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FIG. 2 in Fifty shades of white: morphological and molecular diversity of the Cadlina laevis species complex (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) in the North-West Pacific

FIG. 2. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the COI-based dataset, species-level clades and outgroups are collapsed to a single branch, except representatives of the Cadlina laevis species complex. Specimens studied in this work are highlighted in bold. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference, numbers bellow branches show bootstrap supports from Maximum likelihood analysis. Blocks on the right indicate species delimitation results, number refers to respective operational taxonomical unit. Respective photographs of studied specimens are given on the right. РИС. 2. Филогенетическое дерево, построенное методом максимального правдоподобиЯ, основанное на выравнивании по гену COI, клады и внешние группы на уровне вида сколлапсированы в одну ветвь, За исключением представителей видового комплекса Cadlina laevis. ОбраЗцы, иЗученные в данной работе, выделены Жирным шрифтом. Числа над ветвЯми обоЗначают апостериорные вероЯтности байесовского аналиЗа, числа под ветвЯми покаЗывают бутстрепподдерЖку аналиЗа максимального правдоподобиЯ. Блоки справа обоЗначают реЗультаты тестов на определение видовых границ, номер относитсЯ к соответствуюЩей оперативной таксономической единице. Справа приведены фотографии иЗученных ЭкЗемплЯров.

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FIG. 1 in Fifty shades of white: morphological and molecular diversity of the Cadlina laevis species complex (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) in the North-West Pacific

FIG. 1. Map of the North-West Pacific and Russian Arctic representing collection sites and type localities of described species of the Cadlina laevis species complex. РИС. 1. Карта Северо-Западной части Тихого океана и Российской Арктики, с укаЗанием точек сбора и типовых местонахоЖдений описанных видов иЗ комплекса Cadlina laevis.

FIG. 11 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 11. Rhinophore recovery after removal of the clavus with lamellae (light microscopy). A. Appearance of the regenerate on the 2nd day post amputation, front view. B, C. Regeneration bud on the surface of the regenerate and intact rhinophore, dorsal view. D–F. The appearance of the rhinophore on the 7th day after injury from the dorsal side (D, E) and from the front (F). G–H. Appearance of the regenerate with the first lamellae, isolated apex and spicules inside. I. Spicule of the regenerate on the 10th day post amputation. Abbreviation: arrh – apex of regenerating rhinophore; irh – intact rhinophore; rrh – regenerating rhinophore; sp – spicule; spb – spicule of body; t – tubercle.

FIG. 10 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 10. Regenerating rhinophore external morphology (SEM). A–B. 22 days post amputation. C. 25 days post amputation. A. Dorsal view of the anterior part of the notum with rhinophores. B. Side view of a regenerating rhinophore. C. Rear view. Abbreviation: irh – intact rhinophore; rl – rhinophore lamellae; rrh – regenerating rhinophore; rp – rhinophore pocket; rt – rhinotubercle; t – tubercle. Scalebar: A – 400µm.

FIG. 9 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 9. Regenerating rhinophore morphology (SEM). A–B. 15 days after amputation. C–E. 17 days after amputation. A. External view of a rhinophore with three lamellae. B. Scrapped rhinophore with spicules. C. External view of the rhinophore with 5 symmetrical lamellae along the anterior side. The ciliary cover is uniform over the entire surface of the rhinophore. D. Breakage of the basal part of the regenerating rhinophore with retractor muscles and spicules. E. Spicules with monolithic and inhomogeneous internal structure. Abbreviation: ct – cilia tuft; rl – rhinophore lamellae; rm – retractor muscles; rt – rhinotubercle; sp – spicule; spb – spicule of body.

FIG. 8 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 8. Regenerating rhinophore morphology (SEM). A–B. 10 days after amputation. C–D. 12 days after amputation. The apical part of the regenerating rhinophore with lamellae is abundantly covered with cilia. Abbreviation: ct – cilia tuft; rl – rhinophore lamellae; rp – rhinophore pocket; rt – rhinotubercle.

FIG. 7 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 7. Regenerating rhinophore morphology (SEM). A–E. 7 days after amputation (dpa). F–H. 10 days after amputation. A. Longitudinal section through the regeneration and intact rhinophores. B–E. Longitudinal section through the regenerating rhinophore with a dense muscular layer and spicules in the apical part. F. External morphology through the regenerating rhinophore with first lamellae and a well–shaped apex. G. Longitudinal section through the regenerating rhinophore with a lymphatic cavity at its base. H. Longitudinal section through the apical part of the rhinophore with spicules. Abbreviation: arrh – apex of regenerating rhinophore; bc – buccal complex; i – infusoria; irh – intact rhinophore; lc – lymphatic cavity; rl – rhinophore lamellae; rm – retractor muscles; rp – rhinophore pocket; rrh – regenerating rhinophore; rt – rhinotubercle; sp – spicule; spb – spicule of body.

FIG. 12 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 12. Regenerating rhinophore external morphology after removal of the clavus with lamellae (Light microscopy).An increase in the number of rhinophore lamellae and spicules inside it. A, B, C, E, G. Dorsal view. D, F, H. Front view. Abbreviation: arrh – apex of regenerating rhinophore; rl – rhinophore lamellae; rrh – regenerating rhinophore; rt – rhinotubercle; sp – spicule; spb – spicule of body.

FIG. 6 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 6. Regenerating rhinophore morphology (SEM, light microscopy). A–B. Longitudinal section trough the regenerating rhinophore, one day post amputation (dpa). C. External morphology of the regenerating rhinophore with cilia tufts (4 dpa). D. Spicule are into the regeneration rhinphore (5 dpa). E. Scrapped of the apical part of regenerating rhinophore (5 dpa). F. The spicule in the apical parts of the regenerating rhinophore (5 dpa). Abbreviation: ct – cilia tuft; lc – lymphatic cavity; rhb – rhinophore regenerating bud; rt – rhinotubercle; sp – spicule; spb – spicule of body.

FIG. 5 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 5. Rhinophore regeneration after removal of the apex and three rhinophore lamellae (light microscopy). A. Frontal section through the front of the body. Left – intact rhinophore, right – rhinophore 1 day after amputation of the apex and two rhinophore lamellae (1dpa). B. Regenerating rhinophore (1 dpa). The apical lamellae are everted. C. Top view of the rhinophores at 3 dpa. On the left – regenerating rhinophore, on the right – intact rhinophore. D. External morphology of the regenerating rhinophore at 3 dpa. E. Frontal section through the front of the body. Left – intact rhinophore, right – rhinophore 1 day after amputation of the apex and two rhinophore lamellae (5 dpa). F. Regenerating rhinophore (5 dpa). Apical lamellae return to normal position. G. Top view of the rhinophores 21 days after amputation. On the left – regenerating rhinophore, on the right – intact rhinophore. The formed tip of the rhinophore is visible. H. Regenerating rhinophore with internal spicules (21 dpa). Abbreviation: arl – apical rhinophore lamellae; arrh – apex of regenerating rhinophore; bc – buccal complex; irh – intact rhinophore; rl – rhinophore lamellae; rrh – regenerating rhinophore; rt – rhinotubercles; sp – spicule; spb – spicule of body; t – tubercle.

FIG. 4 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 4. Scheme of the regeneration of Onchidoris muricata rhinophore after cutting off the entire rhinophore. Abbreviations: f – furrow; rarh – regenerating rhinophore apex; rb – regeneration bulb; rh – rhinophore stalk; rl – rhinophore lamellae; rp – rhinophore pocket; rrl – regenerating rhinophore lamellae; rt – rhinotubercle.

FIG. 3 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 3. Scheme of the regeneration of Onchidoris muricata rhinophore after cutting off the apex and three lamellae. Abbreviations: dpa – day post amputation; rarh – regenerating rhinophore apex; rb – regenerating bulb; rh – rhinophore stalk; rl – rhinophore lamellae; rp – rhinophore pocket; rrl – regenerating rhinophore lamellae; rt – rhinotubercle.

FIG. 1 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 1. General features of Onchidoris muricata body morphology (A. Living photo; B, C, D, E, F. SEM; G, H. Light microscopy). A. Living O. muricata on bryozoan. B. External morphology of rhinophore with rhinotubercles. C. External appearance of an intact tubercle. D. Fractured intact rhinophore. E. Internal structure of a fragment of an intact rhinophore upon breakage. F. Spicules of an intact rhinophore. G. Longitudinal section through a fragment of an intact rhinophore and rhinotubercle. H. Longitudinal section through a tubercle. Abbreviation: arh – apex of rhinophore; br – bryozoa; rh – rhinophore; rl – rhinophore lamellae; rm – retractor muscules; rn – rhinophore nerve; rp – rhinophore pocket; rt – rhinotubercle; sp – spicule; sprt – rhinotubercle spicule; spt – tubercle spicule; t – tubercle; tep – tubercle epithelium.

FIG. 2 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 2. Scheme of the experiment on the Onchidoris muricata rhinophore removal. On the left is a general view of the rhinophore. The dotted lines indicate the rhinophore cutting off sites. On the right are the experimental groups: 1) with a removed apex and three lamellae of the rhinophore, 2) a completely removed rhinophore, 3) a rhinophore with a removed lamellae part (clavus). Abbreviations: arh – apex of rhinophore; rl – rhinophore lamellae; rp – rhinophore pocket; rs – rhinophore stalk; rt – rhinotubercle.

FIG. 13 in Regeneration in the dorids exemplified by Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

FIG. 13. Regeneration of tubercles after removal. A, B. Light microscopy. C–F. SEM. A, C. Damaged tubercle in the ctenidia region. B, D. Epithelialization of the wound, tubercle recovery does not occur. E. Rhinotubercle on the 7th day post amputation. F. Rhinotubercle at the rhinophore 21 days post amputation. Abbreviation: i – infusoria; kt – ctenidia; rh – rhinophore; rp – rhinophore pocket; rt – regenerating tubercle; rrt – regenerating rhinotubercle; t – tubercle; tep – tubercle epithelium.

FIG. 4 in A new species of the genus Eubranchus (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Vietnamese coastal waters

FIG. 4 The reproductive system of Eubranchus flexus sp. nov. (paratype ZMMU WS 19112). Scale bar: 500 µm. РИС. 4. ПоловаЯ система Eubranchus flexus sp. nov. (паратип ZMMU WS 19112). МасштабнаЯ линейка: 500 µm.

FIG. 3 in A new species of the genus Eubranchus (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Vietnamese coastal waters

FIG. 3. Buccal armature in Eubranchus flexus sp. nov., paratype ZMMU WS19112. A. Radula. B. Rachidian teeth. C. Paratype ZMMU WS19112, rachidian teeth, side view. D. Denticles on lateral teeth. E. Rachidian and lateral teeth. Scale bars: A – 100 µm. B, C, E – 20 µm. D – 10 µm. РИС. 3. Глоточное вооруЖение Eubranchus flexus sp. nov., паратип ZMMU WS19112. A. Радула. B. Центральный Зуб. C. Центральный Зуб, вид сбоку. D. Зубчики латеральных Зубов. E. Центральные и латеральные Зубы. Масштабные линейки: A – 100 µm. B, C, E – 20 µm. D – 10 µm.

FIG. 2 in A new species of the genus Eubranchus (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Vietnamese coastal waters

FIG. 2. Living specimens of Eubranchus flexus sp. nov. A. Holotype ZMMU WS19111, dorsal view. B. Paratype ZMMU WS19112, dorsal view, specimens was damaged during collection. Size of the fixed specimens is around 4 mm. C. Eubranchus flexus sp. nov. specimens with egg mass and the host hydrozoan colony; white arrows point to egg masses, black arrows with a white outline point to specimens. РИС. 2. ПриЖиЗненные фотографии Eubranchus flexus sp. nov. A. Голотип ZMMU WS19111 вид с дорсальной стороны. B. Паратип ZMMU WS19112. РаЗмер Зафиксированных обраЗЦов составлЯет около 4 мм. C. Особи Eubranchus flexus sp. nov. на гидроиде; белые стрелки укаЗывают на кладки ЯиЦ, черные стрелки с белым контуром укаЗывают на особей моллюсков.

FIG. 1 in A new species of the genus Eubranchus (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Vietnamese coastal waters

FIG. 1. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the genus Eubranchus based on the concatenated dataset COI+16S+H3. Numbers above branches indicate the posterior probabilities from Bayesian Inference, numbers below branches - bootstrap values from Maximum likelihood. The number of samples included in the analysis is indicated in brackets. РИС. 1. МолекулЯрно-филогенетическое дерево длЯ рода Eubranchus, построенное на основании комбинированного выравниваниЯ (COI+16S+H3) методом максимального правдоподобиЯ. ЗначениЯ над ветвЯми обоЗначают апостериорные вероЯтности. ЗначениЯ под ветвЯми обоЗначают поддерЖки бутстрепа. Число обраЗЦов, вошедших в аналиЗ, укаЗано в скобках.