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3,484 results for “Plastics”
Data and code for: Behavioral plasticity shapes participation in a mixed-species flocking community of birds
<p>Behavioral plasticity can modulate the costs and benefits of sociality, and thus may play a prominent role in mediating competition and facilitation during social interactions in mixed-species groups. However, investigations of assembly patterns of mixed-species groups typically treat species' behavioral attributes as static rather than dynamic features that can change in social contexts. We investigate four axes of behavioral plasticity that may modulate interaction within mixed-species groups: 1) species' selective preference for joining certain groups, 2) species' ability to flexibly change their behavior in response to groupmates' behavior, and 3) shifts and/or 4) expansions of species' niche occupancy when foraging with conspecifics versus when foraging with heterospecifics. We assess variation in these axes of behavioral plasticity in an Australian mixed-species avian community. All species had selective preferences for flocks of certain strata, and some flexibly matched their flockmates' foraging strata. Three species exhibited patterns of niche shift, and one species showed niche expansion. These findings suggest that species converge in strata in mixed-species flocks despite the potential for increased competition and emphasize that species can plastically react to changes in their social environment in numerous ways. Acknowledgment of such plasticity is likely integral to understanding the nuances of heterospecific interactions.</p>
Vibroscape analysis reveals acoustic niche overlap and plastic alteration of vibratory courtship signals in ground-dwelling wolf spiders
<p>Soundscape ecology has enabled researchers to investigate natural interactions among biotic and abiotic sounds as well as their influence on local animals. To expand the scope of soundscape ecology to encompass substrate-borne vibrations (i.e. vibroscapes), we developed methods for recording and analyzing sounds produced by ground-dwelling arthropods to characterize the vibroscape of a deciduous forest floor using inexpensive contact microphone arrays followed by automated sound filtering and detection in large audio datasets. Through the collected data, we tested the hypothesis that closely related species of <em>Schizocosa</em> wolf spider partition their acoustic niche. In contrast to previous studies on acoustic niche partitioning, two closely related species - <em>S. stridulans</em> and <em>S. uetzi</em> - showed high acoustic niche overlap across space, time, and/or signal structure. Finally, we examined whether substrate-borne noise, including anthropogenic noise (e.g., airplanes) and heterospecific signals, promotes behavioral plasticity in signaling behavior to reduce the risk of signal interference. We found that all three focal <em>Schizocosa</em> species increased the dominant frequency of their vibratory courtship signals in noisier signaling environments. Also, <em>S. stridulans</em> males displayed increased vibratory signal complexity with an increased abundance of <em>S. uetzi</em>, their sister species with which they are highly overlapped in the acoustic niche.</p>
Physical and technical characterization of main agricultural plastics articles used for protected cultivation systems
<p>The folder "Thermal and spectroscopic data on the characterization of mulch films.rar" includes differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and water contact angle (WCA) raw data and images relevant to the characterization of conventional and biodegradable mulch films. 7 mulching films consisting of 3 different conventional linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE, coded as PE) films and 4 different biodegradable (PBAT-based, coded as BIO) films are analysed.In particular, data regarding M-BIOIT-15-black-0, M-PEIT-15-black-0, M-BIOEL-15-black-0, M-PEEL-15-black-0, M-PEEL-50-transparent-0, M-BIODE-30-black-0 and M-BIOFI-15-black-0 are included.</p>
MAPWORMS - Mimicking Adaptation and Plasticity in WORMS
<p>This is a video representing the MAPWORMS project.</p>
NIR/SWIR Spectral Library of Plastic-Substrate Mixtures
<p>NIR/SWIR spectra of substrate-plastic mixtures at varying concentrations</p> <p>Plastics include polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polylactic acid (PLA), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)</p> <p>Substrates included 3 soils (Bu5, W6, TG), crushed cement (C), oak leaf powder (V), and water (DIW)</p> <p>Concentrations of 0% (pure substrate), 0.15%, 1.5%, 5%, 15%, 50%, and 100% (pure plastic)</p> <p>Datasets are in .csv format for reflectance spectra, absorbance spectra, absorbance 1st derivative, and absorbance 2nd derivative. Reflectance spectra are also included as .hdr and .sli for ease of importing into ENVI or other hyperspectral image processing software. Additionally, raw ASD spectra and the python script for processing are included for custom spectral processing or analyses.</p>
Preservation of wetting ridges using field-induced plasticity of magnetoactive elastomers
<p>Data for "Preservation of wetting ridges using field-induced plasticity of magnetoactive elastomers".</p> <h3>How to access data:</h3> <p><strong>html</strong>: Open in browser to view interactive figure</p> <p><strong>pdf/png</strong>: Static figure, open with desired program</p> <p><strong>json</strong>: Contains data for figures</p> <p>Open using Python pandas:</p> <pre><code>import pandas as pd data = pd.read_json("filename")</code></pre> <p><code>data</code> then contains a pandas table. <br>The cells in columns describing x,y data might contain entire arrays.</p> <h3>Naming:</h3> <p>Figure files are named after their respective ordering (i.e. figure1_*). <br>Data and figure files are always named correspondingly.</p> <p>Zip archives (indiv_3D_*.zip) contain multiple additional figures, one for each surface measurement.<br>There is a zip archive with the static renders and one with the interactive plots.</p> <p> </p>
Diversity of radial variations of wood properties in European beech reveals the plastic nature of juvenile wood - Dataset
<p>The long-term (as opposed to short-term intra-ring) radial variation of wood properties in European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L.) from pith to bark are largest in the young ages of the tree (internal core). This so-called juvenility reflects both cambium ageing (ontogenetic juvenility) and adaptation to the changing mechanical constraints during secondary growth (adaptive juvenility). Ring width (<em>RW</em>), specific gravity (<em>SG</em>) and specific modulus (<em>SM</em>) are important parameters for each new wood layer, needed for the study of mechanical stability of a standing tree. They should be sensitive to the mechanical adaptation of growth.<strong> </strong>They were measured on diametrical boards (North/South direction) issued from 86 trees from several high forest stands in European countries. Analysis of variance showed very significant influence of position within the tree (core/external), of trees within a plot and of plots, but not for North/South orientation. The share of variance was similar for <em>SG</em> and <em>SM</em> (importance of tree effect) but different for <em>RW </em>(importance of plot effect). The occurrence of red heartwood in the core on some trees had a significant influence, mostly on <em>SM</em>, but the differences between white and red wood was very small. Globally the variability was high for <em>RW</em>, rather small for <em>SM</em> and very small for <em>SG</em>. Accordingly, the variations of the modulus of elasticity (product of <em>SG</em> and <em>SM</em>) were much more influenced by <em>SM</em> than by <em>SG</em> for beech. The radial variations of each parameter were fitted by both a linear (2 coefficients: zero value and mean slope) and a parabolic curve (3 coefficients: zero value, initial slope and curvature). They were used to classify types or radial profile in terms of flat, up & down and straight, convex & concave. Median values of coefficients per plot (or total) were used to draw median profiles for each parameter per plot and at the global level. The median global profiles differed from the typical radial pattern (TRP) of juvenility for plantation softwoods for <em>SG</em> (down concave instead of up concave) and <em>SM</em> (convex like TRP but with a clear decrease in the mature wood). The main result was the very large variability of profiles between trees or even between plots. Even if there is a part of ontogenetic influence in the juvenile patterns for <em>RW</em>, <em>SG</em> and <em>SM</em>, the results suggest that the influence of mechanical constraints on tree growth (adaptive juvenility) dominates largely. </p> <p><em>The provided file contains the data and the sheets developped to analyse them. It serves as supplementary material for the related paper submitted for recommendation to the PCI Forest and Wood Science.</em></p>
High genome plasticity and frequent genetic exchange in Leishmania tropica isolates from Afghanistan, Iran and Syria
<p>Fastqs files for paper: "High genome plasticity and frequent genetic exchange in Leishmania tropica isolates from Afghanistan, Iran and Syria"</p>
Effects of phenotypic plasticity on species coexistence
<p>Data generated during a study on the effects of phenotypic plasticity on species coexistence.</p> <p>Hess_etal_Data_Competition_01.csv contains data generated during competition trials between two species (Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza). Prior to the competition trials, replicate populations of these species were subject to one of two different levels of an experimental treatment - either low-frequency plasticity-induction or a high-frequency plasticity-induction. Refer to manuscript for full details.</p> <p>Hess_etal_Data_Traits_01.csv contains data on morphological traits of Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza subject to either low- or high-frequency plasticity-induction. Refer to manuscript for full details.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Simulation code for: The role of phenotypic plasticity in the establishment of range margins
<p>It has been argued that adaptive phenotypic plasticity may facilitate range expansions over spatially and temporally variable environments. However, plasticity may induce fitness costs. This may hinder the evolution of plasticity. Earlier modelling studies examined the role of plasticity during range expansions of populations with fixed genetic variance. However, genetic variance evolves in natural populations. This may critically alter model outcomes. We ask: How does the capacity for plasticity in populations with evolving genetic variance alter range margins that populations without the capacity for plas- ticity are expected to attain? We answered this question using computer simulations and analytical approximations. We found a critical plasticity cost above which the capacity for plasticity has no impact on the expected range of the population. Below the critical cost, by contrast, plasticity facilitates range expansion, extending the range in comparison to that expected for populations without plasticity. We further found that populations may evolve plasticity to buffer temporal environmental fluctuations, but only when the plasticity cost is below the critical cost. Thus, the cost of plasticity is a key factor involved in range expansions of populations with the potential to express plastic response in the adaptive trait.</p> <p>This article is part of the theme issue 'Species ranges in the face of changing environments (Part I)'.</p>
Grid-graph modeling of emergent neuromorphic dynamics and heterosynaptic plasticity in memristive nanonetworks - Dataset
<p>This is the dataset of "Grid-graph modeling of emergent neuromorphic dynamics and heterosynaptic plasticity in memristive nanonetworks"</p>
ARCHIMED-φ simulation files for the simulation of Design A from the article "When architectural plasticity fails to counter the light competition imposed by planting design: an in silico approach using a functional-structural model of oil palm"; in silico Plants journal
<p>Input files for the simulation of Design A in ARCHIMED-φ from the article "When architectural plasticity fails to counter the light competition imposed by planting design: an in silico approach using a functional-structural model of oil palm"; in silico Plants journal.</p> <p>See https://archimed-platform.github.io/archimed-phys-user-doc/ for more details on the model.</p> <p>Make a simulation by opening a terminal at the root of the folder and type: `java -jar .\archimed-phys.jar .\DesignA_MockUpA_seed1_MAP_72.yml`.</p>
Raw data for Facemasks and face recognition: Potential impact on synaptic plasticity
<p>Figure 2 legend Upper panel. In control condition, visual sensory inputs from in- dividual’s face are encoded by the face recognition system. At system level (a), this process implies functional and structural modifications in multiple brain regions, whereas at cellular level (b), this promotes the induction of distinct forms of synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTP, LTD, respectively). Lower panel. Wearing face masks consis- tently reduces the amount of information, by excluding the lower part of the face, including nose and mouth. Thus, both at system and cellular level, such mismatch impairs long-term functional and structural plasticity. In particular, at synaptic level, LTP induction will be favored, whereas LTD will be impaired. The black traces indicate the excitatory postsynaptic potentials in control condition; the red traces represent the long-term changes in synaptic efficacy after the induction protocol.</p>
Raw data for: "Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter Alters Cholinergic Tone and Synaptic Plasticity in DYT1 Dystonia"
<p>Raw data for Supplemental Figure 2 - Patch-Clamp recordings of ChI firing activity after bath application of donepezil (Donep 50 μM, 5 minutes). The inhibition by donepezil was weaker in Tor1a+/− than in Tor1a+/+ neurons.</p>
Molecular mechanisms underlying plasticity in a thermally varying environment
<p><span>Adaptation to environmental variability is a prerequisite for species' persistence in their natural environments. With climate change predicted to increase the frequency and severity of temperature fluctuations, ectothermic organisms may increasingly depend on acclimation capacity to accommodate thermal variability. To elucidate the molecular basis of fluctuating temperature induced phenotypic plasticity, we investigated heat tolerance and the mechanisms induced by acclimation to thermal variability as compared to those seen at constant temperature. We ran genome-wide transcriptomic analysis on <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> subjected to acclimation at constant (19 </span><span>±</span><span> 0</span><span>°</span><span>C) and fluctuating (19 </span><span>±</span><span> 8</span><span>°</span><span>C) temperatures and contrasted the induction of molecular mechanisms in adult males, adult females, and larvae. We found life stage and sex specific dynamics of the acclimation responses to fluctuating temperatures. Adult flies exposed to temperature fluctuations showed a constitutive improvement in heat tolerance while heat tolerance of larvae tracked thermal fluctuations. A constitutive down-regulation of gene expression was observed for several genes in the case of larvae exposed to fluctuations. Our results for adult females showed that, for several genes, fluctuating temperature acclimation resulted in canalization of gene expression. Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional machinery were greatly affected by fluctuations in the case of adult males. Gene ontology analysis showed enrichment of heat stress response involving several major heat shock proteins in both larvae and adults exposed to fluctuating temperatures, even though fluctuations were in a benign range of temperatures. Finally, molecular mechanisms related to environmental sensing seem to be an important component of insect response to thermal variability. </span></p>
The yellow gene regulates behavioral plasticity by repressing male courtship in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
<p>Seasonal plasticity in male courtship in Bicyclus anynana butterflies is due to variation in levels of the steroid hormone 20E (20-hydroxyecdysone) during pupation. Wet season (WS) males have high levels of 20E and become active courters. Dry season (DS) males, have lower levels of 20E and reduced courtship rates, although WS courtship rates can be achieved if DS male pupae are injected with 20E at 30% of pupation. Here we investigated the genes involved in male courtship plasticity and examine whether 20E plays an organizational role in the pupal brain that later influences the sexual behaviour of adults. We show that DS pupal brains have a 7-fold upregulation of the yellow gene relative to the WS and that knocking out yellow leads to increased male courtship. We find that injecting 20E into DS pupa reduced yellow expression although not significantly. Our results show that yellow is a repressor of the neural circuity for male courtship behaviour in B. anynana. 20E levels experienced during pupation could play an organizational role during pupal brain development by regulating yellow expression, however, other factors might also be involved. Our findings are in striking contrast to Drosophila where yellow is required for male courtship.</p>
Data for: Growing faster, longer or both? Modelling plastic response of Juniperus communis growth phenology to climate change
<p>Aim: Plant growth and phenology plastically respond to changing climatic conditions both in space and time. Species-specific levels of growth plasticity determine biogeographical patterns and the adaptive capacity of species to climate change. However, a direct assessment of spatial and temporal variability in radial-growth dynamics is complicated, as long records of cambial phenology do not exist.</p> <p>Location: 16 sites across European distribution margins of <em>Juniperus communis</em> L. (the Mediterranean, the Arctic, the Alps and the Urals).</p> <p>Time period: 1940-2016</p> <p>Major taxa studied: <em>Juniperus communis</em></p> <p>Methods: We applied the Vaganov-Shashkin process-based model of wood formation to estimate trends in growing season duration and growth kinetics since 1940. We assumed that <em>J. communis</em> would exhibit spatially and temporally variable growth patterns reflecting local climatic conditions.</p> <p>Results: Our simulations indicate regional differences in growth dynamics and plastic responses to climate warming. Mean growing season duration is the longest at Mediterranean sites and, recently, there is a significant trend towards its extension of up to 0.44 days per year. However, this stimulating effect of longer growing season is counteracted by declining summer growth rates caused by amplified drought stress. Consequently, overall trends in simulated ring-widths are marginal in the Mediterranean. By contrast, durations of growing seasons in the Arctic show lower and mostly non-significant trends. However, spring and summer growth rates follow increasing temperatures, leading to a growth increase of up to 0.32 % per year.</p> <p>Main conclusions: This study highlights the plasticity in growth phenology of widely distributed shrubs to climate warming–an earlier onset of cambial activity that offsets the negative effects of summer droughts in the Mediterranean and, conversely, an intensification of growth rates during the short growing seasons in the Arctic. Such plastic growth responsiveness allows woody plants to adapt to the local pace of climate change.</p>
SLAC/MEC LJ55 experiment on hcp-Fe plasticity under shock compression
<p>Raw data for experiment LJ55 at SLAC/MEC on hcp-Fe strength and plasticity: X-ray diffraction data and X-ray beam energies.</p> <p>Corresponding publication is published in <em>Physical Review Letters</em>: S. Merkel, S. Hok, C. Bolme, D. Rittman, K. J. Ramos, B. Morrow, H. J. Lee, B. Nagler, E. Galtier, E. Granados, A. Hashim, W. L. Mao, and A. E. Gleason, Femtosecond Visualization of hcp-Iron Strength and Plasticity under Shock Compression, <em>Physical Review Letters</em>, 127, 205501 (2021), [doi: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.205501">10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.205501</a>]</p>
Data accompanying Polyphenisms and polymorphisms: genetic variation in plasticity and color variation within and among bluefin killifish populations
<p>The presence of stable color polymorphisms within populations begs the question of how genetic variation is maintained. Consistent variation among populations in coloration, especially when correlated with environmental variation, raises questions about whether environmental conditions affect either the fulcrum of those balanced polymorphisms, the plastic expression of coloration, or both. Color patterns in male bluefin killifish provoke both types of questions. Red and yellow morphs are common in all populations. Blue males are more common in tannin-stained swamps relative to clear springs. Here we combined crosses with a manipulation of light to explore how genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity shape these patterns. We found that the variation in coloration is attributable mainly to two axes of variation: (1) a red-yellow axis with yellow being dominant to red, and (2) a blue axis that can override red-yellow and is controlled by genetics, phenotypic plasticity, and genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity. The variation among populations in plasticity suggests it is adaptive in some populations but not others. The variation among sires in plasticity within the swamp population suggests balancing selection may be acting not only on the red-yellow polymorphism but also on plasticity for blue coloration.</p>
Fig. 1 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants
Fig. 1. The esophagus wall Tringa ochropus, cross cut, caudal section. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, х100). 1 — folds; 2 — epithelial layer; 3 — esophageal glands; 4 — muscle plate; 5 — submucosal basis; 6 — muscle (а — inner longitudinal layer; b — outer circle layer); 7 — layers of connective tissue.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.