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Supplementary material 1 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Tables S1–S8
Figure 6 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure 6 Stacked frequency histograms of the diurnal A facultative low-light B and obligate low-light C bee species by the climate in which they were most frequently collected. Unknowns represent the species that could not be identified reliably to species or, in the case of two low-light species, those with no reliable coordinates (Suppl. material 6: Fig. S5). Patterned bars represent 'diurnal' species that were associated with facultative species, according to our PCA analyses (Fig. 4, Table 2); these species are indicated twice once in (A) and once in (B). Bolded numbers indicate the behavioural assignment of species without reassigning behavioural state according to PCA results (Table 1), numbers with asterisks indicate values according to PCA assignment (Table 2).
Figure 4 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure 4 Principal components one and two of A female and B male bees where symbols indicate family (Apidae: circles, Colletidae: triangles, Halictidae: squares, Megachilidae: crosses and Stenotritidae crossed-squares) and colour indicates known foraging behaviour (diurnal: red, facultative low-light: green and obligate low-light: blue). Measurements are defined in Fig. 1. Plots A and B indicate relative factor loadings for the morphological traits as vectors from the centroid. Discriminant scores for both C female and D male analyses for each behavioural group showing means and 95% confidence intervals.
Supplementary material 4 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure S3
Figure 3 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure 3 Number of Reepenia bituberculata on Dypsis lutescens palm flowers on the observed tree at the start of every five minute period on the morning of 17 Nov 2019. Civil start and sunrise are indicated by black vertical lines. Bee image is a female R. bituberculata.
Figure 2 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure 2 Foraging observations of Reepenia bituberculata and Meroglossa species. The bar shows night (purple) and day (yellow) with sunrise and sunset indicated above by longest vertical lines and civil (sun 6° below horizon), nautical (sun 12° below horizon) and astronomical (sun 18° below horizon) start and end shown by the lines decreasing in height to the left and right of sunrise and sunset, respectively. Numbers along the bottom of the bar indicate times of day. Thick horizontal black and red lines show when R. bituberculata and Meroglossa spp., respectively, were collected or observed to be active. Thinner solid lines show frequent observation periods (observed at least every 10 mins) when no bees were observed or caught on flowers, while dotted lines indicate sporadic observation periods (observed every hour or more) when no bees were observed or caught on flowers.
Supplementary material 3 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure S2
Figure 1 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure 1 Morphology measures taken from A frontal; inter-ocellar distance (IOD), ocello-ocular distance (OD), median ocellus width (MOW), head width (HW), the area of seven ommatidia twice (7c), eye area front times two (EAF), total face area (TFA) B above; intertegular distance (ID) and C laterally; head area side (HAS), the area of seven ommatidia twice (7c), head depth (HD), eye area (EAS) and mesosoma length (ML). Bars are 1 mm in length. Italicised direct measures are those that were not included in the final analyses. Example species is the diurnal Hylaeus (Hylaeteron) hemirhodus (Colletidae: Hylaeinae).
Supplementary material 6 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure S5
Figure 5 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure 5 Dorsal head of some included species and related species for comparison of ocelli size A male and B female Reepenia bituberculata (Halictidae: Nomiinae) collected in low-light conditions CLasioglossum (Chilalictus) ochroma (Halictidae: Halictinae), a species that has been hypothesised to be adapted to low-light conditions due to loss of pigment DMellitidia tomentifera (Halictidae: Nomiinae), a bee in the same subfamily as Reepenia without enlarged ocelli EMeroglossa gemmata (Colletidae: Hylaeinae) FM. impressifrons penetrata (Colletidae: Hylaeinae) GM. eucalypti (Colletidae: Hylaeinae) HHylaeus (Analastoroides) foveatus (Colletidae: Hylaeinae) a bee in the same subfamily as Meroglossa that lacks enlarged ocelli. Meroglossa gemmata has enlarged ocelli, consistent with adaptation to low-light conditions, comparable in relative size to R. bituberculata. The other two Meroglossa spp. (M. impressifrons penetrata and M. eucalypti) do not show such extreme morphological features compared to other members of the genus examined by Houston (1975), but are facultative low-light adapted. When compared to representatives from their respective subfamilies both Meroglossa (Hylaeinae) and Reepenia (Nomiinae) have relatively enlarged ocelli. Colours refer to those for each behavioural state in Fig. 4.
FIGURE 2. Cactopinus rhettbutleri, n in A new species of Cactopinus Schwarz from central Mexico (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
FIGURE 2. Cactopinus rhettbutleri, n. sp. Variations in male epistomal horns.
Abb. 1-6 in Neue gelb-schwarz gezeichnete Arten aus der Gattung Exochomoscirtes PIC 1916 (Coleoptera, Scirtidae) (154. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scirtidae)
Abb. 1-6: (1) Exochomoscirtes rutai nov.sp., 7. Sternit; (2) Exochomoscirtes rutai nov.sp., 9. Sternit; (3) Exochomoscirtes rutai nov.sp., Tegmen; (4) Exochomoscirtes herthae nov.sp., 7. Sternit; (5) Exochomoscirtes herthae nov.sp., 7. Tergit; (6) Exochomoscirtes herthae nov.sp., 8. Tergit.
Figure 1 from: Astafurova YV, Proshchalykin MY, Schwarz M (2018) The cuckoo bee genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) in Iran. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 66: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.66.29269
Figure 1 Sphecodesebmeri Astafurova & Proshchalykin, sp. n., holotype, male (a, d, f–i), S.nomioides Pesenko, male (b, e), and S.geoffrellus (Kirby), male (c): a–c genitalia, dorsal view d, e antennae, lateral view f habitus, lateral view g head, frontal view h mesosoma, dorsal view i metasoma, dorsal view.
Figure 1 from: Kavallieratos NG, Stanković SS, Schwarz M, Alissandrakis E, Athanassiou CG, Floros GD, Žikić V (2019) A survey of parasitoids from Greece with new associations. ZooKeys 817: 25-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.817.30119
Figure 1 Investigated areas marked on the map of Greece: 1 Almyros (Thessaly) 2 Agios Ioannis (Thessaly) 3 Agrioleukes (Thessaly) 4 Arogi (Thrace) 5 Athens (central Greece) 6 Grammos (Epirus) 7 Nemea (Peloponnese) 8 Tatoi (central Greece) 9 Thessaloniki (Macedonia) 10 Voutes (Crete).
Figure 2 from: Klopfstein S, Riedel M, Schwarz M (2019) Checklist of ichneumonid parasitoid wasps in Switzerland (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae): 470 species new for the country and an appraisal of the alpine diversity. Alpine Entomology 3: 51-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.31613
Figure 2 Altitudinal distribution of the number of specimens (left) and corresponding number of species (right) of ichneumonids in the GBIF database. The inlay on the left shows the relationship between the number of species per collected specimen and altitude, with the smoothing line fitted by the Loess algorithm.
Figure 1 from: Klopfstein S, Riedel M, Schwarz M (2019) Checklist of ichneumonid parasitoid wasps in Switzerland (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae): 470 species new for the country and an appraisal of the alpine diversity. Alpine Entomology 3: 51-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.31613
Figure 1 Occurrence data of the family Ichneumonidae (1,878 species recorded from Switzerland) and butterflies and zygaenid moths (226 species). The better-covered areas on the left map mostly reflect the main excursion areas of different hymenopterists, which might or might not correspond to centres of ichneumonid diversity. Note that the scale of the colour code is exponential.
Figures 8-11 from: Astafurova YV, Proshchalykin MYu, Schwarz M (2019) The distribution of the genus Sphecodes Latreille (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) of the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding countries with description of hitherto unknown female of S. atlanticus Warncke, 1992 and male of S. dathei Schwarz, 2010. ZooKeys 872: 13-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.872.35361
Figures 8-11 Mesosoma (8–10), dorsal view; lectotype labels (11). 8Sphecodes scabricollis Wesmael, male 9, 10S. atlanticus Warncke (9 – male, 10 – female) 11S. intermedius Blüthgen, label of lectotype. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Figures 16-19 from: Astafurova YV, Proshchalykin MYu, Schwarz M (2019) The distribution of the genus Sphecodes Latreille (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) of the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding countries with description of hitherto unknown female of S. atlanticus Warncke, 1992 and male of S. dathei Schwarz, 2010. ZooKeys 872: 13-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.872.35361
Figures 16-19 T1 (16, 17), metasoma (18, 19), females, dorsal view. 16Sphecodes majalis Pérez 17S. barbatus Blüthgen 18S. scabricollis Wesmael 19S. atlanticus Warncke. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Figures 2-7 from: Astafurova YV, Proshchalykin MYu, Schwarz M (2019) The distribution of the genus Sphecodes Latreille (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) of the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding countries with description of hitherto unknown female of S. atlanticus Warncke, 1992 and male of S. dathei Schwarz, 2010. ZooKeys 872: 13-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.872.35361
Figures 2-7 Head, females, frontal view. 2Sphecodes majalis Pérez 3S. scabricollis Wesmael 4S. barbatus Blüthgen 5S. atlanticus Warncke 6S. rubripes Spinola 7S. albilabris (Fabricius). Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Figures 22-25 from: Astafurova YV, Proshchalykin MYu, Schwarz M (2019) The distribution of the genus Sphecodes Latreille (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) of the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding countries with description of hitherto unknown female of S. atlanticus Warncke, 1992 and male of S. dathei Schwarz, 2010. ZooKeys 872: 13-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.872.35361
Figures 22-25 Genitalia, males, dorsal view. 22Sphecodes atlanticus Warncke 23S. scabri collis Wesmael 24S. dathei Schwarz 25S. crassus Thomson. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.
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