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FIGURE 5 in Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics

FIGURE 5. Principal components analysis of 15 geometric morphometric landmarks comparing the G. cuia to G. c. australis and G. omarorum. A. Principal component one explains 25.7% of the variance and PC2 explains 20.7% of the variance in the comparison between G. c. australis (n=5) and G. cuia (n=29). Note the relatively large separation in shapespace between species. B. Principal component one explains 24.4% of the variance and PC2 explains 16.6% of the variance in the comparison between G. omarorum (n=10) and G. cuia (n=29).

FIGURE 9 in Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics

FIGURE 9. Habitat and live appearance of G. cuia. A. The type locality of G. cuia, Lagoa Verde, Itapuã State Park, Viamão, Rio Grande, do Sul, Brazil (30°22'52"S, 051°01'25"W). Photo: Diego Cognato. B. Close-up photo of the head of a live G. cuia. Photo: Will Crampton. C. Full-body photo of of a live G. cuia. Photo: Will Crampton.

FIGURE 4 in Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics

FIGURE 4. Principal components analysis of 10 morphometric and eight meristic characters comparing G. omarorum (red) and G. cuia (blue). A. Principal component one explains 33.1% of the variance and PC2 explains 15.5% of the variance in the comparison between G. omarorum (n=12) and G. cuia (n=56). Note the separation in shapespace between species. B. Principal component one explains 41.4% of the variance and PC2 explains 27.1% of the variance in the comparison between G. omarorum (n=12) and G. cuia (n=45). Note the relatively large separation in shapespace between species.

FIGURE 3 in Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics

FIGURE 3. Principal components analysis of 10 morphometric and eight meristic characters comparing G. c. australis (red) and G. cuia (blue). A. Principal component one explains 43.2% of the variance and PC2 explains 14.2% of the variance in the comparison between G. c. australis (n=28) and G. cuia (n=56). Note the relatively large separation in shapespace between species. B. Principal component one explains 49.9% of the variance and PC2 explains 17.8% of the variance in the comparison between G. c. australis (n=28) and G. cuia (n=45). Note the relatively large separation in shapespace between species.

FIGURE 8 in Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics

FIGURE 8. Scatterplots of the variation on salient characters separating G. cuia and G. c. australis. A. Head length (%TL) vs. total length (mm). B. Body depth (%HL) vs. head length (mm). C. Head depth (%HL) vs. head length (mm).

FIGURE 1 in Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics

FIGURE 1. Geographic distributions of the materials examined from six species of the G. carapo clade clade of the southern Neotropics including the new species G. cuia. White star indicates the type locality for G. cuia. Note G. cf. carapo from Rio de Janeiro could not be positively identified due to age (collected 1865) and condition. Specimens from all localities were personally examined and identified by the authors.

FIGURE 5. The Lecythis ollaria clade. A–F. L in Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis

FIGURE 5. The Lecythis ollaria clade. A–F. L. minor (A based on Galdames 5768; B–F. based on Nee & Mori 3580). G–J. L. tuyrana (based on Galdames 5766). A. Medial longitudinal section of flower showing the single coil and the vestigial stamens limited to the exterior of the coil. B. Apical view of dehisced fruit. C. Lateral view of fruit. D. Basal view of operculum. E. Apical view of operculum. F. Seeds with basal arils. G. Medial longitudinal section of flower showing single but short coil. H. Apical view of fruit with operculum removed and showing seeds inside. I. Basal view of operculum. Note that the columella is not developed. J. Seed with basal aril (above). Note funicle protruding from aril. Photos A and G–J by C. Galdames and photos B–F by S. A. Mori.

FIGURE 13. The E. tetrapetala clade. A–B. E in Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis

FIGURE 13. The E. tetrapetala clade. A–B. E. tetrapetala (see Fig. 63 in Mori & Prance, 1990 for vouchers), C. E. alvimii (see Fig. 65 in Mori & Prance, 1990 for vouchers). D–E. E. nana (see Fig.8 in Prance & Mori, 1991 for vouchers). A. Medial section of androecium. Note that the androecial hood has a single coil and that there are vestigial stamens on both the exterior and interior of the coil, a feature unique to all species of this clade. B. Cross-section of 2-locular ovary, a feature common to all species of this clade. C. Medial section of androecium of E. alvimii. D. Fruit base and operculum. Note that the operculum lacks a columella. E. Seeds with basal arils. Drawings by B. Angell.

FIGURE 8. The Lecythis chartacea clade. A–E. L in Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis

FIGURE 8. The Lecythis chartacea clade. A–E. L. chartacea (A–C based on Mori et al. 26485, D–F based on Nee & Mori 4199). G–K. L. gracieana (see Fig. 19 in Mori & Lepsch-Cunha, 1995 for vouchers). L. L. holcogyne (see Fig. IV-1 in Mori, 1987 for voucher). A. Medial section of flower. Note that the vestigial stamens arise from the apex of the ligule and are swept inwards. B. Lateral view of ovary with all other floral parts removed. Note the geniculate style. C. Cross-section of 4-locular ovary. D. Lateral view of fruit. E. Operculum. F. Two seeds. The salient major veins run parallel to the main axis of the seed and the secondary veins depart from them into the area between the major veins. G. Apical view of flower. H. Lateral view of flower showing petals tightly pressed against androecium making it difficult for all but robust bees to enter the flower. I. Medial section of an androecium showing vestigial stamens swept inward. J. Medial section of ovary. Note obliquely oriented style. K. Cross-section of 4-locular ovary. L. Medial section of androecium showing swept inward vestigial stamens (a) and anterior hood extension (b). Drawings A–C by C. Carollo, the remaining by B. Angell, and the photographs by S. A. Mori.

FIGURE 15. The Eschweilera parvifolia clade. A–G. E in Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis

FIGURE 15. The Eschweilera parvifolia clade. A–G. E. pedicellata (see Fig. 85 in Mori & Prance, 1990 for vouchers). H–J. E. ovata (see Fig. 87 in Mori & Prance for vouchers). K. E. romeu-cardosoi (see Mori & Lepsch-Cunha, 1995 for vouchers). A. Apical view of flower. Note that this and all species of this clade have a closed androecium. B. Medial longitudinal section of an androecium. Note the incipient third coil in contrast to the double coil of most species of this clade. C. Cross-section of 2-locular ovary. Although most species of this clade have 2-locular ovaries there are a few species that are 4-locular. D. Base of fruit. E. Operculum of fruit. F. Lateral view of seed with lateral aril. G. Basal view of seed showing position of lateral aril. H. Medial longitudinal section of androecial hood showing double coil. I. Stamen showing clavate filament. J. Medial longitudinal section of ovary showing basal insertion of the ovules. K. Seedling. Note that the embryo remains inside of the seed coat upon germination. Line drawings by B. Angell..

FIGURE 6. The Lecythis poiteaui clade. A–C. L in Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis

FIGURE 6. The Lecythis poiteaui clade. A–C. L. barnebyi (A–B see Mori & Lepsch-Cunha, 1995 for vouchers and C see Mori 1990c for voucher). D–E. L. prancei (see Mori, 1990c for vouchers). F–J. L. lurida (see Mori, 1990c for vouchers). K–L. L. ibiriba (K–L based on Popovkin 496, M based on Popovkin 497, N–P based on Cardoso 2338). A. Anterior view of flower showing open androecial hood. B. Lateral view of flower showing open androecial hood. C. Medial section of androecium. Note that innermost hood appendages arise from slight expansion of hood, there is a long anterior hood extension, and all of the appendages are swept inward. D. Medial section of androecium. Note that the appendages are swept inward. E. Cross-section of ovary showing mucilage ducts in the ovary wall. F. Medial section of flower. Note that hood appendages are swept inward. G. Medial section of calyx and ovary. Note that style is obliquely oriented and long. H. Cross-section of ovary. Note mucilage ducts in the calyx-lobes. I. Indehiscent fruit, operculum facing downward. J. Seed with dendritic venation and without well-developed aril. K. Medial section of flower. Note that hood appendages are swept inward. L. Cross-section of ovary showing mucilage ducts in ovary wall. M. Lateral view of fruit. N. Apical view of open fruit with seeds inside. O. Basal view of operculum. P. Seed with dendritic venation and poorly-developed aril. Drawings A–B by A. Tangerini and all others by B. Angell.

FIGURE 10. The Corythophora clade. A–E. C in Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis

FIGURE 10. The Corythophora clade. A–E. C. amapaensis (see Fig. 42 in Mori & Prance, 1990 for vouchers), F–L. C. alta (see Fig. 12 in Mori & Lepsch-Cunha, 1995 for vouchers) A. Apical view of flower. Note the closed androecial hood typical of all species in this clade. B. Inferior ovary with all but four calyx-lobes removed. Note that the calyx-lobes are strongly imbricate. C. Cross-section of 2-locular ovary. D. Medial section of an androecium with the androecial hood dorsiventrally thickened. E. Campanulate fruit base. F. Apical view of flower. G. Ovary, calyx, and style of a very young fruit. Note that the calyx-lobes are not imbricate. H. Cross-section of 2-locular ovary. I. Medial longitudinal section of androecium with dorsiventrally thickened hood. J. Cylindrical fruit. K. Operculum without a columella. L. Seeds with basal arils. The seeds of this clade are oblong to fusiform. Drawings A–E by B. Angell and F–L by A. Tangerini.

FIGURE 11. The Eschweilera integrifolia clade. A–D. E in Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis

FIGURE 11. The Eschweilera integrifolia clade. A–D. E. integrifolia (based on Cornejo 8111). E–H. E. jacquelyniae (E–F based on Hernández 828 and G–H based on Galdames 6142). I–J. E. ovalifolia (based on an unvouchered photo by S. A. Mori). A. Apical view of flower. Note the closed androecial hood typical of all species of this clade. B. Medial section of triple-coiled androecial hood. Note that there are three coils, a feature common to this clade, and that the coils are oriented horizontally. C. Lateral view of fruit. D. Apical view of a fruit with "a" marking a seed completely surrounded by the aril (= spreading aril). E. Cauline inflorescences. Note that this inflorescence is very near to the ground but other inflorescences of this species may also occur on the branches. F. Medial section of triple coiled androecium. Note that the coils are oriented vertically. G. Apical view of opened fruit with "a" marking a seed with a spreading aril. The aril is pale yellow and the immature seeds are white. H. Inside view of operculum. I. Apical view of open fruit. Note that the seeds are completely surrounded by arils. J. Cross-section of seed. Note the white layer on the outside (= aril), the seed coat, and the solid embryo which does not have differentiated cotyledons. Photos A–D by X. Cornejo, E–H by F. Hernández, and I–J by S. A. Mori.

FIGURE 14. The Lecythis corrugata clade. A. L in Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis

FIGURE 14. The Lecythis corrugata clade. A. L. corrugata subsp. corrugata (Mori et al. 25730). B. L. confertiflora (Mori et al. 20801). C. L. persistens subsp. persistens (Mori et al. 25651). D. L. persistens subsp. aurantiaca (Mori et al. 24724). E. Lecythis idatimon (Mori et al. 25745). F. L. persistens subsp. persistens. A. Apical view of flower. Note that this is the only species in this clade with a closed androecial hood and without lateral flanges. B. Anterior view of flower. Note that this species has an open androecium and the sides of the ligule with lateral flanges. C. Anterior view of flower. Note that his species has an open androecium and the sides of the ligule possess lateral flanges. D. Lateral view of flowers. Note that this species has an open androecium and the sides of the ligule with lateral flanges. E. Young fruits with tuberculate pedicels and hypanthia. F. Young fruits with rugose pericarp and fusiform seeds with a small aril at their base. Photos by S. A. Mori (A, C–F) and C. Gracie (B).

FIGURE 4. The Couroupita clade. A–J. C. guianensis. K-L. C. nicaraguarensis. A in Toward a Phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- II. Status of Allantoma, Cariniana, Couratari, Couroupita, Grias and Gustavia

FIGURE 4. The Couroupita clade. A–J. C. guianensis. K-L. C. nicaraguarensis. A. Flower (Mori et al. 25755, photos only). B. Medial longitudinal section of an ovary (see Mori & Prance, 1990 for vouchers for B, C, and D). Note that the placentae are located on the septa in the middle of the locule. C. Cross-section of an ovary. Note that the ovary is 6-locular. D. Medial longitudinal section of an androecium. Note that there is an appendage-free area between the staminal ring and the androecial hood. E. A tree showing the cauline infructescences and the cannon-ball shaped indehiscent fruits (unvouchered photo taken in Costa Rica). F. A mature fruit (unvouchered photo). Note the faint ring near the apex of the fruit indicating where the calyx-lobes were attached—this is called the calycine ring. The pimple-like structure in the middle of the apex of the fruit is the remnant style. G. Cross-section of a fruit (see Mori & Prance, 1990 for vouchers for G and H). Note that the interior of the fruit consists of six wedges that represent the six locules of the ovary. H. Medial longitudinal section of a fruit. Note the seeds embedded in the pulp. I. A seedling with expanded foliaceous cotyledons (I and J vouchered by Mori & Kallunki 3263). J. Seedling just after pulling free from the seed coat. Note the foliaceous cotyledons. K. Flower (Hernández et al. 661). L. Medial longitudinal section of an androecium (see Fig. 35 in Mori & Prance 1990 for vouchers). Note there are appendages along the entire length of the ligule and, thus, this species has continuous stamens from the staminal ring to the end of the staminal hood. Line drawings by B. Angell. Photos A, I, and J. by S. A. Mori, photo E. Photo by C. A. Gracie, and photo K by F. Hernández.

FIGURE 6. The Cariniana clade. A–D. C in Toward a Phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- II. Status of Allantoma, Cariniana, Couratari, Couroupita, Grias and Gustavia

FIGURE 6. The Cariniana clade. A–D. C. micrantha (see Mori & Lepsch-Cunha, 1995 for vouchers). E–K. C. parvifolia (see Mori, 1995 for vouchers). L–N. C. penduliflora (see Prance in Mori & Prance, 1979 for vouchers). A. Lateral view of an androecium. This species has a very short staminal tube. B. Lateral view of a turbinate fruit. C. Operculum with its long columella. D. Seeds with unilateral wings, which adapts the seeds for wind dispersal. E. Apical view of a flower. All species of Cariniana have six petals. F. Medial section of an androecium. This species has a staminal tube extension. G. Cross-section of a 3-locular ovary. All species of this genus are predominantly 3-locular. H. Medial section of an ovary showing the long, erect style and placentation on a slightly expanded lower septum. I. Lateral view of a fruit. J. Lateral view of an operculum and its columella. K. Seed with a unilateral wing. The line running through the wing is thought to be the funicle. L. Apical view of a flower. M. Lateral view of a flower with the petals removed. The staminal tube and staminal tube extension are well developed. N. Lateral view of a medial longitudinal section of a flower. Drawings A–D by A. Tangerini, E–K by B. Angell, and L–N by B. Moyer.

FIGURE 2. The Grias clade. A–D. G in Toward a Phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- II. Status of Allantoma, Cariniana, Couratari, Couroupita, Grias and Gustavia

FIGURE 2. The Grias clade. A–D. G. longirachis (Clark & Mori, 2000 for vouchers). E–J. G. purpuripetala (see Mori et al., 2010 for vouchers). A. Apical view of a flower. All species of this clade have four petals. B. Medial longitudinal section of a flower. All species of this clade have a thick and fleshy staminal tube with a lower and an upper chamber. In this species the lower chamber is very short. C. Cross-section of an immature fruit. All species of this clade have endocarp buttresses and usually have 4-locular ovaries. D. Fruit on the right and seed on the left. Note the endocarp buttresses showing in this dried fruit and the single seed with a very fragile seed coat. E. Large leaf characteristic of all species in this clade. F. Apical view of a flower on the left and cross-section of an ovary on the right. This flower is 3-locular but most likely it is a variant from the normal 4-locular ovary common to species of the genus. G. Medial longitudinal section of the androecium showing the stamens and the upper and lower chambers of the staminal tube. In this species the lower chamber is well developed. H. Medial longitudinal section of an ovary. All species of this clade have a few pendulous ovules from near the apex of the septum. This species appears to have a ring nectary but this characteristic is not apparent in all species of the clade. Drawings by B. Angell.

FIGURE. 3. The Gustavia clade. A–D in Toward a Phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- II. Status of Allantoma, Cariniana, Couratari, Couroupita, Grias and Gustavia

FIGURE. 3. The Gustavia clade. A–D. Gustavia augusta (see Mori, 1995 for vouchers). E–F. G. hexapetala (see Mori & Prance, 1993 for vouchers). F. G. elliptica (see Mori & Lepsch-Cunha, 1995 for vouchers). G. G. longifolia (Cornejo 8092). A. Actinomorphic flower (note that the stamens arise from the rim of a broad, thin-walled staminal tube, a combination of features found only in this clade) and leaves. B. Seed with aril. At maturity the seed is black and the aril is yellow. Only a few species have a conspicuous aril such as found in this species. C. Fruit. The fruit is indehiscent. D. Longitudinal section of an androecium. E. Cross-section of an ovary. Note that the ovary is 6-locular and alate—within the Gustavia clade, these are features found only in a group of species related to the G. hexapetala group. F. Lateral view of a fruit of G. hexapetala. G. Stamen with poricidally dehiscent anther, a character found only in this clade. H. Medial longitudinal section of an ovary. Note that the ovules are inserted on apical, expanded placentae, features found only in this clade. Drawings A–C by B. Angell, D–E by C. A. Gracie, F by A. Tangerini, and G by C. Carollo Matos.

FIGURE 5. The Allantoma clade. A–G. A in Toward a Phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- II. Status of Allantoma, Cariniana, Couratari, Couroupita, Grias and Gustavia

FIGURE 5. The Allantoma clade. A–G. A. lineata (see Prance & Mori, 1979 for vouchers for all but G based on Prance et al. 11618). H– M. A. decandra (H–J based on Ducke, 1925, vouchers not cited; K–M based on Krukoff 7193). A. Entire flower. All species of Allantoma have 5 petals. Note that the petals are curved downward at apices. B. Medial longitudinal section of a flower. Note that the stamens turn downward and that they are inserted both on the rim of the staminal tube as well as on the inside of the tube. C. Cross-section of the ovary. Note that it is usually 4-locular. D. Fruit base. Note that it is cylindrical throughout. E. Operculum with its long, tapered columella (= tackshaped). F. Immature seed. Note that it has a vestigial unilateral seed wing. G. Mature seed. Note that the vestigial wing has disappeared and that there is a notch where it was once attached. H. Bud. I. Bud with petals removed showing the broadly triangular calyx-lobes and the longest stamens. J. Androecium cut and spread open. Note that there are two sets of stamens, an alternating long set and a shorter set, and that both sets arise from the staminal tube rim and curve downward. K. Fruit base. Note that it tapers at the base and is slightly costate (at least when the fruits are dry). L. Operculum with its long columella. M. Mature seed with a well-developed unilateral wing at maturity. Drawings A–F by H. M. Fukuda and G, K–M by C. Carollo Matos. The artist for H–J is not known.

FIGURE 7. The Couratari clade. A–H. C in Toward a Phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- II. Status of Allantoma, Cariniana, Couratari, Couroupita, Grias and Gustavia

FIGURE 7. The Couratari clade. A–H. C. stellata (see Mori & Prance, 1990 for vouchers). I–L. C. oblongiflora (Fróes 1763). A. Androecium. Note the echinate exterior of the androecial hood. B. Medial longitudinal section of an androecium. Note the external flap. C. Lateral view of an ovary with two of the six calyx-lobes removed. Note the stylar collar. D. Cross-section of a 3-locular ovary which is characteristic of all species of Couratari. E. Base of a fruit. F. Operculum. Note the long columella. G. Seed with circumferential wing. H. Seedling with flattened stem and foliaceous cotyledons. I. Androecium. J. Staminal ring. Species of Couratari have fewer stamens than any other species of zygomorphic-flowered Lecythidaceae. Note the staminal ring lip. K. Medial longitudinal section of an androecium. Note the vestigial stamen nectaries at the apex of the coil. Eschweilera sensu lato is the only other genus with vestigial stamen nectaries. L. A stamen. Note the very short filament. Drawings by Bobbi Angell.