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FIGURES 21–24. Rhinoglena frontalis Ehrenberg, trophi SEM photographs. 21 in The genus Rhinoglena (Rotifera, Monogononta, Ephiphanidae) in North America, with the description of two new species

FIGURES 21–24. Rhinoglena frontalis Ehrenberg, trophi SEM photographs. 21: frontal, 22: manubrium, lateral, 23: right uncus and ramus, detail, 24: trophi, caudal. Scale bars: 10 µm (Figs 21, 24), 1 µm (Figs 22, 23).

FIGURE 3 in The dorsal plate is a critical feature in the reassessment of the rotiferan genus Ptygura (Monogononta; Gnesiotrocha; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 3. SEM images of the dorsal plate. A: antero-ventral region of a dried specimen of Beauchampia crucigere showing the body integument (b) and the dorsal plate (dp) with its stiffened tubular process (t) containing the dorsal antenna (da) with the terminal sensory filaments coming out the end. B: dorsal plate of a dried specimen of Limnias melicerta showing the dorsal plate (dp) with its species-specific seven protrusions (p). C: antero-dorsal region of a specimen of Ptygura ctenoida fixed with hot glutaraldehyde showing the body integument (b) and the dorsal plate (dp) with its aligned short hooks (sh). D: dorsal plate (dp) and long branched hooks (bh) of a dried specimen of Ptygura furcillata. E: dried specimen of Ptygura innominata showing the body integument (b) and the dorsal plate (dp) with its long-branched, antler-like hooks (ah). F: closeup of figure E, showing pores (arrowhead) and difference of surface ultrastructure between the dorsal plate (dp) and the body integuments (b). Arrows mark continuity between dorsal plate and the rest of the integument. Bars: 20 µm for A to E; 5 µm for F.

FIGURE 2 in The dorsal plate is a critical feature in the reassessment of the rotiferan genus Ptygura (Monogononta; Gnesiotrocha; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 2. Presence and absence of birefringent bodies in late-stage embryos that have not been previously reported in some sessile rotifers. Birefringent body absent: A) Ptygura ctenoida, late-stage embryo (fixed with hot glutaraldehyde) and freeswimming larva in lateral and dorsal view. B) Ptygura innominata, late-stage embryo, and free-swimming larva in lateral and dorsal view. C) Limnias ceratophylli, late-stage embryo, and free-swimming larva in dorsal view (foot contracted). Birefringent body present: D) Ptygura longicornis, free swimming larva in dorsal view. E) Ptygura stygis, free swimming larva in dorsal view. F) Ptygura tridorsicornis, free-swimming larva in dorsal view. Arrows mark birefringent bodies. Bar: 50 µm, same scale for all images.

FIGURE 6 in The dorsal plate is a critical feature in the reassessment of the rotiferan genus Ptygura (Monogononta; Gnesiotrocha; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 6. Transmission Electron Microscope images of the dorsal plate. Inset: Light photomicrograph of a sub-sagittal section of a specimen of Limnias ceratophylli in its tube stained with blue toluidine. A: TEM image of the inset white line square area showing the inwards fold of the dorsal plate and the transition from the dorsal plate integument to the body one. The dark grey perimetral band is the intracellular lamina (ICL) of the integument. In this image the transition zone has been obliquely sectioned (circles in the ICL of this zone are pores), so the ICL thickness appeared enlarged here with the two types of glycocalyx overlapping. B: Transition from the dorsal plate to the body integument in transversal section. The transition is not progressive, but abrupt. See text for details. Symbols: b, body integument; v, vesicules at the base of pores; c, cisterns; cc, corona ciliature; dp, dorsal plate; if, inwards fold of the dorsal plate; p, pores; ph, pharynx; t, tube; tr, trophi; sy, syncytial integument. Bars: 2 µm for A, B, and 50 µm for inset.

FIGURE 1 in The dorsal plate is a critical feature in the reassessment of the rotiferan genus Ptygura (Monogononta; Gnesiotrocha; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 1. Light microscopy images of dorsal plates in selected sessile taxa. A: in vivo with corona open; lateral view. B: in vivo with corona retracted. C: dorsal plate revealed with bleach treatment. D: species lacking dorsal plate with bleach treatment. A and B: arrows mark the dorsal plates. Bc, Beauchampia crucigere; Lc, Limnias ceratophylli; Lm, Limnias melicerta; Pb, Ptygura beauchampi; Pc, Ptygura ctenoida; Pf, Ptygura furcillata; Pi, Ptygura innominata; Pl, Ptygura longicornis; Pm, Ptygura mucicola; Ps, Ptygura stygis; Pt, Ptygura tridorsicornis. Bars: 50 µm for A and B, 20 µm for C and D.

FIGURE 7 in The dorsal plate is a critical feature in the reassessment of the rotiferan genus Ptygura (Monogononta; Gnesiotrocha; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 7. Relationship between dorsal plate and corona arrangement. Photographs from top to bottom: A: Ptygura longicornis (no dorsal plate). Next, representative species with dorsal plate: B: P. mucicola, C: P. furcillata, D: Limnias melicerta, and E: Beauchampia crucigere. Diagrams show the different layout models of the cephalic region: A: no dorsal plate, no dorsal gap ciliature, neck dorsal flexion, corona plane transversal to the body axis, opened dorsally; B: dorsal plate with short hooks, small dorsal gap ciliature, no dorsal flexion, corona plane transversal, opened frontally; C: dorsal plate with long hooks, wide dorsal gap ciliature, no dorsal flexion, corona in the frontal plane, opened dorsally; D: dorsal plate with protrusions, wide dorsal gap ciliature, no dorsal flexion, corona plane from transversal to frontal, opened dorsally; E: dorsal plate with long tube protecting the dorsal antenna, medium size dorsal gap ciliature, slightly ventral flexion, corona plane transversal, opened frontal to ventrally. Diagram columns from left to right: ventral view, lateral view, dorsal view. Symbols: thin black line, trunk, pharynx, and corona basal field; thick black line, corona ciliature; thick light grey line, dorsal gap; dark grey, dorsal plate and processes; dotted lines, body planes frontal (F), transverse (T) and medial (M). Bars: 50 µm, same scale for all images.

FIGURE 5 in The dorsal plate is a critical feature in the reassessment of the rotiferan genus Ptygura (Monogononta; Gnesiotrocha; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 5. Scanning Electron Microscope images of trophi of two Ptygura species. Trophi of Ptygura innominata in frontal (A) and caudal view (B), and trophi of Ptygura ctenoida in frontal (C) and caudal view (D). Bar: 5 µm, same scale for all images.

FIGURE 4 in The dorsal plate is a critical feature in the reassessment of the rotiferan genus Ptygura (Monogononta; Gnesiotrocha; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 4. Comparison of dorsal plate bearing species with species lacking a dorsal plate. A: Lateral view of the anterior half of Ptygura ctenoida showing the corona ciliature (cc), the mouth (m), the dorsal plate (DP), the short hooks (h), and the trunk (t). B: Dorsal view of the anterior half of Ptygura sp. showing the corona ciliature (cc), the apical field of the corona (af), the dorsal gap in the corona ciliature (dg), a lateral antenna (la), the trunk (t), the cloaca opening (cl), and part of the foot (f). C: trunk (t) and head of a specimen of Ptygura thalenoiensis showing the dorsal antenna opening (da) located in the middle of a pair of dorsal hooks (dh), the lateral antennae (la), the opening of corona and mouth (mco), and the papillate ring on the trunk (pr). D: closeup of the paired dorsal hooks (dh) and dorsal antenna opening (da) of another specimen of Ptygura thalenoiensis; note the grooves and ridges of the integument. Bars: 20 µm for A, B, and C; 5 µm for D.

FIGURE 9. Floscularia pedunculata. A. Corona, dorsal view. B. Corona, lateral view. C. Corona closed, ventral view. D in Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 9. Floscularia pedunculata. A. Corona, dorsal view. B. Corona, lateral view. C. Corona closed, ventral view. D. Long peduncle. Symbols: arrow = modulus; a = antennae; cop = conical processes; f = foot; m = mouth; pd = peduncle; qcp = quadridigitate, cuticular processes. Bars = 100 µm. (Reproduced from original art courtesy of W.T. Edmondson.)

FIGURE 8. Floscularia decora. A. Ventral anterior view. B and C. Mucrons. B. Lateral view. C in Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 8. Floscularia decora. A. Ventral anterior view. B and C. Mucrons. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. Symbols: a = antenna (right side); hp = hexagonal, bullet-shaped pellets; la = labium; mo = modulus. (Reproduced from original art courtesy of W.T. Edmondson).

FIGURE 6. Floscularia armata. A in Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 6. Floscularia armata. A. Trophi (caudal view). B. Apical region, ventral view showing mucrons and ventrolateral antennae. Dotted oval: variations of the mucrons and accessory projections may occur in different specimens: consult the original descriptions in Segers (1997). Scale bars: as indicated. (Reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Hydrobiologia 354: 165–175] and the author (Segers 1997)).

FIGURE 5. Floscularia bifida. A. Trophi, caudal view. B in Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 5. Floscularia bifida. A. Trophi, caudal view. B. Apical region, ventral view showing mucrons and ventrolateral antennae. Scale bars: as indicated. (Reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Hydrobiologia 354: 165–175] and the author (Segers 1997)).

FIGURE 11. Floscularia wallacei. A in Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 11. Floscularia wallacei. A. From culture, young (left) and adult (right). B. Corona, lateral view. C. Corona, dorsal view. D. Mucrons, lateral view. E. Trophi, frontal view. F. Trophi, caudal view. Scale bars: A ~500 µm; D, E, F = 10 µm. (©Magnolia Press, reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Zootaxa 1750: 19–31] and the authors (Segers & Shiel 2008).)

FIGURE 3. Floscularia janus. A in Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 3. Floscularia janus. A. Dorsal view of an animal in its tube. B. Lateral view of an animal in its tube. C. Lateral view of an animal removed from its tube. D. Dorsal view of the corona showing medial notch in the labium. Symbols: arrows = modulus; a = antenna; an = anus; fp = fecal pellet; gt = elements of the gelatinous tube; lb = labium; m = mouth; S = substratum. Bar = 500 µm. (B = From Hudson, 1881; C = Reproduced from original art courtesy of W.T. Edmondson.)

FIGURE 2 in Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 2. Examples of critical characteristics used in differentiating Floscularia species. (See Table 1 for additional information.) A, B. Anterior ends showing features of the corona. A. Corona lateral view of F. conifera: tripartite pellet-forming organ (encircled with dotted line) with a pellet (p) in the modulus; B. Corona ventrolateral view of F. melicerta. C. Presence (F. conifera and F. decora) or absence (F. janus) of mucrons. D. Long peduncle of F. pedunculata; Insert: illustrations of two Floscularia spp. lacking peduncles. E. Examples of trophi showing weekly and strongly differentiated unci teeth. F. Examples of allorecruitive colony formation (three small colonies). Tubes in the upper left colony with rings (Edmondson 1945) for details. Symbols: d = debris; dl = dorsal lobe; f = foot; gt = gelatinous tube: dotted line indicates tube; i = insertion point of peduncle to foot; m = mouth; pd = peduncle; pt = pellet tube; s = substratum; sf = stem female of colony; tr = trophi in mastax; vl = ventral lobe; vla = ventrolateral antenna. A, C = Reproduced from original art courtesy of W.T. Edmondson; D. After. Joliet 1883; E. (Reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Hydrobiologia 354: 165–175; (Segers 1997)).

FIGURE 1 in Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 1. Schematic representations of the coronal margins of the nine genera of Flosculariidae. Images are not to scale. The corona is developed into two concentric rings that beat in a metachronous pattern thereby producing feeding currents: trochus (—–); cingulum (– – –) (Wallace 2002). Adapted after Bielańska-Grajner et al. (2015), Colledge (1918), Koste (1978, 1989), and Remane (1929–1933); Pentatrocha (©Magnolia Press, reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Zootaxa 1750: 19–31] and the authors (Segers & Shiel 2008)).

FIGURE 7. Floscularia melicerta. A. Anterio-ventral view. B. 3 in Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 7. Floscularia melicerta. A. Anterio-ventral view. B. 3/4th Anterio-ventral view. C. Lateral view with little debris incorporated into its gelatinous tube; D. lateral view—tube with copious amounts of debris obscuring the gelatinous tube. A and B: Dashes outline the periphery of the gelatinous tube. Symbols: a = antenna; d = small bit of debris in the tube; gt = gelatinous tube; m = modulus; S = substratum. Bars: A, B = 100 µm; C, D = 500 µm. (C = From Hudson 1875.)

FIGURE 4. Floscularia conifera. A in Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 4. Floscularia conifera. A. Lateral view of the anterior end. B. Small colony with three individuals attached to a stem female (sf). C. Rings of dark pellets formed after three successive rain storms that took place over approximately three days: consult Edmondson (1945). D. Damaged tube of a solitary individual. Symbols: arrow = modulus with a dark pellet being formed; a = antenna; cm = colony mates; d = damaged region; lb = labium; m = mouth; mx = mastax; pt = pellet tube; r = rings of dark pellets; S = substratum; sf = stem female (previously solitary). Bars = 500 µm. (A. Reproduced from original art courtesy of W.T. Edmondson.)

FIG. 10. Floscularia ringens. A in Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)

FIG. 10. Floscularia ringens. A. Ventral view of an adult. B. Frontal view of trophi. C. Caudal view of trophi. Symbols: a = antenna; lb = labium; m = mouth pt = pellet tube; pt = pellet tube; slb = sublabium; Bars: as indicated. (Reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Invertebrate Biology 122:231–240] and the authors (Fontaneto et al. 2003).)