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1,047 results for “Salamanders”
Fig. 3 in A new relict stem salamander from the Early Cretaceous of Yakutia, Siberian Russia
Fig. 3. Stem salamander Kulgeriherpeton ultimum gen. et sp. nov. from Teete locality, Yakutia, Eastern Siberia, Russia; Sangar Series, Batylykh Formation, Berriasian–Barremian, Lower Cretaceous. Digital restoration of atlas ZIN PH 3/246 (holotype) in right antero-lateral (A), right dorso-lateral (B), left dorso-lateral (C), left antero-lateral (D), dorsal (E), right lateral (F) posterior (G), ventral (H), left lateral (I), right postero-lateral (J), anterior (K), and left postero-lateral (L) views.
Fig. 2 in A new relict stem salamander from the Early Cretaceous of Yakutia, Siberian Russia
Fig. 2. Stem salamander Kulgeriherpeton ultimum gen. et sp. nov. from Teete locality, Yakutia, Eastern Siberia, Russia; Sangar Series, Batylykh Formation, Berriasian–Barremian, Lower Cretaceous. Atlas ZIN PH 3/246 (holotype) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views, with anterior end to top of figure.
Fig. 1. A, B in A new relict stem salamander from the Early Cretaceous of Yakutia, Siberian Russia
Fig. 1. A, B. Maps showing the geographic location of the Lower Cretaceous Teete locality (asterisk) in Eastern Siberia, Russia.
Fig. 5. A in A new salamander from the late Paleocene-early Eocene of Ukraine
Fig. 5. A salamander Seminobatrachus boltischki gen. et sp. nov. from the lower unit of Boltyshka sapropelite strata (late Paleocene–early Eocene, Ukraine), close up of part and counterpart of skull, anterior part of vertebral column with traces of soft tissue, PIN 3991/6. A. PIN 3991/6a, part in dorsal aspect. B. PIN 3991/6b, counterpart in ventral aspect. Photographs as exposed (A1, B1) and interpretative drawings (A2, B2). Grey areas in interpretive drawings represent soft tissues.
Fig. 2. A in A new salamander from the late Paleocene-early Eocene of Ukraine
Fig. 2. A salamander Seminobatrachus boltischki gen. et sp. nov. from the lower unit of Boltyshka sapropelite strata (late Paleocene–early Eocene, Ukraine), articulated, incomplete vertebral column (trunk, sacral, and anterior caudal regions) and limbs, PIN 3991/1a, part in lateral aspect. A. Photograph as exposed. B, C. Digital reconstructions based on high−resolution computed tomography of entire specimen (B) and close up of pectoral region rotated 90° counterclockwise (C).
Fig. 1. A in A new salamander from the late Paleocene-early Eocene of Ukraine
Fig. 1. A salamander Seminobatrachus boltischki gen. et sp. nov. from the lower unit of the Boltyshka sapropelite strata (late Paleocene–early Eocene, Ukraine), skull and anteriormost vertebrae with traces of soft tissue, holotype, PIN 3991/9. A. PIN 3991/9a, part in dorsal aspect. B. PIN 3991/9b, counterpart in ventral aspect. Photographs as exposed (A1, B1) and interpretative drawings (A2, B2). Grey areas in interpretive drawings represent soft tissues.
Fig. 7 in A new salamander from the late Paleocene-early Eocene of Ukraine
Fig. 7. Strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees obtained in NONA v. 2.0 with using the parsimony ratchet (island hopper) algorithm (A) and strict consensus of six most parsimonious trees obtained in PAUP v. 4.0b10 with using the branch−and−bound search algorithm (B) showing the position of Seminobatrachus boltischki gen. et sp. nov. within Caudata. Seminobatrachus boltischki gen. et sp. nov. is asterisked. The numbers are given above branches in A are Bremer support values.
Fig. 6. A in A new salamander from the late Paleocene-early Eocene of Ukraine
Fig. 6. A salamander Seminobatrachus boltischki gen. et sp. nov. from the lower unit of Boltyshka sapropelite strata (late Paleocene–early Eocene, Ukraine), nearly complete skeleton with traces of soft tissue, PIN 3991/14, in dorsal aspect. Photograph as exposed (A) and interpretative drawing (B). Grey areas in interpretive drawings represent soft tissues.
Fig. 5 in Morbidity in California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus Eschscholtz, 1833) caused by Euryhelmis sp. Poche, 1926 (Trematoda: Heterophyiidae)
Fig. 5. Euryhelmis sp. excysted, metacercaria collected from tail skin of a euthanized, chilled larval California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus). A = acetabulum; Mg = Mehlis' gland; O = ovary; Oa = oral acetabulum; P = pharynx; T = testis. Photo credit: R. A. Cole (USGS).
Fig. 4 in Morbidity in California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus Eschscholtz, 1833) caused by Euryhelmis sp. Poche, 1926 (Trematoda: Heterophyiidae)
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs from euthanized, chilled larval California giant salamanders (Dicamptodon ensatus) from a morbidity event in Santa Clara and Santa Cruz Counties, California, USA. (A) Encysted metacercariae (arrows) in the subcutis of the head are surrounded by inflammation and cause undulation of the skin. Cartilage and bone of the skull are to the left. (B) Skin with two encysted metacercariae (arrows) in the subcutis surrounded by macrophages, heterophils, edema (stars). Note the elevation of the epidermis. (C) Skeletal muscle with a metacercaria (M) within a cyst wall (arrow) surrounded by a few macrophages. (D) Kidney with an encysted metacercaria (arrow) in the interstitium that is surrounded by a few macrophages. A glomerulus (G) and tubules (T) are unaffected. Photo credit: J. L. Miller (USGS).
Fig. 6 in Morbidity in California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus Eschscholtz, 1833) caused by Euryhelmis sp. Poche, 1926 (Trematoda: Heterophyiidae)
Fig. 6. Molecular phylogenetic analysis by Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano method with 1000 bootstrap replications based on partial 28S rRNA gene sequence from a metacercaria identified as Euryhelmis sp. removed from the subcutaneous skin of a dead, chilled California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus) from a morbidity event in Santa Clara and Santa Cruz Counties, California, USA, and sequences available in GenBank. Alaria mustelae is the outgroup. The analysis involved 12 nucleotide sequences with a total of 1125 positions in the final dataset.
Fig. 3 in Morbidity in California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus Eschscholtz, 1833) caused by Euryhelmis sp. Poche, 1926 (Trematoda: Heterophyiidae)
Fig. 3. Photographs of the dorsum (A) and ventrum (B) of a euthanized, chilled larval California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus) from a morbidity event in Santa Clara County, California, USA. There are numerous pinpoint to 1.5-mm diameter nodules in the skin over the body including the head, gills, dorsum, ventrum, all four limbs, and tail causing a granular texture to the body. Photo credit: J. L. Miller (USGS).
Fig. 2 in Morbidity in California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus Eschscholtz, 1833) caused by Euryhelmis sp. Poche, 1926 (Trematoda: Heterophyiidae)
Fig. 2. (A) Adult California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus) found mid-day in a calm pool. Note the emaciated body condition and granular textured skin. Weir Creek, Santa Cruz County, California, USA. Photo credit: L. Erickson. (B) First year larval stage D. ensatus. Note the thin wavy tail with its length longer than the snout to vent length (SVL). Weir Creek, Santa Cruz County, California, USA. Photo credit: L. Erickson (Independent contractor). (C) Second-year larval stage D. ensatus with gross disfiguration and nodules (arrows) present on the gills. Note the cloudy appearance of the eyes (arrowheads). Aldercroft Creek, Santa Clara County, California, USA. Photo credit: S. Fork, (Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve).
Fig. 1 in Morbidity in California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus Eschscholtz, 1833) caused by Euryhelmis sp. Poche, 1926 (Trematoda: Heterophyiidae)
Fig. 1. Collection locations of diseased California giant salamanders (Dicamptodon ensatus) used for post-mortem investigation (U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center), subsequent visual encounter surveys (VES) of D. ensatus with (VES Lesions) and without (VES No Lesions) similar clinical skin lesions, and previous visual encounter (CA Herps (https://californiaherps.com/);). D. tenebrosus range estimates according to IUCN (2022) and D. ensatus range estimates according to the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (Gogol-Prokurat, 2016).
Climate-associated decline of body condition in a fossorial salamander
<p><strong>Climate-associated decline of body condition in a fossorial salamander</strong></p> <p><strong>Abstract </strong>Temperate ectotherms have responded to recent environmental change, likely due to the direct and indirect effects of temperature on key life-cycle events. Yet, a substantial number of ectotherms are fossorial, spending the vast majority of their lives in subterranean microhabitats that are assumed to be buffered against environmental change. Here we examine whether seasonal climatic conditions influence body condition (a measure of general health and vigor), reproductive output, and breeding phenology in a northern population of fossorial salamander (Spotted Salamander,<em>Ambystoma maculatum</em>). We found that breeding body condition declined over a 12 year monitoring period (2008–2019) with warmer summer and autumn temperatures at least partly responsible for the observed decline in body condition. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that elevated metabolism drives the negative association between temperature and condition. Population-level reproduction, assessed via egg mass counts, showed high interannual variation and was weakly influenced by autumn temperatures. Salamander breeding phenology was strongly correlated with lake ice-melt but showed no long-term temporal trend (1986–2019). Climatic warming in the region, which has been and is forecasted to be strongest in the summer and autumn, is predicted to lead to a 5 to 27% decline in salamander body condition under realistic near-future climate scenarios. Although the subterranean environment offers a thermal buffer, the observed decline in condition and relatively strong effect of summer temperature on body condition suggest that fossorial salamanders are sensitive to the effects of a warming climate. Given the diversity of fossorial taxa, heightened attention to the vulnerability of subterranean microhabitat refugia and their inhabitants is warranted amid global climatic change.</p> <p> </p> <p>The dataset and corresponding R script are split into five parts, consistent with the presentation of Methods/Results in Moldowan et al.</p> <p><strong>Part 1 of 5: Body condition data and analysis files</strong></p> <ul> <li>2008.2019.female.SMI.CONSTANTSVL.csv</li> <li>2008.2019.male.SMI.CONSTANTSVL.csv</li> <li>2009.2019.female.SMI.CONSTANTSVL.csv</li> <li>2009.2019.male.SMI.CONSTANTSVL.csv</li> <li>BodyCondition.TimeSeries.WeightedRegression.csv</li> <li>SMAregression.Female.2009.2019.R</li> <li>SMAregression.Male.2009.2019.R</li> <li>ModelSel.Avrg.Forecast.AutoCor.FemaleBodyCondition.climate.R</li> <li>ModelSel.Avrg.Forecast.AutoCor.MaleBodyCondition.climate.R</li> <li>WeightedRegression.BodyCondition.TimeSeries.R</li> <li>YearEffects-Njal_PDM update (20 March 2021)</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Part 2 of 5: Forecast body condition under climate change files</strong></p> <ul> <li>2009.2019.male.SMI.CONSTANTSVL.csv (as above in Part 1)</li> <li>HeatMap.Forecast.MaleSMI.04 Feb 2021.R</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Part 3 of 5: Reproductive output (egg mass) data and analysis files</strong></p> <ul> <li>2009.2019.EggCount.Climate.csv</li> <li>ReproductiveOutput.climate.R</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Part 4 of 5: Breeding phenology data and analysis files</strong></p> <ul> <li>2008.2019.BreedingPhenology.Climate.csv</li> <li>Opeongo.Two Rivers.Bat.IceOff.csv</li> <li>BreedingPhenology.climate.R</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Part 5 of 5: Temperature dataloggers and salamander metabolic rate estimation files</strong></p> <ul> <li>HOBO_Bat_Lake_Underground_Temperatures.csv</li> <li>WhitfordHutchison1967Data.csv</li> <li>WhitfordHutchison1967DataExplainer.xlsx</li> <li>Metabolic Rate Prediction_PDM, 21 Feb 2021.R</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Figure 1 in Survey techniques for giant salamanders and other aquatic Caudata
Figure 1. Andrias davidianus is the largest and most threatened Cryptobranchid, and can reach 200 cm in total length and 59 kg in weight. Image Robert Browne.
Figure 4 in Survey techniques for giant salamanders and other aquatic Caudata
Figure 4. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis has been the subject of the most diverse and innovative survey methods of all Cryptobranchids. Image Dale McGinnity.
Figure 1. A in The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part A. palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and morphology
Figure 1. A North American giant salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) shows the characteristic morphology of the cryptobranchids; large robust dorso-ventrally flattened head and body, small eyes, thick legs with stubby digits, lateral folds of skin for respiration, and sensory papillae for detecting water movement and prey (laterally flattened tail not shown). Image and copyright by Ray Miebaum.
Figure 9 in Survey techniques for giant salamanders and other aquatic Caudata
Figure 9. Trap used to capture C. alleganiensis in the Allegheny River drainage during the summers of 2004 and 2005. Bait (White sucker, Catostomus commersonii) was attached to the inside of the hinged door of a wire mesh cage. The bait cage was later removed and replaced using plastic zip ties. From Foster et al. 2008. Used with permission from Herpetological Review.
Figure 4 in The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part A. palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and morphology
Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree showing ancestry of cryptobranchids and their hypothesized relationships to other amphibians. Adapt- ed from Roelants et al. 2007.
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