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221 results for “Sea Urchin”
FIGURE 1 in Morphology and infraciliature of the oligotrich ciliate Strombidium rapulum (Yagiu, 1933) Kahl, 1934 (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) from the intestine of sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Agassiz
FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E–G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H,I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G–I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Morphology and infraciliature of the oligotrich ciliate Strombidium rapulum (Yagiu, 1933) Kahl, 1934 (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) from the intestine of sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Agassiz
FIGURE 2. Microphotographs of Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A–D, F), after Methylgreen Pyronine staining and protargol impregnation (G–K). (A) A typical individual, arrowheads indicate lightreflecting granules in the cytoplasm while arrow marks the tail. (B) A slightly pressed specimens, to show lightreflecting granules in the cytoplasm (arrowheads). (C) Dorsal view, to show the protrusion between anterior membranelles (arrowheads). (D) To show details of the tail (arrow). (E) Ventral view, arrowhead marks the macronucleus. (F) Apical view, to show the apical protrusion (arrow). (G) Ventral view, to show the buccal apparatus. (H) Details of the anterior membranelles, arrowheads demonstrate the argentophilic fibres. (I) Ventral view, arrowheads indicate the girdle kinety, which is composed of monokinetids. (J) To show the ventral kinety (arrowheads). (K) Lateral view, to show the macronucleus. Scale bars = 60 µm.
FIGURE 2. Syndesmis patagonica, new species. A in Syndesmis patagonica n. sp. (Rhabdocoela: Umagillidae) from the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 2. Syndesmis patagonica, new species. A. Entire worm, dorso-ventral view. B. Sagittal reconstruction.
FIGURE 3 in Syndesmis patagonica n. sp. (Rhabdocoela: Umagillidae) from the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 3. Geographical distribution of species of Syndesmis. 1. Syndesmis echinorum. 2. S. franciscana. 3. S. antillarum. 4. S. dendrastrorum. 5. S. atriovillosa. 6. S. punicea. 7. S. pallida. 8. S. glandulosa. 9. S. evelinae. 10. S. compacta. 11. S. mammilata. 12. S. philippinensis. 13. S. alcalai. 14. S. aethopharynx. 15. S. albida. 16. S. rubida. 17. S. collongistyla. 18. S. obhoriensis. 19. S. inconspicua. 20. S. neglecta. 21. S. longicanalis. 22. S. cannoni. 23. S. echiniacuti. 24. S. patagonica n. sp.
FIGURE 1 in Syndesmis patagonica n. sp. (Rhabdocoela: Umagillidae) from the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 1. Digital photographs of Syndesmis patagonica, new species. A. Entire worm, holotype; B. Detail of the penis stylet, holotype; C. Detail of the penis stylet in sagittal section, paratype. D. Detail of the anterior part of the seminal receptacle, holotype; E. Detail of the seminal receptacle in cross section, paratype.
FIGURE 5 in A new Clathria (Demospongiae, Microcionidae) from Peru occurring on rocky substrates as well as epibiontic on Eucidaris thouarsii sea urchins
FIGURE 5. Spicule composition of a red Clathria (Microciona) aculeofila sp. nov. (MNRJ 11449) in SEM. A–C, principal subtylostyles; D–F, details of respectively A–C; G–I, accessory acanthostyles; J, detail of I; K–M auxillary styles and subtylostyles; N–P, details of the base of K–M; Q–R, details of the extremities of L–M; S, toxas; T, isochelae. Scale bars: A–C = 100 ìm; G–I = 20 ìm; J = 5 ìm; K–M = 50 µm; N–R = 10 µm; S = 20 µm; T = 5 µm.
FIGURE 4 in A new Clathria (Demospongiae, Microcionidae) from Peru occurring on rocky substrates as well as epibiontic on Eucidaris thouarsii sea urchins
FIGURE 4. Ground section of a spine of the sea urchin Eucidaris thouarsii covered by Clathria (Microciona) aculeofila sp. nov. MNRJ 13317. Scale bar = 200 µm.
FIGURE 6 in A new Clathria (Demospongiae, Microcionidae) from Peru occurring on rocky substrates as well as epibiontic on Eucidaris thouarsii sea urchins
FIGURE 6. Spicule composition of a yellow Clathria (Microciona) aculeofila sp. nov. (MNRJ 12982) in SEM. A–C, principal subtylostyles; D–E, details of respectively A–B; F–G, accessory acanthostyles; H, detail of G; I–J auxillary styles and subtylostyles; K–N, details of various auxillary styles and subtylostyles; O, toxas; P, isochelae. Scale bars: A–C = 100 ìm; D– E = 10 ìm; F–G = 20 ìm; H = 5 µm; I–J = 50 µm; K–N = 10 µm; O = 20 µm; P = 5 µm.
FIGURE 3 in A new Clathria (Demospongiae, Microcionidae) from Peru occurring on rocky substrates as well as epibiontic on Eucidaris thouarsii sea urchins
FIGURE 3. Transversal fracture of a spine of the sea urchin Eucidaris thouarsii (SEM) showing the structure of the skeleton of Clathria (Microciona) aculeofila sp. nov. MNRJ 13317. 1 = basal layer of spongin, 2 = echinated paucispicular fibres.
FIGURE 1 in A new Clathria (Demospongiae, Microcionidae) from Peru occurring on rocky substrates as well as epibiontic on Eucidaris thouarsii sea urchins
FIGURE 1. Map of Peru with collection localities of Clathria (Microciona) aculeofila sp. nov. and details of the Punta Sal region. 1 = Cancas; 2 = Punta Sal, Punta Sal Balneario I and Punta Sal Balneario II; 3 = Máncora; 4 = El Ñuro; 5 = Lobos de Afuera Islands.
FIGURE 2 in A new Clathria (Demospongiae, Microcionidae) from Peru occurring on rocky substrates as well as epibiontic on Eucidaris thouarsii sea urchins
FIGURE 2. Clathria (Microciona) aculeofila sp. nov. in situ on spines of the sea urchin Eucidaris thouarsii (a, b, c, d) and encrusting rocky substrates (e, f). a, b = CZA 11332, c = CZA 12981, d = CZA 12982, e = CZA 11437, f = CZA 13031. White arrows indicate the sponge; black arrows indicate bare spines or bare tips of the spines. Scale bars: a = 3 cm; b = 2 cm; c = 3 cm; d - f = 2 cm.
Fig. 5 in Comparative evaluation of coelomocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins: Description of new cell types and insights on spherulocyte maturation and sea urchin physiology
Fig. 5. Diameter of spherules in live spherulocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins. Different letters indicate significant differences (p <0.05) among cell types in two-way ANOVA analyses. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean.
Fig. 7 in Comparative evaluation of coelomocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins: Description of new cell types and insights on spherulocyte maturation and sea urchin physiology
Fig. 7. Spherule diameter of stained red spherulocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins. A and B – Pearson correlation between nucleus diameter and spherule diameter in P. gaimardi and P. lividus respectively. C – Comparison of spherule diameter in different morphotypes (M1 to M3) P. gaimardi and P. lividus. Capital letters – P. gaimardi, Small letters – P. lividus. Distinct letters show significant differences among morphotypes (p <0.05).
Fig. 2 in Comparative evaluation of coelomocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins: Description of new cell types and insights on spherulocyte maturation and sea urchin physiology
Fig. 2. Scanning electron microscopy of mature coelomocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins. A-F – coelomocytes of P. gaimardi; G-L – coelomocytes of P. lividus. A and G – Phagocyte; B and H – Vibratile cell; C – Crystal cell; I – Progenitor cell; D and J – Red spherulocyte; D inset – Typical mature Red spherulocyte; E and K – Colorless spherulocyte; F and L – Granular spherulocyte. Arrowhead = Flagellum; Asterisk = nucleus. Scale: A = 10 μm; B-L = 5 μm.
Fig. 6 in Comparative evaluation of coelomocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins: Description of new cell types and insights on spherulocyte maturation and sea urchin physiology
Fig. 6. Morphometry of different morphotypes (M1 to M3) of spherulocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins. A, D, and G – Nucleus diameter; B, E, and H – Cytoplasm diameter; C, F, and I – Nucleus/Cytoplasm Ratio. Capital letters – P. gaimardi, Small letters – P. lividus. For each parameter, distinct letters show significant differences among stages (p <0.05), with uppercase to P. gaimardi and lowercase to P. lividus. Asterisk (*) shows significant differences between species (p <0.05). Legend: N/C ratio = Nucleus/Cytoplasm Ratio.
Fig. 1 in Comparative evaluation of coelomocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins: Description of new cell types and insights on spherulocyte maturation and sea urchin physiology
Fig. 1. Live and stained mature coelomocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins. A-L – coelomocytes of P. gaimardi; M-X – coelomocytes of P. lividus. A, G, M, and S – Phagocytes; B, H, N, and T – Vibratile cell; C and I – Crystal cell; O and U – Progenitor cell; D, J, P, and V – Red spherulocyte; E, K, Q, and W – Colorless spherulocyte; F, L, R, and X – Granular spherulocyte. Columns A-F and M-R – Live cells; Columns G-L and S-X – Stained cells; A-B and D-F – Differential interference contrast; C and M-R – Light microscopy; G, J-L, S, V inset, W and X – Mallory's trichrome; H–I, T-V, and X Inset – Toluidine blue. Black arrowhead = Flagellum; white arrowhead = crystalloid; Arrow = nucleus. Scale: A-X = 10 μm; Insets = 5 μm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Sea Urchin Fossil
From the GNS Science National Paleontological Collection. This is a fossil echinoid or sea urchin or kina in the extinct family Orthopsidae. Its exact species is unkown. It was collected from Waikaretāheke River, Taramarama, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. It is between 5 and 11 million years old, from the Upper Miocene. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Pigmentation biosynthesis influences the microbiome associated with sea urchins
<p>Organisms living on the seafloor are subject to encrustations by a wide variety of animal, plants, and microbes. Sea urchins, however, thwart this covering. Despite having a sophisticated immune system, there is no clear mechanism that allows sea urchins to remain clean. Here, by using CRISPR/Cas9, we test the hypothesis that pigmentation biosynthesis in sea urchin spines influences their interactions with microbes in vivo. We have three primary findings. First, the microbiome of sea urchin spines are species-specific and that much of this community is lost in captivity. Second, different color morphs associate with bacterial communities that are similar in composition and structure. Lastly, the gene activity of the pigmentation biosynthesis genes polyketide synthase and flavin-dependent mono-oxygenase induces a shift in which bacterial taxa colonize the tissues of sea urchin spines. We, therefore, find it plausible that host pigments are involved in host-microbe interactions and potentially in symbiotic homeostasis.</p>
Metabolic depression in sea urchin barrens associated with food deprivation
<p>The proliferation of sea urchins can decimate macroalgal forests in coastal ecosystems, leading to persistent barren seascapes. While kelp forests are among the most productive ecosystems on the planet, productivity in these urchin barrens is dramatically reduced. Moreover, urchins inhabiting these food-depauperate barrens face starvation and many survive in these barrens for years or decades. Urchins in barrens can persist by eating food subsidies from drift algae, pelagic salps, tubeworms, as well as encrusting and filamentous algae, microbial mats, and slow-growing species resistant to herbivory. Despite both food from endogenous production and exogenous subsidies, many urchins in barrens likely experience prolonged food deprivation. This resource limitation may create a trade-off between reproduction and survival; for example, fecundity of purple sea urchins (<em>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</em>) is 99.9% lower in barrens. Despite food constraints, red sea urchins (<em>Mesocentrotus franciscanus</em>), the dominant urchin species at our study sites, can live in excess of 100 years and barrens in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia (BC), Canada, have persisted for at least 143 years. While these phenomena are widespread and well documented, the bioenergetic adaptations that allow urchins to persist in these food-depauperate barrens remain poorly understood. To quantify habitat-specific differences in metabolic rates and energy reserves (as measured by gonadal mass), we conducted respirometry on and measured gonadal mass in <em>M. franciscanus</em> at three locations in BC inside and outside of adjacent kelp forest and barrens habitat. Here we demonstrate that <em>M. franciscanus</em> in barrens versus kelp forests have substantially lower energy reserves and, importantly, also exhibit dramatic reductions in size-specific resting metabolic rates (RMR), even after standardizing by metabolically active body mass. On average, gonadal mass was 44.6% lower and RMR scaled to metabolically active body mass was 40% lower in barrens urchins than in kelp forest urchins. Such a shift in metabolic rate may provide a mechanism that facilitates barren state stability over long time scales as <em>M. franciscanus</em> can lower energetic demands while they wait for small pulses of food, scrape by on low-productivity resources, and suppress recruitment of macroalgae for months, years, or decades.</p>
Distribution and abundance of intertidal sea urchins in South Africa
<p>This dataset contains data described in the paper entitled "Intertidal estimates of sea urchin abundance reveal congruence in spatial structure for a guild of consumers". Data include: (1) counts of intertidal sea urchins (<em>Diadema</em> cf. <em>savignyi</em>, <em>Echinometra mathaei</em>, <em>Parechinus angulosus</em>, <em>Stomopneustes variolaris</em>, and <em>Tripneustes gratilla</em>) made from 164 visits to 116 rocky shore sites across South Africa by six different observers; (2) GPS co-ordinates determined for every 1-km distance interval of the South African coastline starting from the mouth of the Orange River at the border of South Africa and Namibia; and (3) calculations of the amount of upstream and downstream rocky habitat from surveyed sites.</p>
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