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13,343 results for “Primary”
PEB01 Aboveground net primary productivity of tallgrass prairie based on accumulated plant biomass in grazing exclsoures on bison-grazed watersheds
Data set contains estimates of end-of-season standing crop biomass (grams per square meter) of live graminoids, forbs, woody plants, and previous year's dead vegetation in grazing exclosures. Date from exclosures is used to determine long-term effects of bison grazing on aboveground net primary productivity.
PTN01 Aboveground net primary productivity along transects spanning topographic gradients on an annually burned and unburned watershed at Konza Prairie
In 1989, single transects spanning upland-lowland-upland topographic positions were established in a long-term unburned (0020B) and an annually burned (001D) watershed. Standing crop biomass data were collected in late season at 11 sites along each transect and sorted into live graminoids, forbs and woody plants, current year's dead, and previous years dead vegetation. Four 0.1 m2 quadrats were harvested at each of the 11 sites per watershed and all data except previous years' dead were combined to provide an estimate of aboveground NPP. In 1993, soil moisture measurements began along each transect at 15 and 30 cm depths (where possible) with a Time Domain Reflectomerty (TDR) system. Measurements were made twice a month from March - October and intermittently during the winter months.
PAB03 Aboveground primary productivity of tallgrass prairie based on accumulated plant biomass on LTER watersheds burned at different seasons
Data set contains estimates of standing crop biomass (grams per square meter) of live graminoids, forbs, woody plants, and previous year's dead vegetation for 2 soil types (shallow and deep) and seasonal burning treatments (spring, summer, fall, winter).
PAB02 Biweekly measurement of aboveground net primary productivity on an unburned and annually burned watershed at Konza Prairie
Data set contains estimates of standing crop biomass (grams per square meter) of live graminoids, forbs, woody plants, current year's dead, and previous year's dead vegetation. Twenty quadrats (0.1 square meters) are harvested for each watershed (001a and 020a) on each sample date.
PAB05 Aboveground net primary productivity of tallgrass prairie based on accumulated plant biomass on the LTER fire reversal experiment watersheds
Data set contains estimates of end-of-season standing crop biomass (grams per square meter) of live graminoids, forbs, woody plants, and previous year's dead vegetation for 2 soil types (shallow and deep) on the four Fire Reversal Experiment watersheds. This experiment is based on reversing fire treatments on four watersheds, two of which had a history of annual spring burning and two of which had a history of long-term fire suppression. The dataset includes both pre- and post-fire treatments.
Underwater Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) from in-situ Lake Primary Production Experiments in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica (1995-2024, ongoing)
As part of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, PAR is measured at one depth during primary production experiments in Dry Valley Lakes. This data set quantifies instantaneous underwater PAR at 10-meter depths in Lakes Bonney and Hoare, and at 7-meter depth in Lake Fryxell (depths vary after 2008, check data file for actual depth). Ambient PAR was also measured at the air-ice interface from each of these lakes.
Phytoplankton primary production measurements from discrete water column samples collected from lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1993-2022, ongoing)
An important part of the McMurdo Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) is monitoring of spatial and temporal patterns, and processes that control phytoplankton production in perennial ice-covered lakes. This dataset addresses this core area of research and quantifies carbon production at specific depths in McMurdo Dry Valley lakes.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Water Column: Nearshore Water Profiles, CTD, Primary Production, and Chemistry ongoing since 2005
This data package contains water chemistry measurements taken 2 to 4 times per year at 6 stations on the north shore of Moorea, French Polynesia: Forereef, Lagoon, Fringing Reef, Cooks Bay, Cooks Bay Stream Mouth, and Offshore (5 km due north). Measurements include standard CTD parameters, nutrients, chlorophyll, phaeopigments, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, water column primary production, and abundance of bacteria. Sampling began in August, 2005. All water samples were collected with Niskin Bottles. CTD data were collected with a SBE19-Plus Seacat Profiler outfitted with WetLabs FLNTURT-221 Flurometer/turbidity sensors. CTD and bottle samples were taken on separate casts at each station. Two additional stations on the Moorea east shore were sampled in August 2005 only: LTER 3 Forereef Water Column, LTER 3 Backreef Water Column. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2018). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Estimates of component primary production and respiration, 2006-2015
Estimates of primary production and respiration of three representative components of the Moorea coral reef ecosystem were made yearly in a laboratory flume from 2006 through 2015. The components are: algal turf communities, the macroalga Sargassum pacificum, and the common branching coral Pocillopora verrucosa. Metabolism estimates were made using changes in dissolved oxygen over time in a flume in unidirectional flow at saturating irradiances and dark. Rates were normalized to projected (planar) surface area (all components) and biomass (algal turfs, Sargassum). This timeseries completed in 2015.
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Chemical Limnology of Primary Study Lakes: Nutrients, pH and Carbon 1981 - current
Parameters characterizing the nutrient chemistry of the eleven primary lakes (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, and Trout lakes, unnamed lakes 27-02 [Crystal Bog] and 12-15 [Trout Bog], Mendota, Monona, Wingra, and Fish) are measured at multiple depths throughout the year. These parameters include total nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, nitrite+nitrate-N, ammonium-N, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, dissolved reactive phosphorus (only in the southern lakes and not in Wingra and Fish after 2003), bicarbonate-reactive filtered and unfiltered silica (both discontinued in 2003), dissolved reactive silica, pH, air equilibrated pH (discontinued in 2014 in the northern lakes and in 2020 in the southern lakes), total alkalinity, total inorganic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon, total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and total particulate matter (only in the northern lakes in this data set; total particulate matter in southern lakes starting in 2000 is available in a separate dataset). Sampling Frequency: Northern lakes- monthly during ice-free season - every 5 weeks during ice-covered season. Southern lakes- Southern lakes samples are collected every 2-4 weeks during the summer stratified period, at least monthly during the fall, and typically only once during the winter, depending on ice conditions. Number of sites: 11
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Chemical Limnology of Primary Study Lakes: Major Ions 1981 - current
Parameters characterizing the major ions of the eleven primary lakes (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, Trout, bog lakes 27-02 [Crystal Bog], and 12-15 [Trout Bog], Mendota, Monona, Wingra and Fish) are measured at one station in the deepest part of each lake at the top and bottom of the epilimnion, mid-thermocline, and top, middle, and bottom of the hypolimnion. These parameters include chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, and specific conductance (northern lakes only). Lake Wingra has always been just a surface sample, but in the winter we have, at times, taken chloride samples from top to bottom to have a better understanding of road salt effects. Samples for conductivity are collected four times per year in the seven primary lakes (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, and Trout lakes, and unnamed lakes 27-02 [Crystal Bog], and 12-15 [Trout Bog] in the Trout Lake area at the deepest part of the lake, sampling at the surface, mid water column, and the bottom. The sampling dates include February under ice, spring mixis, August stratified, and fall mixis. Conductivity is measured using a YSI Model 32 conductivity meter with YSI 3403 conductivity cell, reported as uS/cm at 25°C. 1981-1988: a Sybron Barnstead conductivity bridge was used. 1981-1986: conductivity was measured monthly. Sampling Frequency: quarterly (winter, spring and fall mixes, and summer stratified periods) More information on our lakes and where they are sampled can be found here: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-ntl&identifier=434. Number of sites: 11
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Physical Limnology of Primary Study Lakes 1981 - current
Parameters characterizing the physical limnology of the eleven primary lakes (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, Trout, bog lakes 27-02 [Crystal Bog] and 12-15 [Trout Bog], Mendota, Monona, Wingra and Fish) are measured at one station in the deepest part of each lake at 0.25 m to 1 m depth intervals depending on the lake. Measured parameters in the data set include water temperature, vertical penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), dissolved oxygen in mg/L and percent saturation. Sampling Frequency: fortnightly during ice-free season - every 6 weeks during ice-covered season for the northern lakes. The southern lakes are similar except that sampling occurs monthly during the fall and typically only once during the winter (depending on ice conditions). Number of sites: 11. More information on NTL’s primary study lakes can be found at: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-ntl&identifier=434. Please consult NTL's website (https://lter.limnology.wisc.edu) for information on experimental lake manipulations and the Wisconsin DNR's website (https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/) for management activities.
Water column primary production from inorganic carbon uptake for 24h at simulated in situ light levels in deck incubators, collected at Palmer Station Antarctica during Palmer LTER field seasons, 1994-2025.
Primary Production experiments were led by Vernet from the 1994-1995 season through the 2006-2007 season. Schofield is the current lead, beginning in the 2009-2010 season. Methods have been kept consistent as much as possible over the full time series and different Principal Investigators. Primary production is the uptake of inorganic carbon and assimilation of it into organic matter by phytoplankton. Primary production rates, expressed as mgC per m3 per day were measured by the uptake of radioactive (14C) sodium bicarbonate. Water samples are collected throughout the water column at stations within the Palmer LTER region (primarily B and E, to 50m and 65m respectively). Beginning in the 2020-2021 season, Station B is no longer sampled. Water is put into borosilicate bottles, inoculated with 1 uCi of NaH14CO3 per bottle, and incubated in an outdoor deck incubator. The incubator is plumbed to the Palmer Station sea water system to maintain ambient seawater temperature and bottles are screened to in situ light levels. The uptake of 14C-bicarbonate by the phytoplankton was measured in a scintillation counter after a 24-hour incubation period. Primary production experiments were not conducted during the 2020-2021 nor 2023-2024 field seasons. There was no field season in 2021-2022.
Water column primary production from inorganic carbon uptake for 24h at simulated in situ (SIS) light levels in deck incubators, collected aboard Palmer LTER annual cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 1995 – 2023.
Primary Production experiments were led by Vernet from 1995-2008. Schofield is the current lead, beginning in 2009. Methods have been kept consistent as much as possible over the full time series and different Principal Investigators. Primary production is the uptake of inorganic carbon and assimilation of it into organic matter by phytoplankton. Primary production rates, expressed as mgC per m3 per day were measured by the uptake of radioactive (14C) sodium bicarbonate. Water samples are collected throughout the water column at stations along the Western Antarctica Peninsula at regular PAL-LTER grid stations. Water is put into borosilicate bottles, inoculated with 1 uCi of NaH14CO3 per bottle, and incubated in an outdoor deck incubator. The incubator is plumbed to the ship sea water system to maintain ambient seawater temperature and bottles are screened to in situ light levels. The uptake of 14C-bicarbonate by the phytoplankton was measured in a scintillation counter after a 24-hour incubation period. Data is unavailable for the LMG16-01 cruise due to measurement issues. Data is temporarily unavailable for the LMG20-01 cruise. Primary production experiments were not conducted during the 2022 (NBP21-13) nor 2024 (LMG24-01) cruises. There was no cruise in the austral summer of 2021.
Annual primary productivity in control plots at a Spartina alterniflora-dominated salt marsh at Law's Point, Rowley River, Plum Island Ecosystem LTER, MA.
Annual productivity is determined from aboveground biomass data at permanent, high marsh, plots in a Spartina alterniflora-dominated salt marsh on the Rowley River within the Plum Island Ecosystem (PIE) LTER site, MA.
SBC LTER: Cross-shelf Study 2008-2009: Profiles of CTD, biogeochemistry, primary production, abundance of phytoplankton groups, and abundance and production of bacteria
These data were used by the following papers: Goodman, J., M. A. Brzezinski, E. R. Halewood and C. A. Carlson. 2012. Sources of phytoplankton to the inner continental shelf in the Santa Barbara Channel inferred from cross-shelf gradients in biological, physical and chemical parameters. Continental Shelf Research, 48: 27-39. (DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2012.08.011) Halewood, E. R., C. A. Carlson, M. A. Brzezinski, D. C. Reed and J. Goodman. 2012. Annual cycle of organic matter partitioning and its availability to bacteria across the Santa Barbara Channel continental shelf. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 67:189-209. (DOI:10.3354/ame01586) These data were collected on monthly day cruises from January 2008 to April 2009 on the RV Kelp Fish at five stations across the shelf starting at Mohawk Reef in the nearshore area of the Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA. Data were collected with a SBE19-Plus and rosette sampler. Measurements include standard CTD parameters in 1 m bins (e.g. salinity, temperature, density). At selected depths (1, 5, 10, 20 m), rosette bottle samples were collected for nutrients, pigments, particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen, and bacterial abundance, community structure and productivity. Phytoplankton abundances (to genus) were obtained from the 5 m sample only.
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Weight Data at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
Several long-term studies at the Sevilleta LTER measure net primary production (NPP) across ecosystems and treatments. Net primary production is a fundamental ecological variable that quantifies rates of carbon consumption and fixation. Estimates of NPP are important in understanding energy flow at a community level as well as spatial and temporal responses to a range of ecological processes. Above-ground net primary production (ANPP) is the change in plant biomass, including loss to death and decomposition, over a given period of time. To measure this change, vegetation variables, including species composition and the cover and height of individuals, are sampled up to three times yearly (winter, spring, and fall) at permanent plots within a study site. The weight data presented here is obtained by harvesting a series of covers for species observed during plot sampling. These species are always harvested from habitat comparable to the plots in which they were recorded. This data is then used to make volumetric measurements of species and build regressions correlating biomass and volume. From these calculations, seasonal biomass and seasonal and annual NPP are determined.
Core Site Grid Quadrat Data for the Net Primary Production Study at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
Begun in spring 2013, this project is part of a long-term study at the Sevilleta LTER measuring net primary production (NPP) across three distinct ecosystems: creosote-dominant shrubland (Site C), black grama-dominant grassland (Site G), and blue grama-dominant grassland (Site B). Net primary production is a fundamental ecological variable that quantifies rates of carbon consumption and fixation. Estimates of NPP are important in understanding energy flow at a community level as well as spatial and temporal responses to a range of ecological processes. Above-ground net primary production is the change in plant biomass, represented by stems, flowers, fruit and foliage, over time and incorporates growth as well as loss to death and decomposition. To measure this change the vegetation variables in this dataset, including species composition and the cover and height of individuals, are sampled twice yearly (spring and fall) at permanent 1m x 1m plots within each site. A third sampling at Site C is performed in the winter. The data from these plots is used to build regressions correlating biomass and volume via weights of select harvested species obtained in SEV999, "Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Weight Data." This biomass data is included in SEV999, "Seasonal Biomass and Seasonal and Annual NPP for Core Grid Research Sites."
Long-term dynamics of soil organic matter and aboveground net primary production in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (1989-2014)
Drylands contain a third of the organic carbon stored in global soils; however, the long-term dynamics of soil organic carbon and soil organic matter (SOM) in drylands remain poorly understood relative to dynamics of the vegetation carbon pool. We examined long-term patterns in SOM against both climate and prescribed fire in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland in central New Mexico, USA. SOM was measured each spring and fall for 25 years (1989–2014) in unburned desert grassland and from 2003 to 2014 following a prescribed fire. SOM concentration from 0-20 cm depth did not show a clear long-term trend but fluctuated seasonally at both burned and unburned sites, ranging from a minimum of 0.9% to a maximum of 3.3%. SOM concentration declined nonlinearly in wet seasons and peaked in dry seasons. These results not only contrast with the positive relationships between aboveground net primary production and precipitation for this region, but also with previous reports of greater SOM in wetter sites across drylands globally, suggesting that space is not a good substitute for time in predicting the dynamics of dryland SOM. We suggest that declines in SOM in wet periods are caused by increased soil respiration, runoff, leaching, and soil erosion. In addition to tracking natural variability in climate, SOM concentration also decreased by 14% following prescribed fire, a response that magnified over time and has persisted for nearly a decade due to the slow recovery of primary production. Our results document the surprisingly dynamic nature of soil organic matter and its high sensitivity to climate and fire in this dryland ecosystem.
Artificial Primary Vertexing Data
<p>This data set contains the positions of artificial vertex positions and the associated particle tracks within the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) particle detector located at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A Gaussian with a width of 35 mm is used to approximate the vertex position distribution. The z<sub>0</sub> parameter of the artificial particle tracks is also sampled from a Gaussian centered around the sampled vertex position with a width determined from track resolutions reported by the CMS Collaboration in "Description and performance of track and primary-vertex reconstruction with the CMS tracker" (2014). The widths of the z<sub>0</sub> Gaussian distribution are dependent on the momentum of the particle tracks, which are also sampled from the reported distribution in the aforementioned paper.</p> <p> </p> <p>The zipped data set contains 100 samples for a given number of primary vertices and particle tracks. Seven different configurations for a given number of primary vertices and particle tracks are included, giving a total number of 700 samples to analyze. Each sample is a JSON file containing the primary vertex location and the associated tracks with their positions and uncertainties. Below is an example code in Python to load the data set:</p> <pre><code class="language-python">inputFile = open(filename) d_vertextracks = json.load(inputFile) zT_i = [] zT_unc_i = [] for vertexTracks in d_vertextracks: primary_vertex = vertexTracks[0] tracks = vertexTracks[1] for i in tracks: zT_i.append(i[0]) zT_unc_i.append(i[1]) print(str(i[0])+" "+str(i[1]))</code></pre> <p> </p>
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