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FIGURE 7 in New Neogene anourosoricin shrews from northern Asia
FIGURE 7. Teeth and bones of Paranourosorex intermedius sp. nov. (B, C–D, F–G, I, K, M, O, Q–R; with dotted frames) and Paranourosorex gigas Rzebik-Kowalska, 1975 (A, E, H, J, L, N, P, S). A, GIN 1118/1044 from PSH/1B, right I1 in lateral view; B, GIN 948/1073 (paratype) from NST/1A, left I1 in lateral view; C, GIN 948/1065 (paratype) from NST/1A, left P4 (C1, occlusal view; C2, tilted occlusal view); D, GIN 1130/1104 from LZN/2B, diagrammatic image of right P4 in occlusal view; E, GIN 1118/1028 from PSH/1B, left P4 in occlusal view; F, GIN 948/1064 (paratype) from NST/1A, right m3 in occlusal view (F1, SEM image; F2, diagrammatic image); G, GIN 948/1069 (paratype) from NST/1A, right M1 in occlusal view; H, GIN 1118/1005 from PSH/1B, right M1 in occlusal view; I, GIN 948/1056 (paratype) from NST/1A, right m1 in occlusal view; J, GIN 1118/1013 from PSH/1B, left m1 in occlusal view; K, GIN 948/1078 (paratype) from NST/1A, left p4 in occlusal view; L, GIN 1118/1011 from PSH/1B, left p4 and m1 fragment (cut image) in occlusal view; M, GIN 948/1089 (paratype) from NST/1A, left A1 in occlusal view; N, GIN 11181036 from PSH/1B, left A1 in occlusal view; O, GIN 948/1081 (paratype) from NST/1A, left a1 in occlusal view; P, GIN 1118/ 1008 from PSH/1B, left a1 in occlusal view; Q, GIN 1115/1123 from BRK/1A, left fragment of mandibular ramus in posterior view; R, GIN 948/1075 (paratype) from NST/1A, right i1 (R1, SEM image in lateral view; R2, diagrammatic image in medial view); S, 1118 951/1021 from PSH/1B, right i1 in lateral view. Scale bars equal 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in New Neogene anourosoricin shrews from northern Asia
FIGURE 3. The characters of the first lower incisors of Paranourosorex gigas from ANR/1A (GIN 1112/1108; A1, lateral, A2, medial views), Ishimosorex ishimiensis gen. et sp. nov. from BRK/1A (GIN 1115/1149, paratype; B1, lateral, B2, medial views), Crusafontina endemica Spanish from Can Llobateres 1 locality (C, CL1 2217, see van Dam, 2004: 746; in lateral view), C. kormosi (D, Polgárdi 4, in lateral view) and A. oligodon (E, Polgárdi 4, in lateral view). Scale bars equal 1 mm; C, unscaled. Abbreviations see in Figure 1.
FIGURE 4 in Taxon-specific variability of leaf traits in three long-ranging fossil-species of the Paleogene and Neogene: Responses to climate?
FIGURE 4. Site-specific data for lamina length and lamina width plotted for each taxon. 4A: Lamina length for Platanus neptuni. 4B: Lamina width for P. neptuni. 4C: Lamina length for Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis. 4D: Lamina width for E. furcinervis. 4E: Lamina length for Daphnogene cinnamomifolia. 4F: Lamina width for D. cinnamomifolia. The boxes span the 50% interquartile. The horizontal lines within the boxes indicate the median values. The "whiskers" mark the highest and lowest values. Outliers located at a distance of up to 1.5 times the quartile span outside the whiskers are drawn as asterisks, and extreme outliers are drawn as circles. Different minuscule letters indicate statistically significant differences among sites. Colors indicate deposit type. Colors indicate deposit type. Green: fluviatile. Red: volcanic. Blue: marine. Lines delimit age groups. LE: Late Eocene. EO: Early Oligocene. LO: Late Oligocene. EM: Early Miocene. For site numbers and dating see Table 1.
FIGURE 1 in Taxon-specific variability of leaf traits in three long-ranging fossil-species of the Paleogene and Neogene: Responses to climate?
FIGURE 1. Map showing the locations of the considered sites, which are numbered according to Table 1.
FIGURE 3 in Taxon-specific variability of leaf traits in three long-ranging fossil-species of the Paleogene and Neogene: Responses to climate?
FIGURE 3. Site-specific data for lamina area and lamina perimeter plotted for each taxon. 3A: Lamina area for Platanus neptuni. 3B: Lamina perimeter for P. neptuni. 3C: Lamina area for Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis. 3D: Lamina perimeter for E. furcinervis. 3E: Lamina area for Daphnogene cinnamomifolia. 3F: Lamina perimeter for D. cinnamomifolia. The boxes span the 50% interquartile. The horizontal lines within the boxes indicate the median values. The "whiskers" mark the highest and lowest values. Outliers located at a distance of up to 1.5 times the quartile span outside the whiskers are drawn as asterisks, and extreme outliers are drawn as circles. Different minuscule letters indicate statistically significant differences among sites. Colors indicate deposit type. Green: fluviatile. Red: volcanic. Blue: marine. Lines delimit age groups. LE: Late Eocene. EO: Early Oligocene. LO: Late Oligocene. EM: Early Miocene. For site numbers and dating see Table 1.
FIGURE 6 in Taxon-specific variability of leaf traits in three long-ranging fossil-species of the Paleogene and Neogene: Responses to climate?
FIGURE 6. Site-specific data for lamina centroid and leaf length-to-width ratio (LWR) plotted for each taxon. 6A: Lamina centroid for Platanus neptuni. 6B: LWR for P. neptuni. 6C: Lamina centroid for Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis. 6D: LWR for E. furcinervis. 6E: Lamina centroid for Daphnogene cinnamomifolia. 6F: LWR for D. cinnamomifolia. The boxes span the 50% interquartile. The horizontal lines within the boxes indicate the median values. The "whiskers" mark the highest and lowest values. Outliers located at a distance of up to 1.5 times the quartile span outside the whiskers are drawn as asterisks, and extreme outliers are drawn as circles. Different minuscule letters indicate statistically significant differences among sites. Colors indicate deposit type. Colors indicate deposit type. Green: fluviatile. Red: volcanic. Blue: marine. Lines delimit age groups. LE: Late Eocene. EO: Early Oligocene. LO: Late Oligocene. EM: Early Miocene. For site numbers and dating see Table 1.
FIGURE 6 in New Neogene anourosoricin shrews from northern Asia
FIGURE 6. Teeth and bones of Paranourosorex seletiensis Storch and Zazhigin, 1996 (A, B), Crusafontina sp. 1, (C), Crusafontina sp. 2 (D) and Paranourosorex intermedius sp. nov. (E). A, GIN 951/1000 (holotype) from SLT/1A, left hemimandible fragment (cut image) with m1 and m2 in occlusal view (A2, magnified m2); B, GIN 951/1001 (paratype) from SLT/1A, left P4 in occlusal view; C, GIN 640/1004 from PVL/1A, left M1 in occlusal view; D, GIN 951/1003 SLT/ 1A, left P4 in occlusal view; E, GIN 948/1051 (holotype) from NST/1A, right dentary fragment with m1 and m2 (E1, occlusal view; E2, lateral view E3, medial view;). Scale bars equal 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Taxon-specific variability of leaf traits in three long-ranging fossil-species of the Paleogene and Neogene: Responses to climate?
FIGURE 2. Plasticity index (PI) of various leaf traits, for the considered sites and taxa. 2A: PI for lamina area. 2B: PI for lamina length. 2C: PI for lamina perimeter. 2D: PI for lamina width. 2E: PI for lamina circularity. 2F: PI for lamina centroid. Squares: Platanus neptuni. Circles: Daphnogene cinnamomifolia. Triangles: Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis. Colors indicate deposit type. Green: fluviatile. Red: volcanic. Blue: marine. Lines delimit age groups. LE: Late Eocene. EO: Early Oligocene. LO: Late Oligocene. EM: Early Miocene. For site numbers and dating see Table 1.
FIGURE 5 in Taxon-specific variability of leaf traits in three long-ranging fossil-species of the Paleogene and Neogene: Responses to climate?
FIGURE 5. Site-specific data for lamina circularity and lamina roundness plotted for each taxon. 5A: Lamina circularity for Platanus neptuni. 5B: Lamina roundness for P. neptuni. 5C: Lamina circularity for Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis. 5D: Lamina roundness for E. furcinervis. 5E: Lamina circularity for Daphnogene cinnamomifolia. 5F: Lamina roundness for D. cinnamomifolia. The boxes span the 50% interquartile. The horizontal lines within the boxes indicate the median values. The "whiskers" mark the highest and lowest values. Outliers located at a distance of up to 1.5 times the quartile span outside the whiskers are drawn as asterisks, and extreme outliers are drawn as circles. Different minuscule letters indicate statistically significant differences among sites. Colors indicate deposit type. Colors indicate deposit type. Green: fluviatile. Red: volcanic. Blue: marine. Lines delimit age groups. LE: Late Eocene. EO: Early Oligocene. LO: Late Oligocene. EM: Early Miocene. For site numbers and dating see Table 1.
FIGURE 2 in New Neogene anourosoricin shrews from northern Asia
FIGURE 2. Teeth and bones of Ishimosorex ishimiensis gen. et sp. nov. from late Miocene Petropavlovsk 1A locality (A–E, G–K) and Borki 1A locality (F). A, GIN 952/1161, left I1 in lateral view (Figure 2A cf. Figure 7A); B, GIN 952/ 1160, right I1 in medial view; C, GIN 952/1152, left fragment of mandibular ramus in posterior view (image displays articular surface of the condylar process); D, ibid., diagrammatic image of mandibular ramus in medial view; E, GIN 952/1159, left i1 in lateral view; F, GIN 1115/1149, right i1 in medial view; G, GIN 952/1155, left M1 in occlusal view (G1, pure view; G2, augmented view) (Figure 2G cf. Figure 7H); H, GIN 952/1153, right dentary fragment with p4–m1 and anterior alveolus of m2; J, GIN 952/1158, right m1 in occlusal view; K, GIN 952/1154, left m2 in occlusal view. Star indicates reversed image. Scale bars equal 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in New Neogene anourosoricin shrews from northern Asia
FIGURE 1. Map of Asia (A) showing the location of Russian and Kazakh late Miocene and early Pliocene sites (B): ANR, Andreevka 1A, 2A; BRK, Borki 1A–C; BTK, Biteke; CHR, Cherlak 1A; ISK, Isakovka 1A, 2A; KRN, Krasnokutsk; KRT, Kartashovo; LZN, Lezhanka 1A, 2B; NIL, Nizhneil'inka; NST, Novaya Stanitsa 1A–B; PPL, Petropavlovsk 1A; PSH, Peshnevo 1A–B; PVL, Pavlodar 1A, 2 'Quarry'; SLT, Selety 1A (type locality of Paranourosorex seletiensis Storch and Zazhigin, 1996). Age of the deposits is marked by colours, which corresponds to ELMA Neogene zones 'MN 10, 12–14'; the redeposited fossiliferous layers are marked by '?'. Map data from resource ESRI (http:// www.esri.com/) using SASPlanet software (v.160707.9476).
FIGURE 5 in New Neogene anourosoricin shrews from northern Asia
FIGURE 5. Bivariate plot of linear differences between five Asian species, Paranourosorex seletiensis Storch and Zazhigin, 1996 (PSt.), Paranourosorex gigas Rzebik-Kowalska, 1975 (P. gigas), Paranourosorex intermedius sp. nov. (PIm.) and Ishimosorex ishimiensis gen. et sp. nov. (PPl) based on the second lower molar measurements (L vs TRL), mm). Studied remains from Asian Neogene localities are marked by colours, which corresponds to ELMA (see Figure 1); numbers are given in the Appendix 2.
FIGURE 4 in New Neogene anourosoricin shrews from northern Asia
FIGURE 4. Schematic image of the fourth lower premolar of Ishimosorex ishimiensis gen. et sp. nov. (A, GIN 952/ 1153, PPL/1A), Crusafontina kormosi (B, Polgárdi 4), Paranourosorex intermedius sp. nov. (C, GIN 948/1051, NST/ 1A), Paranourosorex gigas (D, GIN 1118/1011, PSH/1B), Anourosorex squamipes (E, ZIN 98253, Recent), Crusafontina fastigata (F, AG5A from Los Aguanaces 5A, Teruel Basin, Spain by van Dam, 2004: figs. 4-1), Amblycoptus oligodon (G, Polgárdi 4) and Amblycoptus jessiae (H, KS 3157 from Las Casiones, Teruel Basin, Spain by van Dam, 2004: figs. 5-11). Abbreviations: a, concavity; add, additional crown elements (1, crest; 2, cusplet); ccr, central crest; eccd, ectocingulid; encd, entocingulid; pcd, postcingulid; plb, posterolingual basin (1, shallow, weak; 2, expressed); wen, wrinkled enamel; wft, wear facet (1, spot-like; 2, comma-like). Star indicates reversed image. Scale bars are 1 mm; F, H unscaled.
FIGURE 7. Age-specific discriminant analysis using all morphometric parameters for all sites. 7A in Taxon-specific variability of leaf traits in three long-ranging fossil-species of the Paleogene and Neogene: Responses to climate?
FIGURE 7. Age-specific discriminant analysis using all morphometric parameters for all sites. 7A: Eocene. 7B: Oligocene. Triangles: Platanus neptuni. Squares: Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis. Circles: Daphnogene cinnamomifolia.
FIGURE 8 in Taxon-specific variability of leaf traits in three long-ranging fossil-species of the Paleogene and Neogene: Responses to climate?
FIGURE 8. Circularity plotted against LWR. Blue circles: Platanus neptuni. Red squares: Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis. Yellow diamonds: Daphnogene cinnamomifolia. Black line: Relationship between circularity and length-towidth ratio of an ellipse. Please note that this relationship was calculated by using an approximate equation for the perimeter of an ellipse, which causes the slight deflection of the curve for high circularity values. As approximation, the following equation for the ellipse perimeter (EP) was used: EP = π* [2 * (a2 + b2)1/2].
APPENDIX FIGURE 5.2 in New Neogene anourosoricin shrews from northern Asia
APPENDIX FIGURE 5.2. Suggested work flow for test the belonging disparate elements to the same shrew taxon, summarizing three steps of the main phases (a, b1, b2), accordingly the 'Size Recovery' approach description (see the Methods section). Abbreviations: (a) — first step showed in figure 5.1 (Appendix 5); (b1) -— size recovering via the reference values (corresponds to b1 in Methods section); (b2) — matching step (corresponds to b2 in Methods section); Site AA — Petropavlovsk 1A; Site BB — Borki 1A; A, mm — original (observed) measurement of specimen (e.g. first upper incisor) from Site AA; B, mm — recovered (supposed) measurement of hypotetical specimen (e.g. first lower incisor);C, mm — original (observed) measurement of specimen (e.g. first lower incisor) from Site BB; REF,% — a value (%) of a reference element (e.g. calculated by a modern species). Details see in the Methods section.
APPENDIX FIGURE 5.1 in New Neogene anourosoricin shrews from northern Asia
APPENDIX FIGURE 5.1. Explanatory image for 'Size Recovery' approach based on dentition of A. squamipes used as reference. A, Skull in lateral view; B, Rigth hemimandible in medial view; C, Upper tooth row in occlusal view; D, Four 'dental elements' used for determining the reference relationships (D1, first lower molar in occlusal view; D2, first upper molar in occlusal view; D3, first upper incisor in buccal view; D4, first lower incisor in lateral view). Abbreviations: red frames marks teeth used for analysis; blue frame confines teeth under the same scale, i.e. the size relations are original; coloured bands display size relationship between the particular measurements.
Figure 3 in A new odontocete (Inioidea, Odontoceti) from the late Neogene of North Carolina, USA
Figure 3. Isoninia borealis (gen. nov., sp. nov.). (a) CMM-V-4061 in dorsal view; anterior to top of figure. (b) Single CT-scan image through CMM-V-4061 in posterior view as indicated by the transverse white line in (a) to which the corresponding arrow is pointing. (c) Single CT-scan image in posterior view through the anterior part of the nasals as indicated by the white line in (a). (d) Single CT-scan image in posterior view through the vertex showing the os suturarum or a fold in the frontals as indicated by the white line in (a). (e) CMM-V-4061 in left lateral view. (f) CMM-V-4061 in ventral view; anterior to top of figure. Specimen lightly coated with sublimed ammonium chloride. CT-scan images (b–d) are adjusted to the scale bar to the left below (a). The scale bar for (e) and (f) is to the left below (f).
Figure 2 in A new odontocete (Inioidea, Odontoceti) from the late Neogene of North Carolina, USA
Figure 2. Isoninia borealis (gen. nov., sp. nov.). (a) Partial skull CMM-V-4061 in dorsal view lightly coated with sublimed ammonium chloride. (b) Interpretative drawing of (a).
Figure 1 in A new odontocete (Inioidea, Odontoceti) from the late Neogene of North Carolina, USA
Figure 1. Stratigraphy of the marine late Miocene to Pliocene of North Carolina, USA, showing the Cobham Bay Member of the Eastover Formation, from which CMM-V-4061, the holotype and only known specimen of Isoninia borealis (gen. nov., sp. nov.), is thought to be derived. From Geisler et al. (2012), which they modified from Ward and Andrews (2008).
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