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Figure 2. A in Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Figure 2. A, head shape landmarks on female Scaphinotus petersi biedermani from Rincon Mountains. Pronotum shape landmarks: (B) Scaphinotus petersi kathleenae male from Santa Rita Mountains; (C) Scaphinotus petersi biedermani female from Rincon Mountains.

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Figure 5 in Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Figure 5. Scatter plots of canonical variate analyses (CVA) for pronotum shape: CV1 versus CV2 of (A) female and (B) male pronota. Legend indicates the mountain ranges from where the specimen was collected. For both plots, shape deformation of pronotum is shown for the extreme points of each axis. A dotted line separates populations in clade A of the phylogenetic tree from those in clade B.

Figure 3 in Repeated evolution of sympatric, palaeoendemic species in closely related, co-distributed lineages of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) across a sky-island archipelago in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3. Habitat at the type locality of Hemiphyllodactylus bintik sp. nov., Gunung Tebu, Terenganu, Peninsular Malaysia.

Figure 4 in Repeated evolution of sympatric, palaeoendemic species in closely related, co-distributed lineages of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) across a sky-island archipelago in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 4. The results of the different partitioning schemes on node age estimates. When applicable, node age estimates from Heinicke et al. (2011) for nuclear DNA (nDNA) only and combined mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nDNA were includ- ed for comparative purposes.

Figure 2 in Repeated evolution of sympatric, palaeoendemic species in closely related, co-distributed lineages of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) across a sky-island archipelago in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 2. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype of Hemiphyllodactylus bintik sp. nov. (LSUHC 11216).

Figure 1. A, Bayesian time tree for Hemiphyllodactylus with 95 in Repeated evolution of sympatric, palaeoendemic species in closely related, co-distributed lineages of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) across a sky-island archipelago in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 1. A, Bayesian time tree for Hemiphyllodactylus with 95% highest posterior density (95% HPD) intervals for major nodes represented by purple bars. Black circles at nodes are posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95; grey circles at nodes are posterior probabilities <0.95. B, Bayesian time tree for the Hemiphyllodactylus harterti group. C, Distribution of the H. harterti group in Peninsular Malaysia.

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Supplementary material 1 from: DiDomenico A, Hedin M (2016) New species in the Sitalcina sura species group (Opiliones, Laniatores, Phalangodidae), with evidence for a biogeographic link between California desert canyons and Arizona sky islands. ZooKeys 586: 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.7832

Supplementary Tables 1–3 Table S1. Voucher and locality data Table S2. PCR primer and reaction information Table S3. GenBank accession information : Explanation note:

Fig. 14 in Sky island diversification in the Merodon rufus group (Diptera, Syrphidae)-recent vicariance in south-east Europe

Fig. 14 Overlapped environmental niche model of the predicted distribution for the M. rufus group under current, MOL, and LGM climatic conditions. Black color represents stable area. The inset in the

Fig. 11 in Sky island diversification in the Merodon rufus group (Diptera, Syrphidae)-recent vicariance in south-east Europe

Fig. 11 Male genitalia of Merodon orjensis Radenković et Vujić, sp. nova. a left surstyle, ventral view; b epandrium, lateral view; c hypandrium, lateral view. al—anterior surstyle lobe, mp— median part of susrtyle, pl— posterior surstyle lobe, t—spines on medium part of surstyle, ce— cercus, s—lateral sclerite of aedeagus, th—thorn on thecal ridge

Fig. 9 in Sky island diversification in the Merodon rufus group (Diptera, Syrphidae)-recent vicariance in south-east Europe

Fig. 9 Species tree chronogram of the M. rufus group obtained in BEAST. Mean node ages were estimated using a Strict clock model and Calibrated Yule model of speciation. The numbers represent divergence time in million years ago (Mya)

Fig. 10 in Sky island diversification in the Merodon rufus group (Diptera, Syrphidae)-recent vicariance in south-east Europe

Fig. 10 Male genitalia of Merodon kozufensis Radenković et Vujić, sp. nova. a left surstyle, ventral view; b epandrium, lateral view; c hypandrium, lateral view. al—anterior surstyle lobe, mp— median part of surstyle, pl— posterior surstyle lobe, t—spines on medium part of surstyle, ce— cercus, s—lateral sclerite of aedeagus, th—thorn on thecal ridge

Fig. 8 Maximum parsimony strict-consensus tree for the concatenated 3 in Sky island diversification in the Merodon rufus group (Diptera, Syrphidae)-recent vicariance in south-east Europe

Fig. 8 Maximum parsimony strict-consensus tree for the concatenated 3′-end and 5′-end mtCOI and 28S rRNA genes. Filled circles denote unique changes and open circles non-unique changes. 72 trees, length = 1935 steps, CI = 34, RI = 64

Fig. 5 in Sky island diversification in the Merodon rufus group (Diptera, Syrphidae)-recent vicariance in south-east Europe

Fig. 5 Metaleg in female. a Merodon rufus Meigen, 1838; b M. kozufensis Radenković et Vujić, sp. nova; c M. olympius Vujić et Radenković, sp. nova

Fig. 2 in Sky island diversification in the Merodon rufus group (Diptera, Syrphidae)-recent vicariance in south-east Europe

Fig. 2 Head of Merodon olympius Vujić et Radenković, sp. nova. a, c male; b, d female; a, b lateral view; c, d anterior view. o—oral margin

Fig. 12 in Sky island diversification in the Merodon rufus group (Diptera, Syrphidae)-recent vicariance in south-east Europe

Fig. 12 Topographic map with known occurrences of the M. rufus group in Europe (black and white areas represent lower and higher elevation, respectively)

FIGURE 4 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 4. Right everted hemipenis of Dipsadoboa montisilva sp. nov., holotype (PEM R21122) viewed from the asulcal surface. Note the zonal distribution of ornamentation with basal spines and calyculate cap, and the two largest basal spines (bottom right of image) that border the asucal nude zone.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 7. Kageler's Tree Snake, Dipsadoboa kageleri (Uthmöller, 1939) comb. nov. A: showing grey-olive body and dusky ventrum of an adult specimen from Oldanyo Sambu, northwest slopes of Mt Meru, Tanzania (captive specimen, not retained), B: right side of head showing three upper labials entering orbit, the enlarged semicircular nasal shield depression, and single temporal of the same specimen as in A. C: whole body showing light brown body and lighter ventrum of a juvenile specimen from Ngongongare Village near Arusha National Park (captive specimen, not retained), D: left side of head of same juvenile specimen as in C.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 3. Dipsadoboa montisilva sp. nov. Holotype, adult male, PEM R21122, Mt Mabu Forest Base Camp, Zambezia Province, Mozambique. A: whole body in life, showing uniform olive-brown dorsal coloration and showing the weakly-keeled orange ventrals, whose coloration suffuses onto the three adjacent lateral body scale rows. Head views of holotype (after preservation). B: right side of head showing ventral coloration extending onto upper labials, and two upper labials (4–5) entering orbit. C: dorsal surface of head. D: ventral surface of head showing paired anterior chin shields. E: juvenile female, PEM R21195, M'pàluwé Ridge Forest, Ribáuè Massif, Nampula Province, Mozambique, showing uniform light brown coloration, slightly paler ventrum, long tail and weakly-keeled ventrals.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 6. Examples of Dipsadoboa from East Africa and southern Africa. A: Dipsadoboa aulica, Matubatuba, KwaZulu-Na- tal Province, South Africa. B: Dipsadoboa flavida broadleyi, juvenile, Hadeni, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci). C: Dipsadoboa fla- vida broadleyi, adult, Hadeni, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci). D: Dipsadoboa werneri, juvenile (PEM R18889), Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci). E: Dipsadoboa werneri, adult, near Amani, Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood topology for Dipsadoboa, with bootstrap values shown for each node. Bootstrap values <60% are not included. Dipsadoboa montisilva sp. nov. are indicated for Mt Mabu and Mt Ribáuè.