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513 results for “Sawflies”
FIGURE 10 in Caliroa slug sawflies of Japan (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 10. Lances and lancets (A, C, E, G, I, K) and middle ventral parts of lancets (B, D, F, H, J, L). A–H, Caliroa zelkovae: A, B, lectotype of C. zelkovae; C, D, holotype of C. zelkova; E, F, Nakagawa, host Ulmus davidiana var. japonica; G, H, Nakagawa, host Prunus domestica. I, J, C. matsumotonis, Higashine. K, L, C. nire, holotype. 1, 5, 7, first (most basal), fifth, seventh serrula. G, H, reversed.
Data from: History, geography, and host use shape genome-wide patterns of genetic variation in the redheaded pine sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei)
Divergent host use has long been suspected to drive population differentiation and speciation in plant-feeding insects. Evaluating the contribution of divergent host use to genetic differentiation can be difficult, however, as dispersal limitation and population structure may also influence patterns of genetic variation. In this study, we use double-digest restriction-associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing to test the hypothesis that divergent host use contributes to genetic differentiation among populations of the redheaded pine sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei), a widespread pest that uses multiple Pinus hosts throughout its range in eastern North America. Because this species has a broad range and specializes on host plants known to have migrated extensively during the Pleistocene, we first assess overall genetic structure using model-based and model-free clustering methods, and identify three geographically distinct genetic clusters. Next, using a composite-likelihood approach based on the site frequency spectrum and a novel strategy for maximizing the utility of linked RAD markers, we infer the population topology and date divergence to the Pleistocene. Based on existing knowledge of Pinus refugia, estimated demographic parameters, and patterns of diversity among sawfly populations, we propose a Pleistocene divergence scenario for N. lecontei. Finally, using Mantel and partial Mantel tests, we identify a significant relationship between genetic distance and geography in all clusters, and between genetic distance and host use in two of three clusters. Overall, our results indicate that Pleistocene isolation, dispersal limitation, and ecological divergence all contribute to genome-wide differentiation in this species, and support the hypothesis that host use is a common driver of population divergence in host-specialized insects.
Data from: Early wasp plucks the flower: disparate extant diversity of sawfly superfamilies (Hymenoptera: 'Symphyta') may reflect asynchronous switching to angiosperm hosts
The insect order Hymenoptera originated during the Permian nearly 300 million years ago. Ancestrally herbivorous hymenopteran lineages today make up the paraphyletic suborder 'Symphyta,' which encompasses circa 8200 species with very diverse host-plant associations. We used phylogeny-based statistical analyses to explore drivers of diversity dynamics within the 'Symphyta,' with a particular focus on the hypothesis that diversification of herbivorous insects has been driven by the explosive radiation of angiosperms during and after the Cretaceous. Our ancestral-state estimates reveal that the first symphytans fed on gymnosperms, and that shifts onto angiosperms and pteridophytes—and back—have occurred at different time intervals in different groups. Trait-dependent analyses indicate that average net diversification rates do not differ between symphytan lineages feeding on angiosperms, gymnosperms, or pteridophytes, but trait-independent models show that the highest diversification rates are found in a few angiosperm-feeding lineages that may have been favored by the radiations of their host taxa during the Cenozoic. Intriguingly, lineages-through-time plots exhibit signs of an early Cretaceous mass extinction, with a recovery starting first in angiosperm-associated clades. Hence, the oft-invoked assumption of herbivore diversification driven by the rise of flowering plants may overlook a Cretaceous global turnover in insect herbivore communities during the rapid displacement of gymnosperm- and pteridophyte-dominated floras by angiosperms.
Data from: A new Cretaceous genus of xyelydid sawfly illuminating nygmata evolution in Hymenoptera
Background: Nygmata are prominent glandular structures on the wings of insects. They have been documented in some extant insects, including several families of Neuroptera and Mecoptera, the majority of Trichoptera, and a few of the hymenopteran Symphyta. However, because nygmata are rarely preserved in compression fossils, their early development and evolution are still enigmatic. For example, the only documented nygmata in the Hymenoptera are on the forewings of the Triassic xyelids Asioxyela paurura and Madygenius primitives. Results: This study describes and illustrates a new genus and species from the family Xyelydidae, Rectilyda sticta gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China. This genus has 1-RS reclival and linearly aligned with 1-M, which is different from all other genera in the Xyelydidae. In addition, R. sticta gen. et sp. nov. has clearly preserved nygmata: four symmetrical nygmata on each forewing and two on each hind wing. Conclusion: Previous reports of nygmata on the forewings of Triassic xyelids and extant sawflies, together with this new fossil record of nygmata, provide rare insights into their developmental trends, as well as into the evolution of hymenopterans and insects in general.
Data from: Oviposition traits generate extrinsic postzygotic isolation between two pine sawfly species
Background: Although empirical data indicate that ecological speciation is prevalent in nature, the relative importance of different forms of reproductive isolation and the traits generating reproductive isolation remain unclear. To address these questions, we examined a pair of ecologically divergent pine-sawfly species: while Neodiprion pinetum specializes on a thin-needled pine (Pinus strobus), N. lecontei utilizes thicker-needled pines. We hypothesized that extrinsic postzygotic isolation is generated by oviposition traits. To test this hypothesis, we assayed ovipositor morphology, oviposition behavior, and host-dependent oviposition success in both species and in F1 and backcross females. Results: Compared to N. lecontei, N. pinetum females preferred P. strobus more strongly, had smaller ovipositors, and laid fewer eggs per needle. Additionally, we observed host- and trait-dependent reductions in oviposition success in F1 and backcross females. Hybrid females that had pinetum-like host preference (P. strobus) and lecontei-like oviposition traits (morphology and egg pattern) fared especially poorly. Conclusions: Together, these data indicate that maladaptive combinations of oviposition traits in hybrids contribute to extrinsic postzygotic isolation between N. lecontei and N. pinetum, suggesting that oviposition traits may be an important driver of divergence in phytophagous insects.
FIGURES 1–6 in A new genus and species of Australian pergid sawfly (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Pergidae) causing damage on grass (Poaceae)
FIGURES 1–6, Dalia graminis: 1, Antenna in lateral view, 2, Head in dorsal view, 3, Fore wing, 4, Hind wing, 5, Lancet, 6, Full grown larva.
FIGURES 7–9 in A new genus and species of Australian pergid sawfly (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Pergidae) causing damage on grass (Poaceae)
FIGURES 7–9, Dalia graminis: 7, Larva feeding on host plant, 8, Eonymph removed from cocoon, with remains of cocoon on right, 9, Cocoon.
FIGURES 53–58 in Review and key to Nearctic Lathrolestes Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), with special reference to species attacking leaf mining tenthredinid sawflies in Betula Linnaeus (Betulaceae)
FIGURES 53–58. Habitus and faces: 53, L. syringe * Reshchikov; 54, L. barroni* Reshchikov; 55, L. fissus* Reshchikov; 56, L. thomsoni* Reshchikov; 57, L. soperi* Reshchikov; 58, L. nigricollis (Thomson, 1883). (*) Holotype.
FIGURE 21–40. 21–30 in Review and key to Nearctic Lathrolestes Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), with special reference to species attacking leaf mining tenthredinid sawflies in Betula Linnaeus (Betulaceae)
FIGURE 21–40. 21–30. Apex of gaster, showing last tergum and sternite, ovipositor and sheaths. Scale 0.50 mm. 21, L. bulbus Barron; 22, L. periclistae Barron; 23, L. luteolator (Gravenhorst); 24, L. mnemonicae (Rohwer);. 25, L. aquilus Barron; 26, L. convexus Barron; 27, L. gibbosus Barron; 28, L. pictus Cushman; 29, L. protrusus Barron; 30, L. truncatus (Provancher). Figures 31–36. Propodeum, dorsal view. 31, L. syringe* Reshchikov; 32, L. barroni* Reshchikov; 33, L. fissus* Reshchikov; 34, L. thomsoni* Reshchikov; 35, L. soperi* Reshchikov; 36, L. zeugophorea Barron; Figures 37– 40. First metasomal tergum: 37, L. fissus* Reshchikov; 38, L. thomsoni* Reshchikov; 39, L. soperi* Reshchikov; Male subgenital plate: 40, L. fissus* Reshchikov. (*) Holotype.
FIGURES 1–20 in Review and key to Nearctic Lathrolestes Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), with special reference to species attacking leaf mining tenthredinid sawflies in Betula Linnaeus (Betulaceae)
FIGURES 1–20. Apex of gaster, showing last tergum and sternite, ovipositor and sheaths. Scale 0.50 mm. 1, L. syringe* Reshchikov; 2, L. barroni* Reshchikov; 3, L. fissus* Reshchikov; 4, L. thomsoni* Reshchikov; 5, L. soperi* Reshchikov; 6, L. scutellatus (Ashmead); 7, L. breviremus Barron; 8, L. planus Barron; 9, L. platynus (Davis); 10, L. clavipes Barron; 11, L. euryremus Barron; 12, L. protenus Barron.; 13, L. tomostethi (Cushman); 14, L. erugatus Barron; 15, L. ensator (Brauns); 16, L. caudatus (Thomson); 17, L. constrictus (Provancher); 18, L. profenusae Barron; 19, L. ochraceus Barron; 20, L. carinatus Barron. (*) Holotype.
FIGURE 41–52. 41–50 in Review and key to Nearctic Lathrolestes Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), with special reference to species attacking leaf mining tenthredinid sawflies in Betula Linnaeus (Betulaceae)
FIGURE 41–52. 41–50. Tarsal claws: 41, L. syringe* Reshchikov; 42, L. barroni* Reshchikov; 43, L. fissus* Reshchikov. (*); 44–52. Tarsal claws: 44, L. thomsoni* Reshchikov; 45, L. soperi* Reshchikov; 46, L. platynus (Davis); 47, L. nigricollis (Thomson); 48, L. mnemoniacae (Rohwer) (from Barron, 1994); 49, L. dentatus Barron (from Barron, 1994); 50, L. clavipes Barron (from Barron, 1994); Figures 51, 52. Last tarsal articles: 51, L. nigricollis (Thomson); 52, L. zeugophorea Barron. (*) Holotype..
FIGURES 4–6 in Taxonomy of Dolerus subfasciatus auct. and D. subfasciatus F. Smith with notes on the sawfly subgenus Equidolerus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURES 4–6. Ovipositors / lancet: 4, digital image overlay of D. (E.) neoaprilis lectotype lancet (A) and ovipositor (B) of conspecific non-type specimen (same set of landmarks used as in Fig. 3); 5, D. (E.) pseudoanticus, ovipositor (paralectotype); 6, D. (E.) rhodogaster, ovipositor (lectotype of D. picinus rhodogaster).
FIGURES 15–17 in Taxonomy of Dolerus subfasciatus auct. and D. subfasciatus F. Smith with notes on the sawfly subgenus Equidolerus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURES 15–17. Penis valves (right valves, lateral outer aspect): 15, D. (E.) rhodogaster (non-type, ZIN); 16, D. (E.) lucidus (non-type, BMNH); 17, D. (E.) neoaprilis (non-type, USNM) and D. (E.) pseudoanticus (paralectotype): digital image overlay using landmarks (five encircled crosses correspond to landmarks and black arrows indicate structural details differentiable between D. neoaprilis [smaller arrows] and D. pseudoanticus [larger arrows]).
FIGURES 1–3 in Taxonomy of Dolerus subfasciatus auct. and D. subfasciatus F. Smith with notes on the sawfly subgenus Equidolerus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURES 1–3. Lancets (valvulae 1) of lectotype females: 1, D. (E.) subfasciatus (photo used with permission of BMNH); 2, D. picinus (= D. subfasciatus). 3, Digital overlay of the ovipositor images of lectotypes (Figs 1–2) for their visual comparison (nine encircled crosses correspond to landmarks).
FIGURES 11–14 in Taxonomy of Dolerus subfasciatus auct. and D. subfasciatus F. Smith with notes on the sawfly subgenus Equidolerus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURES 11–14. Male genitalia: D. (E.) neoaprilis (= D. subfasciatus auct. non F. Smith, USNM): 11, genital capsule in dorsal view; 12, right penis valve in lateral outer aspect; D. (E.) pseudoanticus (paralectotype): 13, genital capsule in dorsal view; 14, right penis valve in lateral outer aspect.
FIGURES 7–10 in Taxonomy of Dolerus subfasciatus auct. and D. subfasciatus F. Smith with notes on the sawfly subgenus Equidolerus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURES 7–10. Male genitalia: 7, D. (E.) subfasciatus (= D. picinus, NSMT): genital capsule in dorsal view; 8, right penis valve in lateral outer aspect; D. (D.) japonicus: 9, genital capsule in dorsal view (specimen from MZAT, see taxonomic notes for additional information); 10, right penis valve in lateral outer aspect.
FIGURES 18–20 in Taxonomy of Dolerus subfasciatus auct. and D. subfasciatus F. Smith with notes on the sawfly subgenus Equidolerus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURES 18–20. Labels from types / essential specimens (see taxonomic notes under D. subfasciatus for details): 18, D. picinus lectotype female; 19, D. picinus paralectotype male; 20, D. picinus male (possible syntype, MZAT).
FIGURE 8 in Xenoschesis Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing webspinning and leafrolling sawflies with descriptions of four new species and a key to Chinese species
FIGURE 8. Xenoschesis (Xenoschesis) tianzhuensis Sheng & Sun, sp. n. Holotype. 8a. Body, lateral view. 8b. Face. 8c. Vertex. 8d. Mesopleuron. 8e. Second and third terga of metasoma,. 8f. Apical portion of metasoma, lateral view.
FIGURE 2 in Xenoschesis Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing webspinning and leafrolling sawflies with descriptions of four new species and a key to Chinese species
FIGURE 2. Xenoschesis (Polycinetis) truncata Sheng & Sun, sp. n. Holotype. 2a. Body, lateral view. 2b. Face. 2c. Vertex. 2d. Mesopleuron. 2e. Second and third terga of metasoma. 2f. Apical portion of metasoma, lateral view.
FIGURE 1 in Xenoschesis Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing webspinning and leafrolling sawflies with descriptions of four new species and a key to Chinese species
FIGURE 1. Xenoschesis (Polycinetis) inareolata Sheng & Sun, sp. n. Holotype. 1a. Body, lateral view. 1b. Face. 1c. Vertex. 1d. Mesopleuron. 1e. Second and third terga of metasoma. 1f. Apical portion of metasoma, lateral view.
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