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135 results for “Sample size”
Data from: Informative plot sizes in presence-absence sampling of forest floor vegetation
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Data from: Monitoring the effective population size of a brown bear (Ursus arctos) population using new single-sample approaches
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Data from: Beyond abundance: The impact of sampling design on effective population size estimates in capercaillie
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Data from: Evaluating the sensitivity of process domains for logjams to spatial and temporal sample size in river networks of the Southern Rockies, USA
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Data from: Temporal sampling helps unravel the genetic structure of naturally occurring populations of a phytoparasitic nematode. 1. Insights from the estimation of effective population sizes
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Data from: Effects of growth rate, size, and light availability on tree survival across life stages: a demographic analysis accounting for missing values and small sample sizes
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Data from: Effects of sample size and full sibs on genetic diversity characterization: a case study of three syntopic Iberian pond-breeding amphibians
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One size does not fit all: Tuning eDNA protocols for high and low turbidity water sampling
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Data from: Hierarchical distance sampling to estimate population sizes of common lizards across a desert ecoregion
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Data from: Heritability estimates from genome wide relatedness matrices in wild populations: application to a passerine, using a small sample size
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Data from: Breaking down the lithification bias: the effect of preferential sampling of larger specimens on the estimate of species richness, evenness, and average specimen size
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Examination of sample size determination in integration studies based on the coefficient of variation (ICV)
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Size fractionation for total Chl a within the surface layer and calculated size distribution of total Chl a from discrete bottle samples from CCE-CalCOFI Augmented Cruises in the California Current System, 2004 - 2017 (ongoing).
Water for size fractionation of chlorophyll a is sampled from ~10m depth (surface layer) on Line 83 and 87, with scattered inshore stations within the CalCOFI and SCCOOS stations located in the CCE study area. The size distribution of total chlorophyll a is determined by filtering water though filters of differing pore sizes. These are then extracted in acetone and analyzed fluorometrically with Turner Designs 10-AU Fluorometer on CalCOFI cruises (since 2006, ongoing). Chlorophyll a and taxon-specific pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) are qualitatively and quantitatively characterized in the lab onshore by several size fractions (< 1µm to > 20µm) utilizing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The samples analyzed within the CCE region are used to develop a metric for phytoplankton community structure that can be used to monitor its state and changes thereof over time.
Raw data related to: Sample Size for Oxidative Stress and Inflammation When Treating Multiple Sclerosis with Interferon-b1a and Coenzyme Q10
<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p> <p>Studying multiple sclerosis (MS) and its treatments requires the use of biomarkers for underlying pathological mechanisms. We aim to estimate the required sample size for detecting variations of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. This is a post-hoc analysis on 60 relapsing-remitting MS patients treated with Interferon-1a and Coenzyme Q10 for 3 months in an open-label crossover design over 6 months. At baseline and at the 3 and 6-month visits, we measured markers of scavenging activity, oxidative damage, and inflammation in the peripheral blood (180 measurements). Variations of laboratory measures (treatment eect) were estimated using mixed-eect linear regression models (including age, gender, disease duration, baseline expanded disability status scale (EDSS), and the duration of Interferon-1a treatment as covariates; creatinine was also included for uric acid analyses), and were used for sample size calculations. Hypothesizing a clinical trial aiming to detect a 70% eect in 3 months (power <strong>= </strong>80% alpha-error <strong>= </strong>5%), the sample size per treatment arm would be 1 for interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-5, 4 for IL-7 and IL-2R, 6 for IL-13, 14 for IL-6, 22 for IL-8, 23 for IL-4, 25 for activation-normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), 26 for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, 27 for IL-1, and 29 for uric acid. Peripheral biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation could be used in proof-of-concept studies to quickly screen the mechanisms of action of MS treatments.</p> <p><strong>Progetto giovani ricercatori </strong>[GR-2016-02363725] dal titolo: "Immune Tolerance, Metabolism and Multiple Sclerosis: Novel Molecular Tools to Monitor Disease Pathogenesis and Progression"</p>
Appendix Measurements for species of Breviphysoderes gen. nov., Macrophysoderes gen. nov., Nanophysoderes gen. nov., Paraphysoderes Villiers, 1962 and Physoderes Westwood, 1945 (in mm). Numbers in parentheses beside mean values refer to sample size. SD = Standard deviation. In the USI column, UCR _ ENT catalogue numbers are referred to by the number only. in Uncovering hidden diversity: phylogeny and taxonomy of Physoderinae (Reduviidae, Heteroptera), with emphasis on Physoderes Westwood in the Oriental and Australasian regions
<p><b>Appendix</b> Measurements for species of <i>Breviphysoderes</i> gen. nov., <i>Macrophysoderes</i> gen. nov., <i>Nanophysoderes</i> gen. nov., <i>Paraphysoderes</i> Villiers, 1962 and <i>Physoderes</i> Westwood, 1945 (in mm). Numbers in parentheses beside mean values refer to sample size. SD = Standard deviation. In the USI column, UCR _ENT catalogue numbers are referred to by the number only.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Species</th><th>Sex</th><th>USI</th><th>Total Length</th><th>Head length</th><th>Eye length</th><th>Eye width</th><th>Anterior lobe (l)</th><th colspan="2">Pronotum Anterior Posterior lobe (w) lobe (l)</th><th>Posterior lobe (w)</th><th>Hemelytron length</th><th>Scape length</th><th>Interocular distance</th><th>Postocular lobe width</th><th>Abdomen width</th></tr><tr><th colspan="16"><b><i>Breviphysoderes</i> gen. nov.</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th><i>B. decora</i></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.19</td><td>2.02</td><td>0.40</td><td>1.06</td><td>0.98</td><td>2.18</td><td>1.08</td><td>2.96</td><td>5.41</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.76</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.20</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.81</td><td>1.79</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.90</td><td>2.06</td><td>0.89</td><td>2.75</td><td>5.12</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.56</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.53</td><td>2.24</td><td>0.46</td><td>1.11</td><td>1.09</td><td>2.32</td><td>1.26</td><td>3.14</td><td>5.63</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.94</td><td>4.05</td></tr><tr><th><i>B. mjoebergi</i></th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (3)</td><td>7.91</td><td>1.62</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.96</td><td>0.89</td><td>2.02</td><td>1.11</td><td>2.74</td><td>4.41</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.83</td><td>3.31</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.23</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.49</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.95</td><td>0.77</td><td>1.96</td><td>0.94</td><td>2.61</td><td>3.96</td><td>0.50</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.79</td><td>3.06</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.35</td><td>1.82</td><td>0.39</td><td>1.00</td><td>0.97</td><td>2.08</td><td>1.38</td><td>2.88</td><td>4.77</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.50</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>8.76</td><td>1.82</td><td>0.47</td><td>1.03</td><td>1.00</td><td>2.23</td><td>1.08</td><td>2.91</td><td>5.03</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.76</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.40</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.91</td><td>1.68</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.87</td><td>1.97</td><td>0.97</td><td>2.63</td><td>4.36</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.31</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.23</td><td>2.08</td><td>0.38</td><td>1.07</td><td>1.50</td><td>3.18</td><td>1.24</td><td>3.35</td><td>6.20</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.93</td><td>4.07</td></tr><tr><th><i>B. vestita</i></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.13</td><td>1.84</td><td>0.33</td><td>1.01</td><td>1.06</td><td>2.29</td><td>1.09</td><td>2.89</td><td>5.46</td><td>0.60</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.95</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.16</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.74</td><td>1.57</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.99</td><td>1.01</td><td>2.05</td><td>1.02</td><td>2.73</td><td>5.26</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.83</td><td>3.73</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.54</td><td>2.04</td><td>0.38</td><td>1.04</td><td>1.12</td><td>2.46</td><td>1.18</td><td>3.08</td><td>5.58</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.92</td><td>4.15</td></tr><tr><th><b><i>Macrophysoderes</i> gen. nov.</b></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>M. cirripilosa</i> gen. et sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (16)</td><td>8.7</td><td>1.66</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.95</td><td>2.24</td><td>1.01</td><td>2.82</td><td>5.32</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.25</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.24</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.8</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.81</td><td>1.88</td><td>0.77</td><td>2.4</td><td>4.71</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.79</td><td>2.72</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.85</td><td>1.99</td><td>0.39</td><td>1.05</td><td>1.14</td><td>2.62</td><td>1.32</td><td>3.16</td><td>6.05</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.75</td><td>0.91</td><td>3.62</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (21)</td><td>9.04</td><td>1.67</td><td>0.35</td><td>1.01</td><td>0.94</td><td>2.23</td><td>1.05</td><td>2.88</td><td>5.61</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.7</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>1.12</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.42</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.16</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.88</td><td>0.72</td><td>1.79</td><td>0.69</td><td>2.43</td><td>4.04</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.81</td><td>2.91</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>11.01</td><td>1.97</td><td>0.46</td><td>1.17</td><td>1.15</td><td>2.79</td><td>1.28</td><td>3.47</td><td>7.04</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.79</td><td>1.04</td><td>4.43</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. elongata</i> gen. et sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5) SD Minimum Maximum</td><td>10.29 0.47 9.98 11.11</td><td>1.77 0.13 1.57 1.88</td><td>0.36 0.03 0.32 0.39</td><td>1.02 0.03 0.97 1.06</td><td>1.06 0.15 0.91 1.29</td><td>2.78 0.25 2.49 2.98</td><td>1.33 0.06 1.24 1.4</td><td>3.28 0.17 3.04 3.49</td><td>6.64 0.37 6.36 7.28</td><td>0.52 0.03 0.49 0.57</td><td>0.65 0.05 0.57 0.69</td><td>0.94 0.01 0.93 0.96</td><td>3.74 0.2 3.51 4.03</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (4) SD Minimum Maximum</td><td>9.89 0.4 9.47 10.41</td><td>1.77 0.1 1.66 1.86</td><td>0.33 0.04 0.28 0.38</td><td>0.99 0.02 0.98 1.02</td><td>0.98 0.13 0.87 1.13</td><td>2.49 0.11 2.34 2.61</td><td>1.12 0.05 1.05 1.15</td><td>3.07 0.15 2.93 3.21</td><td>6.39 0.42 6.08 7</td><td>0.45 0.06 0.37 0.5</td><td>0.66 0 0.65 0.66</td><td>0.91 0.04 0.85 0.95</td><td>3.76 0.19 3.51 3.91</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. finisterre</i> gen. et sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5) SD Minimum Maximum</td><td>8.85 0.38 8.4 9.36</td><td>1.66 0.1 1.51 1.76</td><td>0.33 0.04 0.3 0.38</td><td>0.96 0.05 0.89 1.02</td><td>0.92 0.04 0.89 0.99</td><td>2.14 0.14 1.92 2.29</td><td>1.11 0.15 0.94 1.32</td><td>2.81 0.14 2.59 2.96</td><td>5.36 0.38 4.97 5.84</td><td>0.48 0.04 0.43 0.54</td><td>0.62 0.01 0.6 0.64</td><td>0.82 0.06 0.75 0.9</td><td>3.23 0.19 2.92 3.38</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5) SD Minimum Maximum</td><td>9.12 0.48 8.53 9.8</td><td>1.74 0.02 1.71 1.76</td><td>0.35 0.04 0.3 0.4</td><td>0.99 0.04 0.95 1.04</td><td>0.98 0.07 0.91 1.08</td><td>2.14 0.13 2.05 2.36</td><td>1.12 0.14 0.98 1.35</td><td>2.86 0.18 2.74 3.18</td><td>5.52 0.39 4.94 5.97</td><td>0.48 0.05 0.43 0.55</td><td>0.64 0.04 0.6 0.67</td><td>0.85 0.04 0.8 0.92</td><td>3.7 0.25 3.43 4.11</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. histrionica</i></th><td>♂</td><td>00018520</td><td>8.5</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>2.8</td><td>5</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. grandis</i> gen. et sp. nov.</th><td>♂ ♀</td><td>00052314 00073625</td><td>11.58 12.66</td><td>1.59 2.02</td><td>0.48 0.5</td><td>1.31 1.33</td><td>1.03 1.33</td><td>2.65 2.82</td><td>1.64 1.69</td><td>3.74 4.03</td><td>7.71 8.21</td><td>0.75 0.75</td><td>0.62 0.67</td><td>1.01 1.01</td><td>4.28 4.86</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. modesta</i></th><td>♂ ♀</td><td>00069386 00069384</td><td>9.45 -1.82</td><td>1.94 2.13</td><td>0.35 0.36</td><td>1.06 1.28</td><td>1.08 1.24</td><td>2.14 2.56</td><td>1.27 1.52</td><td>2.95 3.71</td><td>5.49 7.37</td><td>0.52 0.58</td><td>0.59 0.73</td><td>0.88 0.96</td><td>3.46 4.47</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. monticola</i></th><td>♂ ♀</td><td>00069387 Mean (3) SD Minimum Maximum</td><td>10.34 9.88 0.72 9.11 10.53</td><td>1.81 1.98 0.11 1.89 2.11</td><td>0.29 0.35 0.01 0.34 0.37</td><td>1.06 1.08 0.06 1.02 1.13</td><td>0.96 0.93 0.09 0.84 1</td><td>2.29 2.32 0.2 2.1 2.48</td><td>1.37 1.26 0.22 1.06 1.49</td><td>3.36 3.24 0.29 2.93 3.51</td><td>6.35 5.99 0.3 5.65 6.21</td><td>0.49 0.47 0.02 0.44 0.49</td><td>0.63 0.66 0.04 0.62 0.69</td><td>0.91 0.93 0.02 0.91 0.96</td><td>4.19 4 0.34 3.68 4.36</td></tr><tr><th><b><i>Nanophysoderes</i> gen. nov.</b> <i>N. dentiscutum</i></th><td>♂</td><td>00037370</td><td>7.66</td><td>1.55</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.76</td><td>1.86</td><td>0.86</td><td>2.34</td><td>4.58</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.79</td><td>2.8</td></tr><tr><th><i>Paraphysoderes</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pa. popeye</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>00073584</td><td>7.09</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.78</td><td>1.57</td><td>0.84</td><td>2.22</td><td>4.35</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.69</td><td>2.56</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>7.89</td><td>1.55</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.98</td><td>1</td><td>1.96</td><td>0.84</td><td>2.61</td><td>4.69</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.76</td><td>3.32</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.14</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.47</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.95</td><td>0.95</td><td>1.8</td><td>0.76</td><td>2.5</td><td>4.46</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.75</td><td>3.17</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.41</td><td>1.83</td><td>0.33</td><td>1.01</td><td>1.1</td><td>2.25</td><td>0.93</td><td>2.77</td><td>5.02</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.78</td><td>3.54</td></tr><tr><th><i>Physoderes</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>P.anamalaiensis</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.27</td><td>1.93</td><td>0.32</td><td>1.01</td><td>1.33</td><td>2.85</td><td>0.87</td><td>2.83</td><td>5.44</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.56</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.13</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.91</td><td>1.87</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.98</td><td>1.23</td><td>2.45</td><td>0.73</td><td>2.64</td><td>5.17</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.82</td><td>3.41</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.82</td><td>1.97</td><td>0.35</td><td>1.05</td><td>1.46</td><td>3.1</td><td>1.02</td><td>2.96</td><td>5.62</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.74</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.13</td><td>1.97</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.97</td><td>1.13</td><td>2.51</td><td>0.96</td><td>2.84</td><td>5.24</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.77</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.19</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.92</td><td>1.85</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.94</td><td>1.07</td><td>2.31</td><td>0.77</td><td>2.75</td><td>5.03</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.55</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.59</td><td>2.14</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.03</td><td>1.17</td><td>2.72</td><td>1.1</td><td>2.99</td><td>5.48</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.91</td><td>4.07</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. azrael</i></th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>8.58</td><td>1.63</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.97</td><td>2.58</td><td>0.94</td><td>2.75</td><td>5.29</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.1</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.13</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.39</td><td>1.52</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.33</td><td>0.83</td><td>2.6</td><td>5.11</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.94</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.76</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.91</td><td>1.05</td><td>2.71</td><td>1</td><td>2.87</td><td>5.49</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.24</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>8.61</td><td>1.61</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.86</td><td>2.13</td><td>0.92</td><td>2.68</td><td>5.41</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.86</td><td>3.21</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.14</td><td>1.51</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.8</td><td>2.04</td><td>0.85</td><td>2.55</td><td>5.13</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.13</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.83</td><td>1.67</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.91</td><td>2.22</td><td>0.96</td><td>2.77</td><td>5.64</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.26</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. brevipennis</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>6.61</td><td>1.77</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.93</td><td>1.28</td><td>2.98</td><td>0.78</td><td>2.6</td><td>2.72</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.44</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.24</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>6.08</td><td>1.67</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.88</td><td>1.21</td><td>2.76</td><td>0.71</td><td>2.47</td><td>2.41</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.81</td><td>3.19</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>7.07</td><td>2.01</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.98</td><td>1.44</td><td>3.25</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.8</td><td>3.05</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.91</td><td>3.83</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>6.53</td><td>1.69</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.96</td><td>1.11</td><td>2.49</td><td>0.81</td><td>2.54</td><td>2.71</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.8</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.32</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>6.29</td><td>1.49</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.98</td><td>2.19</td><td>0.73</td><td>2.31</td><td>2.31</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.42</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>6.73</td><td>1.87</td><td>0.34</td><td>1.01</td><td>1.2</td><td>2.65</td><td>0.91</td><td>2.66</td><td>2.97</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.68</td><td>0.93</td><td>4.14</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. curculionis</i></th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (7)</td><td>7.64</td><td>1.56</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.86</td><td>1.02</td><td>2.53</td><td>0.78</td><td>2.59</td><td>4.48</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.81</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.21</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.37</td><td>1.46</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.82</td><td>0.94</td><td>2.37</td><td>0.64</td><td>2.5</td><td>4.15</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.78</td><td>2.68</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>7.9</td><td>1.67</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.88</td><td>1.11</td><td>2.74</td><td>0.93</td><td>2.69</td><td>4.63</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.83</td><td>3.35</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (9)</td><td>7.47</td><td>1.52</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.91</td><td>2.19</td><td>0.86</td><td>2.54</td><td>4.46</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.82</td><td>3.14</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.26</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.23</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.82</td><td>0.79</td><td>2.07</td><td>0.72</td><td>2.46</td><td>4.12</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.77</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>7.68</td><td>1.61</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.92</td><td>1.07</td><td>2.36</td><td>1.01</td><td>2.7</td><td>4.68</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.39</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. fuliginosa</i></th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>10.47</td><td>2.01</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.99</td><td>1.45</td><td>3.42</td><td>1.15</td><td>3.31</td><td>6.24</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.94</td><td>3.82</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.28</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>9.84</td><td>1.89</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.93</td><td>1.22</td><td>2.85</td><td>1.06</td><td>3.1</td><td>5.84</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.54</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>11.03</td><td>2.08</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.04</td><td>1.69</td><td>4</td><td>1.28</td><td>3.63</td><td>6.56</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.74</td><td>1.01</td><td>4.19</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>10.14</td><td>2</td><td>0.38</td><td>1.01</td><td>1</td><td>2.39</td><td>1.34</td><td>3.2</td><td>6.2</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.92</td><td>4.04</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.26</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>9.59</td><td>1.92</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.19</td><td>1.22</td><td>3</td><td>5.72</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.8</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.89</td><td>2.03</td><td>0.44</td><td>1.12</td><td>1.1</td><td>2.6</td><td>1.54</td><td>3.4</td><td>6.68</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.98</td><td>4.47</td></tr><tr><th><i>P.minime</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>8.64</td><td>2.01</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.89</td><td>1.23</td><td>2.83</td><td>0.98</td><td>2.74</td><td>4.72</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.86</td><td>3.3</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.1</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.31</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.88</td><td>1.18</td><td>2.73</td><td>0.93</td><td>2.64</td><td>4.54</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.19</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.03</td><td>2.12</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.9</td><td>1.28</td><td>2.97</td><td>1.07</td><td>2.82</td><td>5.13</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.46</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>8.29</td><td>1.88</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.87</td><td>0.89</td><td>2.07</td><td>1.04</td><td>2.6</td><td>4.77</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.58</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.16</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.1</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.79</td><td>0.81</td><td>1.98</td><td>0.96</td><td>2.48</td><td>4.48</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.82</td><td>3.31</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.54</td><td>2.05</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.98</td><td>2.15</td><td>1.19</td><td>2.7</td><td>5.11</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.94</td><td>3.71</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. muluensis</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (4)</td><td>7.35</td><td>1.73</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.9</td><td>1.95</td><td>0.95</td><td>2.43</td><td>3.96</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.83</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>6.99</td><td>1.46</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.77</td><td>1.82</td><td>0.93</td><td>2.26</td><td>3.61</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.74</td><td>2.61</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>7.59</td><td>1.87</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.96</td><td>1.04</td><td>2.08</td><td>0.99</td><td>2.56</td><td>4.35</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.93</td><td>3.01</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (3)</td><td>7.92</td><td>1.75</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.95</td><td>1</td><td>2.05</td><td>0.95</td><td>2.59</td><td>4.32</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.34</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.08</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.67</td><td>1.72</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.95</td><td>1.98</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.55</td><td>4.02</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.81</td><td>3.28</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.21</td><td>1.83</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.99</td><td>1.06</td><td>2.15</td><td>1.06</td><td>2.62</td><td>4.5</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.43</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. mysorensis</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (3)</td><td>10.82</td><td>2.05</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.07</td><td>1.62</td><td>3.69</td><td>1.12</td><td>3.54</td><td>6.43</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.72</td><td>0.93</td><td>4.14</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.21</td><td>0</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.32</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>10.69</td><td>1.92</td><td>0.27</td><td>1.03</td><td>1.51</td><td>3.44</td><td>1.01</td><td>3.41</td><td>6.3</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.71</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.92</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.96</td><td>2.14</td><td>0.42</td><td>1.12</td><td>1.71</td><td>3.95</td><td>1.21</td><td>3.63</td><td>6.67</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.97</td><td>4.37</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (2)</td><td>10.7</td><td>2.08</td><td>0.34</td><td>1.08</td><td>1.45</td><td>3.11</td><td>1.17</td><td>3.56</td><td>6.48</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.66</td><td>1</td><td>4.3</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.01</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>10.52</td><td>2</td><td>0.32</td><td>1.04</td><td>1.35</td><td>3.05</td><td>1.05</td><td>3.51</td><td>6.45</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.58</td><td>1</td><td>4.3</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.88</td><td>2.15</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.12</td><td>1.56</td><td>3.16</td><td>1.29</td><td>3.61</td><td>6.52</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.74</td><td>1.01</td><td>4.3</td></tr><tr><th><i>P.nigripennis</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.12</td><td>1.89</td><td>0.34</td><td>1.02</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.17</td><td>1.24</td><td>2.95</td><td>5.27</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.42</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.22</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.76</td><td>1.77</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.96</td><td>0.83</td><td>2.04</td><td>1.13</td><td>2.82</td><td>5.09</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.79</td><td>3.16</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.48</td><td>1.95</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.09</td><td>1</td><td>2.28</td><td>1.32</td><td>3.07</td><td>5.45</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.72</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>10.05</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.35</td><td>1.13</td><td>0.94</td><td>2.3</td><td>1.4</td><td>3.32</td><td>6.07</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.92</td><td>4.17</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.14</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>9.6</td><td>1.88</td><td>0.33</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.83</td><td>2.22</td><td>1.32</td><td>3.2</td><td>5.65</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.89</td><td>4.05</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.65</td><td>1.97</td><td>0.37</td><td>1.16</td><td>1.05</td><td>2.4</td><td>1.56</td><td>3.49</td><td>6.8</td><td>0.71</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.93</td><td>4.41</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. nigroalbus</i></th><td>♀</td><td>00040566</td><td>9.74</td><td>1.88</td><td>0.29</td><td>1</td><td>1.03</td><td>2.24</td><td>1.17</td><td>2.95</td><td>6.01</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.94</td><td>3.66</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. notata</i></th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.94</td><td>1.81</td><td>0.32</td><td>1.02</td><td>1.24</td><td>3.17</td><td>1.25</td><td>3.14</td><td>6.08</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.91</td><td>3.61</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.24</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>9.44</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.97</td><td>1.12</td><td>2.89</td><td>1.17</td><td>3.06</td><td>5.75</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.34</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.22</td><td>1.99</td><td>0.34</td><td>1.08</td><td>1.35</td><td>3.51</td><td>1.4</td><td>3.26</td><td>6.3</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.66</td><td>1.01</td><td>3.87</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.94</td><td>1.8</td><td>0.32</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.96</td><td>2.45</td><td>1.31</td><td>3.17</td><td>6.28</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.93</td><td>3.73</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.23</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>9.54</td><td>1.62</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.01</td><td>0.84</td><td>2.35</td><td>1.06</td><td>3</td><td>5.93</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.38</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.3</td><td>1.99</td><td>0.37</td><td>1.1</td><td>1.12</td><td>2.57</td><td>1.51</td><td>3.33</td><td>6.51</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.98</td><td>3.94</td></tr><tr><th><i>P.ractepilosa</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (2)</td><td>8.93</td><td>1.86</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.13</td><td>1</td><td>2.74</td><td>5.51</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.39</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.03</td><td>0</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.25</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.59</td><td>1.75</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.77</td><td>2.04</td><td>0.79</td><td>2.64</td><td>5.09</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>3.21</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.27</td><td>1.96</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.86</td><td>1.02</td><td>2.21</td><td>1.21</td><td>2.83</td><td>5.93</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.9</td><td>3.57</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.19</td><td>1.99</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.23</td><td>1.1</td><td>2.99</td><td>5.47</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.86</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.26</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.32</td><td>1.83</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.02</td><td>0.97</td><td>2.66</td><td>4.89</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.81</td><td>3.44</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.19</td><td>2.08</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.97</td><td>0.97</td><td>2.37</td><td>1.27</td><td>3.22</td><td>6.2</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.85</td><td>4.1</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. tricolor</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (2)</td><td>8.66</td><td>1.58</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.99</td><td>2.47</td><td>1.17</td><td>2.65</td><td>5.3</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.84</td><td>2.92</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.05</td><td>0</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.17</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.55</td><td>1.56</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.88</td><td>0.93</td><td>2.42</td><td>1.16</td><td>2.61</td><td>5.26</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.8</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.77</td><td>1.61</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.95</td><td>1.05</td><td>2.52</td><td>1.17</td><td>2.68</td><td>5.33</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.86</td><td>3.04</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (3)</td><td>9.33</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.92</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.17</td><td>1.13</td><td>2.77</td><td>5.6</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.19</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.7</td><td>1.67</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.88</td><td>2.07</td><td>1.02</td><td>2.66</td><td>5.44</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.8</td><td>2.98</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.15</td><td>1.73</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.92</td><td>2.25</td><td>1.28</td><td>2.86</td><td>5.76</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.34</td></tr></tbody></table>
Data from: Optimising sample sizes for animal distribution analysis using tracking data
<p><span>1. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of populations is fundamental to management plans for any species. When tracking data are used to describe distributions, it is sometimes assumed that the reported locations of individuals delineate the spatial extent of areas used by the target population.</span></p> <p><span>2. Here, we examine existing approaches to validate this assumption, highlight caveats, and propose a new method for a more informative assessment of the number of tracked animals (i.e. sample size) necessary to identify distribution patterns. We show how this assessment can be achieved by considering the heterogeneous use of habitats by a target species using the probabilistic property of a utilisation distribution. Our methods are compiled in the R package <i>SDLfilter</i>.</span></p> <p><span>3. We illustrate and compare the protocols underlying existing and new methods using conceptual models and demonstrate an application of our approach using a large satellite tracking data-set of flatback turtles, <i>Natator depressus, </i>tagged with accurate Fastloc-GPS tags (n = 69).</span></p> <p><span>4. Our approach has applicability for the post-hoc validation of sample sizes required for the robust estimation of distribution patterns across a wide range of taxa, populations and life history stages of animals.</span></p>
Presence-absence sampling for estimating plant density using survey data with variable plot size
1. Presence-absence sampling is an important method for monitoring state and change of both individual plant species and communities. With this method only the presence or absence of the target species is recorded on plots and thus the method is straightforward to apply and less prone to surveyor judgment compared to other vegetation monitoring methods. However, in the basic setting all plots must be equally large or otherwise it is unclear how data should be analyzed. In this study we propose and evaluate five different methods for estimating plant density based on presence-absence registrations from surveys with variable plot sizes. 2. Using artificial plant population data as well as empirical data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory we evaluated the performance of the proposed methods. The main analysis was conducted through sampling simulation in the artificial populations, whereby bias and variance of density estimators for the different methods were quantified and compared. 3. Both for state and change estimation of plant density, we found that the best method to handle variable plot size was to perform generalized least squares regression, using plot size as an independent variable. Methods where plots smaller than a certain threshold were excluded or their registrations recalculated were, however, almost as good. Using all registrations as if they were obtained from plots with the nominal plot size resulted in substantial bias. 4. Our findings are important for plant population studies in a wide range of environmental monitoring programmes. In these programmes plots are typically randomly laid out and may be located across boundaries between different land use or land cover classes, resulting in subplots of variable size. Such splitting of plots is common when large plots are used, e.g. with the 100 m2 plots used in the Swedish National Forest Inventory. Our methods overcome problems to estimate plant density from presence-absence data observed in plots that vary in size.
Data from: Inference of genetic architecture from chromosome partitioning analyses is sensitive to genome variation, sample size, heritability and effect size distribution
Genomewide association studies have contributed immensely to our understanding of the genetic basis of complex traits. One major conclusion arising from these studies is that most traits are controlled by many loci of small effect, confirming the infinitesimal model of quantitative genetics. A popular approach to test for polygenic architecture involves so‐called "chromosome partitioning" where phenotypic variance explained by each chromosome is regressed on the size of the chromosome. First developed for humans, this has now been repeatedly used in other species, but there has been no evaluation of the suitability of this method in species that can differ in their genome characteristics such as number and size of chromosomes. Nor has the influence of sample size, heritability of the trait, effect size distribution of loci controlling the trait or the physical distribution of the causal loci in the genome been examined. Using simulated data, we show that these characteristics have major influence on the inferences of the genetic architecture of traits we can infer using chromosome partitioning analyses. In particular, small variation in chromosome size, small sample size, low heritability, a skewed effect size distribution and clustering of loci can lead to a loss of power and consequently altered inference from chromosome partitioning analyses. Future studies employing this approach need to consider and derive an appropriate null model for their study system, taking these parameters into consideration. Our simulation results can provide some guidelines on these matters, but further studies examining a broader parameter space are needed.
Data from: A comparison of single-sample estimators of effective population sizes from genetic marker data
In molecular ecology and conservation genetics studies, the important parameter of effective population size (Ne) is increasingly estimated from a single sample of individuals taken at random from a population and genotyped at a number of marker loci. Several estimators are developed, based on the information of linkage disequilibrium (LD), heterozygote excess (HE), molecular coancestry (MC) and sibship frequency (SF) in marker data. The most popular is the LD estimator, because it is more accurate than HE and MC estimators and is simpler to calculate than SF estimator. However, little is known about the accuracy of LD estimator relative to that of SF and about the robustness of all single-sample estimators when some simplifying assumptions (e.g. random mating, no linkage, no genotyping errors) are violated. This study fills the gaps and uses extensive simulations to compare the biases and accuracies of the four estimators for different population properties (e.g. bottlenecks, nonrandom mating, haplodiploid), marker properties (e.g. linkage, polymorphisms) and sample properties (e.g. numbers of individuals and markers) and to compare the robustness of the four estimators when marker data are imperfect (with allelic dropouts). Extensive simulations show that SF estimator is more accurate, has a much wider application scope (e.g. suitable to nonrandom mating such as selfing, haplodiploid species, dominant markers) and is more robust (e.g. to the presence of linkage and genotyping errors of markers) than the other estimators. An empirical data set from a Yellowstone grizzly bear population was analysed to demonstrate the use of the SF estimator in practice.
Data from: Sex, size and timing: sampling design for reliable population genetics analyses using microsatellite data
1. Population genetics is used in a wide variety of fields such as ecology and biodiversity conservation. How estimated genetic characteristics of natural populations can be influenced by the sampling design has been a long-standing concern. Multiple simulation and empirical studies illustrated the influence of both sample size and polymorphism of markers. However, our review of studies on butterfly population genetics indicates no consensus on sample size for the estimation of genetic diversity or differentiation. Furthermore, other aspects of sampling design (sex ratio and timing of sampling) were not addressed and their potential impact on genetic parameter estimates rarely explored. 2. Using a large empirical dataset (with spatial and temporal replicates) collected on a butterfly species, Boloria aquilonaris, as well as simulated datasets reflecting (1) three scenarios of migration-genetic drift equilibrium and (2) one scenario of parameter stabilization after 100,000 generations, we quantified the impacts of three aspects of genetic sampling design (namely sample size, sex ratio, and timing of sampling) on the estimation of allele frequencies and its potential downstream impact on the estimation of genetic parameters. 3. With empirical data, we found that sample size and timing of sampling strongly affected the accuracy of allele frequencies and the downstream analyses, while sex ratio did not. Our results were consistent across spatial and temporal replicates. Also, with simulated data, we showed that the genetic sampling design had limited effect in systems where dispersal outweighs genetic drift, while it can have major consequences on our understanding of the genetic diversity and population differentiation in systems dominated by genetic drift (such as most study systems with conservation concerns). 4. We advocate for careful consideration of all aspects of the sampling design in population genetics studies, i.e. a sufficient number of samples, while ensuring similar sex ratio among sampling locations and collecting with timing appropriate to the question under study. This is particularly important when the study aims at species conservation.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.