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Fig. 5 in MAPKK2/4/5/7-MAPK3-JAZs modulate phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza

Fig. 5. Protein–protein interaction between SmMAPKKs and SmMAPK3. Y2H (A) and LCI (B–D) assays to detect upstream proteins of SmMAPK3.

Fig. 4 in MAPKK2/4/5/7-MAPK3-JAZs modulate phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza

Fig. 4. Overexpression of SmMAPK3 affects phenolic acid biosynthesis and the expression of biosynthetic genes in S. miltiorrhiza. (A) Relative quantitative analysis of SmMAPK3 expression in the transgenic lines and controls. *** indicates significant differences between OM and the control (P <0.001, Student's t-test). (B) Analysis of phenolic acid production from OE. (C–J) Relative expression levels of genes involved in phenolic acid biosynthesis in the OE lines.

Fig. 3 in MAPKK2/4/5/7-MAPK3-JAZs modulate phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza

Fig. 3. Tissue-specific expression analysis and elicitors-induced analysis of SmMAPK3 in S. miltiorrhiza. (A) Tissue-specific expression of SmMAPK3; the expression levels were normalized to values from roots. (B) SA-induced analysis of SmMAPK3. (C) MeJA-induced analysis of SmMAPK3.

Fig. 1 in MAPKK2/4/5/7-MAPK3-JAZs modulate phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza

Fig. 1. Identification and autophosphorylation of SmMAPK3 in S. miltiorrhiza. (A) Amplication of SmMAPK3 from S. miltiorrhiza. (B) Phylogenic tree analysis of SmMAPK3 with AtMAPKs. (C) The conserved domains of SmMAPK3. (D) Immunoblotting analysis of SmMAPK3 autophosphorylation in vitro with Phos-tag™ SDS–PAGE. Phosphorylated SmMAPK3 (pSmMAPK3) migrates more slowly in the gel.

Fig. 2. SmMAPK3 in MAPKK2/4/5/7-MAPK3-JAZs modulate phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza

Fig. 2. SmMAPK3 is associated with the biosynthesis of phenolic acids. (A) Expression patterns of phenolic acid biosynthetic genes in 18 samples. (B) Network built on correlations among kinases, structural genes and TFs. Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) values were calculated for each pair of genes.

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Fig. 4 in Phenolic fingerprints of the Pacific seagrass Phyllospadix torreyi - Structural characterization and quantification of undescribed flavonoid sulfates

Fig. 4. Inter-annual variation in the amounts of phenolic compound in fresh (samples Phy1-F to Phy5-F) and detrital (sample Phy-3 D). Concentrations values on ordinate are given as mg g ¡1 dw of plant tissue, mean values SD (n 3). Products are given in order of elution: Caff: 1; Nep7,4': 2; OMeLu2S: 3; 6OHLu2S: 4; ± = Coum: 5; Lu2S: 6; Nep2S: 7; 5OMeLu7S: 8; 6OHLu7S: 9; RA: 10; L7S: 11; Nep7S: 12; Lu3′S: 13; Nep3′S: 14; Hispi7S: 15; Jaceo7S: 16. See Fig. 3 for formulae and Table 1 for full data.

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Fig. 3 in Phenolic fingerprints of the Pacific seagrass Phyllospadix torreyi - Structural characterization and quantification of undescribed flavonoid sulfates

Fig. 3. Structural formulae of compounds 1–18 and a-e. Underlined names indicate the previously unreported products.

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Fig. 1 in Phenolic fingerprints of the Pacific seagrass Phyllospadix torreyi - Structural characterization and quantification of undescribed flavonoid sulfates

Fig. 1. Schematic map showing the location of the sampling sites in La Jolla, San Diego County, California, USA. 1: site for fresh material. 2: site for detrital material.

Fig. 9 in Structural characterization of phenolic constituents from the rhizome of Imperata cylindrica var. major and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 9. Inhibitory effects of compounds 4, 11, 37, 43 and 47 on the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, IKK-α, p-IKK-α, NF-κB/p65 and p-NF-κB/p65 in RAW 264.7 cells. Normal: normal group without LPS, DEX and other tested samples. Values represent the mean ± SEM of three determinations. *P <0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001 (Differences between compound-treated group and control group). ##P <0.01; ###P <0.001 (Differences between LPS-treated group and control group). n = 3.

Fig. 8 in Structural characterization of phenolic constituents from the rhizome of Imperata cylindrica var. major and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 8. Influences of compounds 4, 11, 12, 24, 27, 31, 32, 37, 43, 45, and 47 at 3, 10, and 30 μM on NO production in RAW264.7 cells, respectively. Values represent the mean SD of six determinations. *P <0.05, ***P <0.001 (Differences between compound-treated group and control group). ###P <0.001 (Dif± ferences between control group and normal group). n = 6.

Fig. 6 in Undescribed ecdysteroids and phenolic glycosides from the roots of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and their anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro

Fig. 6. Effects of 1 on iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB protein expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. "Dexamethasone" represents the positive control group, and "Control" represents the blank control, which was not treated with LPS or the tested compounds. (A) Protein expression of iNOS, COX-2, P65 and P–P65 was determined by Western blotting. (B) Relative protein expression of P–P65 to P65 is shown as a histogram. (C) Protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 relative to the control is shown as a histogram. The experiment was repeated three times. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. *P <0.05 vs. the LPS group, **P <0.01 vs. the LPS group.

Fig. 3 in Undescribed ecdysteroids and phenolic glycosides from the roots of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and their anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro

Fig. 3. NMR calculation results of two plausible stereoisomers of 1 at the B3LYP-D3 (BJ)/6-31G** level.

Fig. 5 in Undescribed ecdysteroids and phenolic glycosides from the roots of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and their anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro

Fig. 5. Effects of different concentrations (10, 20, 40 μM)) of 1 on LPS-stimulated release of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6, and (C) IL-1β in RAW 264.7 cells. The values represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments, and differences between the mean values were assessed by Student's t-test. ##P <0.01 vs. the control group, *P <0.05 vs. the LPS group, **P <0.01 vs. the LPS group.

Fig. 4 in Undescribed ecdysteroids and phenolic glycosides from the roots of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and their anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro

Fig. 4. Effect of 1–6 (40 μM) on NO release in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. Dexamethasone was used as a positive control in this experiment, and the concentration was 5 μM. The data represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments.

Fig. 7 in Phenolic and lipophilic metabolite adjustments in Olea europaea (olive) trees during drought stress and recovery

Fig. 7. General overview of phenolic and lipophilic profile variation after stress treatments (exposure) and stress relief (recovery). Relative levels [expressed as log2 (stress/control)] are given besides each identified metabolite as a heatmap: WD – water deficit and WDHS+UVB – water deficit with heat and high UVB shocks. Nd - not detected.

Fig. 6 in Phenolic and lipophilic metabolite adjustments in Olea europaea (olive) trees during drought stress and recovery

Fig. 6. Carbohydrates profile of O. europaea leaves from plants under control (C) conditions and exposed to WD and WD HS+UVB treatments. Values are means ± standard deviation (n = 4). For each compound, the different letters indicate statistical between treatments (P <0.05).

Fig. 3 in Phenolic and lipophilic metabolite adjustments in Olea europaea (olive) trees during drought stress and recovery

Fig. 3. Fatty acids and sterols profiles of O. europaea leaves from plants under control (C) conditions and exposed to WD and WDHS+UVB treatments. Values are means ± standard deviation (n = 4). For each compound, the different letters indicate statistical between treatments (P <0.05).

Fig. 5 in Phenolic and lipophilic metabolite adjustments in Olea europaea (olive) trees during drought stress and recovery

Fig. 5. Terpenes profile of O. europaea leaves from plants under control (C) conditions and exposed to WD and WDHS+UVB treatments. Values are means ± standard deviation (n = 4). For each compound, the different letters indicate statistical between treatments (P <0.05).

Fig. 2 in Phenolic and lipophilic metabolite adjustments in Olea europaea (olive) trees during drought stress and recovery

Fig. 2. Secoiridoids and HCAds profiles of O. europaea leaves from plants under control (C) conditions and exposed to WD and WDHS+UVB treatments. Values are means ± standard deviation (n = 4). For each compound, the different letters indicate statistical between treatments (P <0.05). Nd – not detected (2′′- methoxyoleuropein was not detected in DS plants and methyloleuropein was not detected in DSHS+UVB plants during the stress recovery phase).

Fig. 1 in Phenolic and lipophilic metabolite adjustments in Olea europaea (olive) trees during drought stress and recovery

Fig. 1. Flavonoids profile of O. europaea leaves from plants under control conditions (C) and exposed to WD and WDHS+UVB treatments. Values are means ± standard deviation (n = 4). For each compound, the different letters indicate statistical differences between treatments (P <0.05).