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258 results for “Myrmarachne”
Figures 39-44. 39-40 in Dangerous companions: Ant-mimicking jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachne plataleoides) that shelter beneath the web of an orb-weaver (Araneae: Araneidae: Herennia multipuncta)
Figures 39-44. 39-40, Male (39) and female (40) Argyrodes, kleptoparasites in the Herrenia web. 41, Emergent Herrenia brood, with small spiderlings moving on silk above the egg case attached to the bark. 42, Female Myrmarachne plataleoides watching an Argiope brood over a man-made surface at a different site. 43-44, Female M. plataleoides capturing and feeding on the Argiope spiderlings.
Figures 14-23. 14 in Dangerous companions: Ant-mimicking jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachne plataleoides) that shelter beneath the web of an orb-weaver (Araneae: Araneidae: Herennia multipuncta)
Figures 14-23. 14, Female Myrmarachne plataleoides in lower shelter (nest #2). 15, Male M. plataleoides guarding female in nest #2. 16-20, Male M. plataleoides trapped and struggling unsuccessfully to escape from the Herrenia web, after losing an agonistic contest with another male. 21, Herrenia feeding on the captured male M. plataleoides at the center of her web. 22- 23, Herrenia moving over the Tabebuia leaf to repair her web.
Figures 5-13. 5-7 in Dangerous companions: Ant-mimicking jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachne plataleoides) that shelter beneath the web of an orb-weaver (Araneae: Araneidae: Herennia multipuncta)
Figures 5-13. 5-7, Male Myrmarachne plataleoides near bottom of the Tabebuia leaf. 8-10, Female M. plataleoides occupying the upper shelter (nest #1), later feeding on what appears to be a small spider (9-10). 11, A second female M. plataleoides has moved into a shelter (nest #2) in a lower position on the Tabebuia leaf. 12, Male M. plataleoides attending female in nest #1. 13, Old nest and debris near the middle of the Tabebuia leaf.
Figures 36-38. Foraging Oecophylla smaragdina near the Herrenia web. 36 in Dangerous companions: Ant-mimicking jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachne plataleoides) that shelter beneath the web of an orb-weaver (Araneae: Araneidae: Herennia multipuncta)
Figures 36-38. Foraging Oecophylla smaragdina near the Herrenia web. 36, Beneath the Tabebuia leaf occupied by Myrmarachne plataleoides males and females. 37-38, Carrying captured prey on a nearby vine.
Figures 1-4. 1 in Dangerous companions: Ant-mimicking jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachne plataleoides) that shelter beneath the web of an orb-weaver (Araneae: Araneidae: Herennia multipuncta)
Figures 1-4. 1, Overview of local environment. To the left, an adult female Herrenia multipuncta rested at the center of her web, constructed over bark of a Mango Tree (Mangifera indica). Two nests occupied by female Myrmarachne plataleoides, often guarded by males, were constructed on the dry Tabebuia leaf, at center, beneath the Herrenia web. Green Tree Ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) frequented this site, with a major vertical route on a vine to the right, populated by rapidly moving ants. An old nest with detritis may have been previously occupied by an M. plataleoides, but this occupation was not observed. 2, Herrenia at the center of her web. 3, Herrenia feeding on a captured caterpillar. Note the two small Argyrodes at upper right. 4, Lateral view showing how the Tabebuia leaf was covered by the web of this Herrenia.
Figures 33-35 in Dangerous companions: Ant-mimicking jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachne plataleoides) that shelter beneath the web of an orb-weaver (Araneae: Araneidae: Herennia multipuncta)
Figures 33-35. Female Myrmarachne plataleoides sheltering beneath fragment of the broken Tabebuia leaf.
Data from: Walking like an ant: a quantitative and experimental approach to understanding locomotor mimicry in the jumping spider Myrmarachne formicaria
Protective mimicry, in which a palatable species avoids predation by being mistaken for an unpalatable model, is a remarkable example of adaptive evolution. These complex interactions between mimics, models and predators can explain similarities between organisms beyond the often-mechanistic constraints typically invoked in studies of convergent evolution. However, quantitative studies of protective mimicry typically focus on static traits (e.g. colour and shape) rather than on dynamic traits like locomotion. Here, we use high-speed cameras and behavioural experiments to investigate the role of locomotor behaviour in mimicry by the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne formicaria, comparing its movement to that of ants and non-mimicking spiders. Contrary to previous suggestions, we find mimics walk using all eight legs, raising their forelegs like ant antennae only when stationary. Mimics exhibited winding trajectories (typical wavelength = 5–10 body lengths), which resemble the winding patterns of ants specifically engaged in pheromone-trail following, although mimics walked on chemically inert surfaces. Mimics also make characteristically short (approx. 100 ms) pauses. Our analysis suggests that this makes mimics appear ant-like to observers with slow visual systems. Finally, behavioural experiments with predatory spiders yield results consistent with the protective mimicry hypothesis. These findings highlight the importance of dynamic behaviours and observer perception in mimicry.
Figure 4 in A new and undescribed Myrmarachne sp. from Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnina)
Figure 4. Early instars of Myrmarachne plataleoides in Karnataka. 1-2, Emergent (instar II) spiders. 3, Later immature.
Figure 1 in A new and undescribed Myrmarachne sp. from Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnina)
Figure 1. Distribution of Myrmarachne plataleoides in tropical Asia, based on verified records reported in iNaturalist (white circles). Each circle represents one or more records. Yellow circles represent the location of (1) a recent report of a black form of M. plataleoides by Kumar, Gupta & Sharma (2022), and (2) the black form that we report here that we consider to represent a different and new species. The solid green line at top represents the northernmost distribution of the Asian weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina. The background relief map shown here is in the public domain (CC0), courtesy of maps-for-free (https://maps-for-free.com).
Figure 12 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia
Figure 12. Sequential photographs showing predation by a female Myrmarachne plataleoides on a conspecific female in Mysuru, Karnataka. Initially these spiders were observed as they engaged in what appeared to be a territorial contest near a nest built at the base of a motorcycle mirror. Feeding was interrupted several times as the winning female left its prey to examine the area, most likely a response to the presence of the photographer.
Figure 10. Selected frames from a 29.97 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia
Figure 10. Selected frames from a 29.97 fps video clip showing the defence of a nesting site by a female Myrmarachne plataleoides at Indraprastha Organic Farm (25 MAR 2018). For each frame, the sequential frame number and elapsed time in seconds is shown. 1, Composite of three frames, showing the advance of the defending female, facing and raising legs I, equipped with sharp spines, toward the intruding Cheiracanthium. 2-3, Subsequent pursuit drove the intruder off of the top of the leaf.
Figure 7 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia
Figure 7. Two examples of cohabiting male and female Myrmarachne plataleoides at the Indraprastha Organic Farm. 1-4, Male nesting alongside a female nest containing at least one exuvium. Nearby green tree ants tended a colony of scale insects (4-5). A male that may have arrived previously at the site (arrows) appears to have been killed inside of its nest by a fungus (21 MAR 2020). 6-7, In this case both the female and the nearby male (7, lower right) have been killed by a fungus (25 MAR 2020).
Figure 4 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia
Figure 4 (continued from previous page). Selected frames from a video documenting the encounter of two male Myrmarachne plataleoides at the Indraprastha Organic Farm. 522-539, The alpha male (at right) advanced to grasp and shake the beta male, as it was carried backward and then released (539). 550-609, As the alpha male maintained his threat posture, the beta male (at top) turned away and fled from its pursuer.
Figure 5 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia
Figure 5. Grappling (stage 3) during an agonistic encounter between two male Myrmarachne plataleoides at Kaikondrahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka (21 DEC 2022). Attribution and ©: 1-5, Chandu Bandi.
Figure 9 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia
Figure 9. Cohabiting female (top, left, and 2) and male (bottom, left, and 3) Myrmarachne cornuta, at Tanjung Bungah, Penang, Malaysia, 23 DEC 2020. Attribution and ©: 1-3, Albert Kang.
Figure 2 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia
Figure 2. Final moult by Myrmarachne plataleoides. 1, Adult male resting near exuvium (arrow) after moulting in his nest. 2- 5, Penultimate female moulting to adult stage while hanging from a dragline at the Indraprastha Organic Farm. 6, The same female resting on the underside of a leaf after moulting. Photographs taken at 20:32 (2-5) and 20:33 (6) on 13 DEC 2022 at the Indraprastha Organic Farm.
Figure 1 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia
Figure 1. Nest of Myrmarachne plataleoides containing exuvium (arrows), between two leaves occupied by Indian red bug nymphs, Probergrothius sanguinolens (Amyot & Serville 1843). 3, Note the terrestrial planarian (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) resting above this nest. Photographs taken at 20:20 on 11 JUL 2022 at the Indraprastha Organic Farm.
Figure 6 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia
Figure 6. Agonistic encounter between two male Myrmarachne maxillosa at Ang Mo Kio, Singapore (3 DEC 2022). 1-2, Stage II positions, with pedipalps and chelicerae extended laterall, and fangs extended. Note the long spines on legs I (1). 3-4, Stage III (grappling) positions, with chelicerae interlocked. Attribution and ©: 1-4, klearad.
Figure 3 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia
Figure 3. Colonial nesting by female Myrmarachne plataleoides at two different localities. These appear to be adult females. 2, Note the two egg clusters and the exuvium in one of these nests (arrow). Attribution and ©: 2, Chathuri Jayatissa.
Figure 8 in Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia
Figure 8. Three examples (1-2, 3, 4-5) of cohabitation, or the guarding of a penultimate female by an adult male Myrmarachne plataleoides at the Indraprastha Organic Farm. 4-5, This male is black in color and we cannot be certain that it represents the same species as the female. See Hill & Abhijith (2022) for a related discussion.
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