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FIGURE 4 in Checklist and distribution of ciliates from the family Euplotidae Ehrenberg, 1838 (Protista: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) in Slovakia, Central Europe

FIGURE 4. Euplotoides woodruffi, Slovak smecimens in vivo (A), after protargol (B–D) and silver nitrate (E, F) impregnation. (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, D, E) Ventral views showing cirral pattern, nuclear apparatus and silverline system. (C, F) Dorsal views showing ciliary pattern, nuclear apparatus and silverline system. Note the typical Y-shaped macronucleus ant the double-eurystomus silverline pattern. AZM—adoral zone of membranelles, CC—caudal cirri, DK—dorsal kineties, FV—frontoventral cirri, MA—macronucleus, MC—left marginal cirri, PM—paroral membrane. TC—transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 µm.

FIGURE 5 in Checklist and distribution of ciliates from the family Euplotidae Ehrenberg, 1838 (Protista: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) in Slovakia, Central Europe

FIGURE 5. Euplotoides woodruffi, Slovak specimens in vivo (A), after protargol (B, C) and silver nitrate (D–F) impregnation. (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B) Dorsal view showing ciliary pattern and the typical Y-shaped macronucleus. (C) Ventral view showing cirral pattern and oral apparatus. (D) Ventral view of anterior body portion showing the irregular silverline system. (E, F) Dorsal view showing the double-eurystomus silverline pattern. AZM—adoral zone of membranelles, BF—buccal field, CC—caudal cirri, DK—dorsal kineties, FV—frontoventral cirri, MA—macronucleus, MC—left marginal cirri, TC—transverse cirri. Scale bars: 10 µm (F) and 50 µm (A–E).

FIGURE 3 in Checklist and distribution of ciliates from the family Euplotidae Ehrenberg, 1838 (Protista: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) in Slovakia, Central Europe

FIGURE 3. Various euplotids recoded at the territory of Slovakia after protargol (A) and silver nitrate (B–F) impregnation. (A) Euplotoides aediculatus, dorsal view showing nuclear apparatus. (B, C) Euplotoides patella, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view. (D) Euplotopsis affinis, dorsal view showing the double-eurystomus silverline pattern. (E) Euplotopsis finki, dorsal view showing the double-eurystomus silverline pattern. (F) Euplotopsis muscicola, dorsal view showing the muscicola silverline pattern. AZM—adoral zone of membranelles, CC—caudal cirri, DK—dorsal kineties, FV—frontoventral cirri, MA—macronucleus, MI—micronucleus. Scale bars: 20 µm (D–F), 30 µm (B, C), and 50 µm (A).

FIGURE 1 in Checklist and distribution of ciliates from the family Euplotidae Ehrenberg, 1838 (Protista: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) in Slovakia, Central Europe

FIGURE 1. (A) Map of Europe showing localization of Slovakia. (B) Map of Slovakia showing the river network. Towns are written in ordinary font, water bodies (rivers, water reservoirs and artificial dams) in italics, and countries bordering Slovakia in spaced type.

FIGURE 2 in Checklist and distribution of ciliates from the family Euplotidae Ehrenberg, 1838 (Protista: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) in Slovakia, Central Europe

FIGURE 2. Euplotes moebiusi, Slovak specimens after protargol (A–E) and silver nitrate (F, G) impregnation. (A) Lateral view. (B–E) Ventral (B, C, E) and dorsal (D) views showing cirral pattern and nuclear apparatus. Arrowheads mark the two caudal cirri. (F) Ventral view of anterior body portion showing the irregular silverline system. (G) Dorsal view showing the double-eurystomus silverline pattern. AZM—adoral zone of membranelles, DK—dorsal kineties, FV—frontoventral cirri, MA—macronucleus, MC—left marginal cirri, PM—paroral membrane, TC—transverse cirri. Scale bars: 10 µm (F, G) and 20 µm (A–E).

FIGURE 2 in Redescriptions of five species of marine peritrichs, Zoothamnium plumula, Zoothamnium nii, Zoothamnium wang, Pseudovorticella bidulphiae, and Pseudovorticella marina (Protista, Ciliophora)

FIGURE 2. Morphology of Zoothamnium nii and its synonyms from live cells (A, C–G, I–L, O, P, R), after staining with protargol (B, H, M, N), and after staining with silver nitrate (Q). A. General view of a typical zooid. B. Detail of infundibular polykineties. C, D. Zoothamnium duplicatum, after Kahl (1933). E, J. form of colony. F, G. Zoothamnium sp. after Kahl (1935). H. Oral view of the oral apparatus, arrow marks the epistomial membrane. I, K, L. Variations in shape of zooids. M. Lateral view showing macronucleus (dark area) and micronucleus (arrow). N. Macronucleus (dark area) and germinal kinety (arrow). O, P. Zooids at high magnification showing pellicuilar striations and variations in shape of the body. Q. General view of silverline system. R. Telotroch. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P1–3, infundibular polykinety 1–3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 40 Μm (Figs. A, O, R), 50 Μm (Figs. L, P), 300 Μm (Figs. D–F, J, K).

FIGURE 5 in Redescriptions of five species of marine peritrichs, Zoothamnium plumula, Zoothamnium nii, Zoothamnium wang, Pseudovorticella bidulphiae, and Pseudovorticella marina (Protista, Ciliophora)

FIGURE 5. Morphology of Pseudovorticella marina (A–D, I–Q) and similar species (E–H). A, J, M. General view of typical cells. B. Variations in shape of the cell body. C. From Warren, 1986. D. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane. E. Pseudovorticella punctata (from Ji et al. 2006a). F. Vorticella campanulata (from Warren 1986). G. Vorticella fusca (from Warren 1986). H. Vorticella jaerae (from Precht 1935). I. Zooids seen at low magnification. K. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. L. Detail of infundibular polykineties. N. Trochal band (arrows). O. Oral view of protargol impregnated specimen showing the epistomial membrane (arrow) and germinal kinety (arrowheads). P, Q. Silverline system, arrows mark pellicular pores. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P1–3, infundibular polykinety 1–3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 20 Μm (Figs. A–C, E–H), 60 Μm (Fig. J), 100 Μm (Fig. M), 150 Μm (Fig. I).Fig. 1

FIGURE 4 in Redescriptions of five species of marine peritrichs, Zoothamnium plumula, Zoothamnium nii, Zoothamnium wang, Pseudovorticella bidulphiae, and Pseudovorticella marina (Protista, Ciliophora)

FIGURE 4. Morphology of Pseudovorticella bidulphiae (A–D, H–M) and similar species (E–G). A, I. General view of a typical cell. B. Variations in shape of the cell body. C, D. After Stiller (1939). E. Pseudovorticella pseudocampanula (after Foissner 1979). F. Pseudovorticella sauwaldensis (from Foissner and Schiffmann, 1979). G. Vorticella venusta (from Warren 1986). H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane. J. Pellicular striations. K. Detail of stalk. L. Protargol-stained specimen showing infundibular polykineties. M. General view of silverline system, arrows mark the trochal band. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, plokinety; P1–3, infundibular polykinety 1–3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 20 Μm (Figs. A, E–G), 50 Μm (Figs. C, I).

FIGURE 3 in Redescriptions of five species of marine peritrichs, Zoothamnium plumula, Zoothamnium nii, Zoothamnium wang, Pseudovorticella bidulphiae, and Pseudovorticella marina (Protista, Ciliophora)

FIGURE 3. Morphology of Zoothamnium wangi from live cells (A, C, F–H, J), after staining with protargol (D, E, I, L, M), and after staining with silver nitrate (B, K). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, K. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. C, F. Form of colony. D, M. Detail of infundibular polykineties. E. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane. G. Zooids at low magnification showing shape of the body. H. Highly magnified zooid showing pellicular striations. I. Lateral view showing macronucleus (dark area) and micronucleus (arrow). J. Structure of stalk showing densely arranged mitochondria in spasmoneme (arrow). L. Germinal kinety (arrow) and trochal band (arrowhead). Abbreviations: F, filamentous reticulum; G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P1–3, infundibular polykinety 1–3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 5 Μm (Fig. J), 40 Μm (Fig. A), 50 Μm (Fig. G), 200 Μm (Fig. F), 250 Μm (Fig. C).

FIGURE 1 in Redescriptions of five species of marine peritrichs, Zoothamnium plumula, Zoothamnium nii, Zoothamnium wang, Pseudovorticella bidulphiae, and Pseudovorticella marina (Protista, Ciliophora)

FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A–F, J–M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N–P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D–F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P1-3, infundibular polykinety 1–3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J).

FIGURE 11 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 11. Species of Strongylidium assigned to Group 1, modified from originals. S. caudatum, a) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 100–250 µm, b) ventral side from Biernacka (1963), 110–140 µm, c) ventral side from Kattar (1970), 200–220 µm. In Al-Rasheid (1996), 220–250 µm; S. californicum, d) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 250 µm; S. contortus, e, f) ventral side from Gelei (1954), 140–170 µm; S. coronatum, g) ventral side, h) lateral view, from Vuxanovici (1963), 110 µm; S. crassum, i) ventral side, j) dorsal side, from Kahl (1932), 150 µm, k) ventral side from Borror (1972), l) ventral side from Tuffrau and Fleury (1994), 120–180 µm; S. labiatum, m) ventral side, n) left side, from Kahl (1932), 80 µm; S. lanceolatum, o) ventral side from Kowalewskiego (1882), 126µm, p) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 130 µm, q) redrawn from Kowalewskiego (1882) by Kahl (1932); S. lentum nov. comb., r) ventral side from Kahl (1932) 150 µm, s) ventral side from Biernacka (1963), 120–140 µm; S. microstoma, t) ventral side from Dragesco and Dragesco-Kernéis (1986), 135–188 µm; S. mucicola, u) ventral side, v) dorsal side, from Kahl (1932), 120 µm, S. muscorum, w) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 10 µm; marine Strongylidium sp., x) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 70 µm; freshwater Strongylidium sp., y) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 130 µm. Figures were resized out of scale.

FIGURE 8 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 8. Micrographs of Strongylidium pseudocrassum after protargol-impregnation showing aspects of the divisional morphogenesis. a) ventral side showing early development of primary primordium V, indicated by arrows; b) ventral side of middle divider showing ventral and right marginal primordia. Arrow indicates undulating membranes primordium; c) divider showing long primary primordium V (arrows); d) late divider. Black arrows point to cirral products of primordium IV of the proter; white arrow shows cirrus I/1 of the proter; e) opisthe of late divider. Black arrows show cirral products of primordium IV; white arrows indicate the anterior segment of the cirral product of primordium VI; f) dorsal side of divider showing dorsal kineties primordia (arrows).

FIGURE 5 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 5. Divisional morphogenesis and physiological reorganization of Strongylidium pseudocrassum from protargol-impregnation slides. a) stage 12, divider showing dorsal side ciliature pattern completely developed; b) early reorganizer. Arrow marks fused undulating membranes; c) reorganizer showing basal bodies disaggregating from the anterior region of the fused undulating membranes (black arrow), and disaggregating adoral membraneles (white arrow); d) reorganizer showing oral anarchic primordium. Arrow shows the early development of cirrus I/1; e) middle reorganizer. White arrow marks supposedly new adoral membranes; f) dorsal side of middle reorganizer showing new dorsal kineties development (arrows); g) ventral side of late reorganizer. The black arrow shows differentiation of the undulating membranes and the white arrow shows supposedly new adoral membraneles.

FIGURE 6 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 6. Video-micrographs of living specimens of Strongylidium pseudocrassum. a) ventral side; b) left side; c, d) dorsal side; e) ventral side showing posterior contractile vacuole and cytoplasmic crystals (asterisks); f) ventral side showing cytoplasmic granulation located at the periphery of the posterior contractile vacuoles (white arrows); g) dorsal side showing cortical granulation at 400x magnification; h) ventral side showing cortical granulation at 1,000x magnification. Large granules are marked with asterisks, median sized granules are marked with white arrows and small sized granules are marked with black arrows. Scale bar is not shown in this figure because specimen was heavily squeezed under a coverslip, thus very deformed.

FIGURE 4 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 4. Divisional morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum from protargol-impregnation slides, stages 10 – 12. a) stage 10, ventral side showing cirral products of ventral primordia and early differentiation of the undulating membranes of the proter and opisthe (arrows) and; b) stage 10, dorsal side. Arrows point to caudal cirri developing from the posterior end of each new dorsal kinety; c) stage 11, ventral side. Arrows point to postperistomial cirri; d) stage 11, dorsal side; black arrows mark new caudal cirri; white arrows mark remaining parental dikinetids; e) stage 12, ventral side showing cirral pattern completely developed. Arrows mark remaining parental left ventral cirral row.

FIGURE 3 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 3. Divisional morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum from protargol-impregnation slides, stages 5–9, ventral side. a) stage 5, arrow marks the anterior end of the fused undulating membranes, from where basal bodies supposedly migrate to join primordium I of the proter; b) stage 6, arrow marks degenerating cirri in the left ventral row; c) stage 7, arrows mark early differentiating procirri from the ventral primordia of the proter. The question mark indicates an area wich did not stain with protargol, thus could not be depicted; d) stage 8, arrows indicate the split point of long primary primordium V and the double arrow marks the adoral zone of membranelles of the opisthe in late differentiation, which bends rightwards to assume its final conformation; e) stage 9, arrows show advanced differentiation stage of the ventral primordia; double arrow indicates the adoral zone of membranelles of the proter, now fully differentiated.

FIGURE 2 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 2. Divisional morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum from protargol-impregnation slides, stages 1 – 4 (a–d, ventral side; e, dorsal side). a) stage 1, double arrow marks protomembranelles. Notice the absence of the posteristomial cirrus, which was absorbed to form the oral primordium. Nuclear replication bands are visible during this stage (arrows); b) stage 2, double arrow shows the leftwards curvature of the early adoral membranelles; c) stage 3, development of the undulating membranes primordium (arrow) and primordia II and III of the opisthe; d) stage 4, development long primary primordia IV and I and primordia II and III of the proter. Arrows mark the long primary primordium I; e) stage 4, early development of the new dorsal kineties. Black arrows mark the new structures of the proter; white arrows mark the new structures of the opisthe.

FIGURE 7 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 7. Micrographs of Strongylidium pseudocrassum after protargol-impregnation. a) ventral side; b) nuclear apparatus; c) dorsal side; d) nuclear apparatus with both nodules bissected; e) detail of specimen with three extra ventral cirri (arrows), anterior macronuclear nodule bissected and an ingested prey visible (asterisk).

FIGURE 10 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 10. Scanning electron micrographs of Strongylidium pseudocrassum. a) frontoventral region showing adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane and arrangement of cirri; b) close view of the oral region showing intermembranellar ridges (white arrows); lateral membranellar cilia (black arrows) and membranellar bolsters (asterisks). AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; P = paroral membrane. Scale bars = 5 µm.

FIGURE 13 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 13. Species of Strongylidium assigned to Group 4 (a, b) and Group 5 (c–g), modified from originals. S. maritimum, a) ventral side from Wang and Nie (1932), 68 µm. In Al-Rasheid (1997), 80–120 µm; Strongylidium sp. b) ventral side, from Bütschli apud Calkins (1933); S. crepidatum, c) ventral side, d) dorsal side, e) ventral side from organism confined in a sapropelic environment, from Wang (1940), 102–117 µm; S. polystichum, f) ventral side, g) dorsal side, from Kahl (1932), 160 µm. Figures were resized out of scale.