embryonic environment influences behavior after hatching. We compared the behavior of 5-day post-fertilization (dpf) embryos reared in the presence or absence of olfactory alarm cue, alone or in combination with cues of a piscivorous predator (Bluegill sunfish, <i>Lepomis macrochirus</i>). Next, we reared larvae from the embryonic treatments to 21 dpf and tested them in two antipredator behavioral assays reflecting differences in the degree of immediate risk (predator avoidance vs attack evasion). Embryos that developed under perceived high-risk conditions exhibited reduced activity compared to those from low-risk environments. Larvae from high-risk environments also showed enhanced antipredator behavior, and evidence for embryonic predator learning. These data provide new insight into the learning capabilities and antipredator behaviors of aquatic vertebrate embryos.</p>
Figure 2 from: Martin MB, Chakona A (2019) Designation of a neotype for Enteromius pallidus (Smith, 1841), an endemic cyprinid minnow from the Cape Fold Ecoregion, South Africa. ZooKeys 848: 103-118. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.848.32211
Figure 2 Map of the African continent (A) showing the position of South Africa (B), and the distribution of Enteromiuspallidus in the eastern Cape Fold freshwater ecoregion (C). The Baakens River, which is the type locality of E.pallidus, is now entirely contained within the city of Port Elizabeth (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan). Green dots represent sampling localities for the tissue samples that were used for the genetic study of Chakona et al. (2015).
Figure 1 from: Martin MB, Chakona A (2019) Designation of a neotype for Enteromius pallidus (Smith, 1841), an endemic cyprinid minnow from the Cape Fold Ecoregion, South Africa. ZooKeys 848: 103-118. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.848.32211
Figure 1 Illustration of Enteromiuspallidus [formerly Barbus (Pseudobarbus) pallidus] from Smith (1841).
Figure 4 from: Martin MB, Chakona A (2019) Designation of a neotype for Enteromius pallidus (Smith, 1841), an endemic cyprinid minnow from the Cape Fold Ecoregion, South Africa. ZooKeys 848: 103-118. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.848.32211
Figure 4 General body features and live (A) and alcohol preserved (B) coloration of a mature breeding male E.pallidus (A, BSAIAB 207084), and live (C) and alcohol preserved (D) coloration of an unsexed sub-adult (SAIAB 207084). Scale bar: 10 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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