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Figure 5 in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figure 5. Duration of each round and that of arm-span competition occurred in each round (in seconds).

Figures 9a–9f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 9a–9f. Examples of physical combat in genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908. Figures 9a–9c. Adult males of H. minusalta Vachon, 1959. Figure 9d. An adult pair of H. jayakari (Pocock, 1895). Figure 9e. An adult pair of H. franzwerneri (Birula, 1914). Figure 9f. An adult pair of H. buchariensis (Birula, 1897).

Figures 10a–10c in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 10a–10c. Examples of three types of behavior observed among several species of Heterometrinae. Figure 10a. Arm-span competition (Chersonesometrus tristis). Figure 10b. Shielding response (strictly defined as an easily triggered response; Heterometrus species do exhibit similar posture but happens only when their pedipalps are suppressed; Srilankametrus yaleensis). Figure 10c. Aggressive response (here shows a pre-posture before "pinching" or "punching"; Heterometrus spinifer).

Figures 7a–7d in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 7a–7d. Examples of physical combat in other scorpions. Figure 7a. Adult females of Androctonus gonneti Vachon, 1948 aiming at each other with their metasoma (the accompanied juddering behavior cannot be illustrated by the figure). Figure 7b. A pair of adult A. gonneti, the female is controlling the telson of the male. Figures 7c–7d. Adults of Hottentotta salei (Vachon, 1980) controlling the telson of the opponent: female and male (c), and two males (d).

Figures 3a–3b in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 3a–3b. Comparison of aggression between arm-span competition and stinging fighting behavior. Figure 3a. No fighting occurred after one was pulled over (left, A1, right, C). Figure 3b. Violent fighting occurred at the initial stage when both individuals were infuriated (left, A1, right, B1).

Figures 8a–8f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 8a–8f. Examples of physical combat in other scorpions. Figures 8a–8c. Juveniles of Hadrurus arizonensis Ewing, 1928, performing the typical deterrent posture. Figures 8d–8f. Leiurus spp., performing the intimidation behavior: adult males of Leiurus jordanensis Lourenço et al., 2002 and L. haenggii Lowe et al., 2014 (d), adult males of L. jordanensis and L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (e), and an adult pair of L. jordanensis (f; male on the left).

Figures 6a–6d in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 6a–6d. Examples of similar behavior observed between two adult males in other Heterometrinae species. Figure 6a. Heterometrus minotaurus (above) and Heterometrus thorellii (below) (photo: V. Tang). Figure 6b. Chersonesometrus tristis (photo: V. Tang). Figure 6c. H. thorellii (photo: Gentia). Figure 6d. H. thorellii (below) and Heterometrus longimanus (above) (photo: Gentia).

Figures 2a–2f. Confronting stage. Figure 2a in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 2a–2f. Confronting stage. Figure 2a. Spreading the pedipalps, lateral view (left, A2, right, A1). Figure 2b. Spreading the pedipalps, posterior view (distal, A1, proximal, C). Figure 2c. Metasoma of the two males entangling with each other (left, C, right, A1). Figure 2d. One being lifted up by the "metasomal hook" (left, C, right, A1). Figure 2e. Lifting, lateral view (left, A1, right, C). Figure 2f. Lifting, posterior view (proximal, A1, distal, C).

Figures 169–187 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 169–187: Dentate margin of movable finger in Olivierus, showing complex (blue) and simple (green) subrows defined here; note: for clarity of explanation, the EAD is included within each complex subrow, but by definition it should be excluded. Figs. 169–183 are modified from Fet et al. (2018: figs. 304–313) and Fet et al. (2021: figs. 32, 43, 73, 84, 107). Figure 169. O. brutus, male paratype from Alamut, Qazvin Province, Iran. Figure 170. O. caucasicus, male from Melekli, Iğdir Province, Turkey. Figure 171. O. elenae, female holotype from Angor, Surxondaryo Province, Uzbekistan. Figure 172. O. gorelovi, male holotype from Tejen, Akhal Province, Turkmenistan. Figure 173. O. fuscus, female from Khuroson, Khatlon Province, Tajikistan. Figure 174. O. kaznakovi, male from Romit State Nature Reserve, Khatlon Province, Tajikistan. Figure 175. O. kreuzbergi, male holotype from Uzun, Surxondaryo Province, Uzbekistan. Figure 176. O. mischi, male holotype from Hazara Toghai, Balkh Province, Afghanistan. Figure 177. O. nenilini, male holotype from Mingbulak, Namangan Province, Uzbekistan. Figure 178. O. parthorum, male from Afghanistan. Figures 179–180. O. mikhailovi, paratype male (179) and female (180) from Bel'tau Mts., Turkistan Province, Kazakhstan.

Figures 157–162 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 157–162: Exemplar specimens of Olivierus martensii (Karsch, 1879) in vivo habitus. Figures 157–158. Adult male (157) and female (158) of typical phenotype from Luoyang City, Henan Province, China. Figures 159–160. Hypomelanistic (159; adult male) and piebaldistic (160; immature males) phenotypes. Figures 161–162. Leucistic (161; immature male) and albino (162; adult female) phenotypes.

Figures 155–156 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 155–156: Comparison between Olivierus longichelus, O. przewalskii and Mesobuthus thersites (left to right). Figure 155. Adult females. Figure 156. Adult males.

Figures 163–168 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 163–168: Raw stacked photos (unmatted) of typical adult male and female O. martensii from Luoyang City, Henan Province, China, under white light: chelae in external view (163, 166), metasoma V in ventral view (164, 167), and telo- and basitarsi of right 3rd leg in retrolateral view (165, 168). Figures 163–165. Male. Figures 166–168. Female.

Figures 150–151 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 150–151: Additional Olivierus longichelus populations used for DNA sequencing. Figure 150. Juvenile male from Korgas County (left) and adult male from Khorgos City (right). Figure 151. Adult male from Shawan City (left) and adult female from Wujiaqu City (right).

Figures 152–154 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 152–154. Olivierus longichelus from Korgas County (152–153) and its natural habitat (154). Photo: Yizun Wang.

Figures 140–145 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 140–145: Selected Olivierus przewalskii specimens from northern Xinjiang in vivo habitus. Figures 140–143. Specimens from Bole City: adult female (140), juvenile female (141) and adult males (142–143) of different sizes. Figures 144–145. Specimens from Ghulja (Yining) County: adult female (144) and male (145).

Figures 146–149 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 146–149: Selected Olivierus przewalskii specimens from southern Xinjiang in vivo habitus. Figures 146–148. Specimens from Yarkant (Shache) County: adult females (146–147) of different sizes and adult male (148). Figure 149. Specimen from Makit County: adult male.

Figures 136–139 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 136–139: Selected Olivierus longichelus specimens in vivo habitus. Figure 136. Adult male from Ghulja (Yining) County. Figure 137. Adult male from Yarkant (Shache) County. Figures 138–139. Adult (138) and subadult (139) males from Makit County.

Figures 132–135 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 132–135: Selected Olivierus longichelus specimens in vivo habitus. Figures 132–133. Adult males from Jinghe County, showing different colorations. Figures 134–135. Adult female (134) and male (135) from Bole City.

Figures 77–90 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 77–90: Olivierus przewalskii (Birula, 1897), telson in lateral view (77, 84), chelicera in dorsal (78, 86) and ventral (79, 85) views, right pedipalp chela in dorsal (80, 87) and external (81, 88) views under white light, and dentate margin of movable finger under white (82, 89) and UV (83, 90) light. Figures 77–83. Male from Ghulja (Yining) County. Figures 84–90. Female from Yarkant (Shache) County. Scale bars = 5 mm (77, 81, 84, 88), 2 mm (82, 89) and 1 mm (78, 86).

Figures 128–130 in Revision of the genus Olivierus in Xinjiang, China, with comments on Mesobuthus thersites (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 128–130: Morphometric visualization of PTC and distribution map. Figure 128. Box and whisker plot visualizing the discrepancy of PTC frequency between male and female O. longichelus (all localities) and O. przewalskii based on "exclusive" method (median of each quartile Q excluded), with values of maximum, Q 3, median, Q 1, minimum, and outliers labeled. Means (denoted as ×) for each box are as follows (left to right): 27.62, 22.95, 20.65, and 17.79. Medians for male O. longichelus and female O. przewalskii are 28 and 18, respectively. Figure 129. Horizontal bar plot visualizing the mean PTC of male O. longichelus. Error bars are standard errors. Vertical line represents the mean male PTC of all localities (27.62). Note that the sample sizes for different localities can be significantly different (see Table 4). Figure 130. Map showing the localities of Olivierus spp. in Xinjiang (China) and adjacent countries with exact coordinates: topotypes examined in this study; "M. c. intermedius" studied in previous Chinese papers; O. longichelus holotype locality (★); O. bolensis (syn. n. with O. longichelus) holotype (▲) and paratype (●) localities; O. karshius (syn. n. with O. longichelus) holotype (▼) and paratype (●) localities; O. przewalskii localities (⬣); O. sp. (now confirmed as O. longichelus) from Wujiaqu (■); O. sp. (now confirmed as O. longichelus) from Shawan (■); O. sp. (now confirmed as O. longichelus) from Korgas (■); O. sp. (now confirmed as O. longichelus) from Khorgos (■); O. mikhailovi localities (●); O. tarabaevi (syn. n. with O. longichelus) localities (●; the locality in Kapchagay, as above discussed, may be erroneous in terms of the specimen identity but reasonable in terms of the geography); O. voldemari localities (●). One locality of O. karshius in Artux is exactly the same as one locality of O. przewalskii (39°42'N 76°09'E (Sun & Sun, 2011: 60, 63)); locality of "M. c. intermedius" in Chardara is overlapped with one locality of O. mikhailovi.