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Fig. 4. Fruit and seed micromorphology. A–H. Psyllocarpus itakangapyra Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M in Two new species of Psyllocarpus (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae) from the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Fruit and seed micromorphology. A–H. Psyllocarpus itakangapyra Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M.Salas sp. nov.; P.L. Viana et al. 4415 (CTES). A–E. Capsule. A. Dehiscent capsule, lateral view. B. Valve, dorsal view. C. Valve, ventral view. D. Cross section capsule. E. Septum. F–H. Seed. F. Dorsal view. G. Ventral view, with diffuse strophiole. H. Detail of the testa. I–P. P. vianae Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M.Salas sp. nov.; P.L. Viana et al. 5887 (CTES). I–M. Capsule. I. Dehiscent capsule, lateral view. J. Valve, dorsal view. K. Valve, ventral view. L. Cross section of the valve, seed, and septum. M. Septum. N–P. Seed. N. Dorsal view. O. Ventral view. P. Detail of the testa. Abbreviations: s = seed; se = septum; v = valve. Scale bars: A–G, I–O = 200 µm; H, P = 20 µm.

Fig. 3. Flower micromorphology. A–I. Psyllocarpus itakangapyra Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M in Two new species of Psyllocarpus (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae) from the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 3. Flower micromorphology. A–I. Psyllocarpus itakangapyra Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M.Salas sp. nov.; P.L. Viana et al. 4415 (CTES). A. Flower bud. B. Papillate external surface of the corolla. C. Hypanthium, calyx, style, and stigma. D. Detail of style and stigma. E. Opened corolla. F. Papillate internal surface of the corolla lobes. G. Moniliform trichomes at internal surface of the corolla. H. Nectariferous disk, top view. I. Detail of striate nectariferous disk cells and functional stomata. J–R. P. vianae Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M.Salas sp. nov.; P.L. Viana et al. 5887 (CTES). J. Flower bud. K. Papillate external surface of the corolla. L. Hypanthium, calyx, style, and stigma. M. Detail of style and stigma. N. Opened corolla. O. Papillate internal surface of the corolla lobes and moniliform trichomes. P. Inner wall of a dehiscent anther, showing the prescence of orbicules. Q. Nectariferous disk, top view. R. Detail of striate nectariferous disk cells. Scale bars: A, C, E, J, L, N 200 µm; B, G, K, R = 20 µm; D, F, M = 50 µm; H, O, Q = 100 µm; I = 10 µm; P = 2 µm.

Fig. 2. Psyllocarpus vianae Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M in Two new species of Psyllocarpus (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae) from the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 2. Psyllocarpus vianae Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M.Salas sp. nov.; P.L. Viana et al. 5887 (CTES). A. Habit. B. Inflorescences at the apex of flowering branches. C. Detail of an inflorescence. D. Stipular sheath. E. Preanthetic flower bud. F. Flower. G. Hypanthium, calyx, style, and stigma. H. Opened corolla. I–M. Fruit. I. Dehiscent capsule, lateral view. J. Septum. K. Valve, seed, and septum, cross section. L. Valve, dorsal view. M. Valve, ventral view. N–O. Seed. N. Dorsal view. O. Ventral view. Illustration: L. Simón.

Fig. 6. A–F. Psyllocarpus itakangapyra Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M in Two new species of Psyllocarpus (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae) from the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 6. A–F. Psyllocarpus itakangapyra Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M.Salas sp. nov. A. Habitat, "campo rupestre" in Itacambira, Minas Gerais. B. Habit. C. Branch portion, showing the leaves. D. Inflorescences at the apex of flowering branches. E. Detail of the flowers. F. Capsules. G–M. P. vianae Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M.Salas sp. nov. G. Habitat, "campo rupestre" in Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais. H. Habit. I. Branch portion, showing the leaves. J. Inflorescences at the apex of flowering branches. K. Detail of preanthetic flower buds. L. Detail of an opened flower. M. Dehiscent capsule. Photos: A, C, G–J = R.M. Salas; B, D–F = J.A.M. Carmo; K–L = P.L. Viana; M = S.V. Sobrado.

Fig. 1. Psyllocarpus itakangapyra Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M in Two new species of Psyllocarpus (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae) from the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 1. Psyllocarpus itakangapyra Sobrado, J.A.M.Carmo & R.M.Salas sp. nov.; P.L. Viana et al. 4415 (CTES). A. Branch portion. B. Inflorescences at the apex of flowering branches. C. Detail of an inflorescence. D. Stipular sheath. E. Preanthetic flower bud. F. Flower. G. Hypanthium, calyx, style, and stigma. H. Opened corolla. I–M. Fruit. I. Dehiscent capsule, lateral view. J. Septum. K. Valve, seed, and septum, cross section. L. Valve, dorsal view. M. Valve, ventral view. N–O. Seed. N. Dorsal view. O. Ventral view. Illustration: L. Simón.

Fig. 4 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 4. Female genitalia, Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov., paratype (ISLA 363). A. Gonocoxite 2, dorsal aspect. B. Female reproductive tract in dorsal aspect. Abbreviations: b = base of gonocoxite 2; bc = bursa copulatrix; bl = blade of gonocoxite 2; co = common oviduct; des = dorsal ensiform seta; gc1 = gonocoxite 1; gc2 = gonocoxite 2; lt = laterotergite; sg = spermathecal gland; sgd = spermathecal gland duct; sp = spermatheca; ves = ventral ensiform setae; mpp = marginal pit pegs Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm; B = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 3. Male genitalia, Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. (ISLA 361). A. Median lobe of the aedeagus in lateral view. B. Right paramere. C. Left paramere. D. Male gonosomite. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 1. Illustrations of Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. (ISLA 66143) A. Eye detail, lateral view. B. Hindwing detail, dorsal view. C. Habitus, dorsal view. D. Detailed (bs) elytral basal/scutellar seta, (dc) elytral aplical discal seta of the 4th and 5th striae joint and umbilicate setae series elytral 8th stria. Scale bars: A, D = 0.2 mm; B = 0.1 mm; C = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 5 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 5. Geographic localization of P. (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. A. Éden cave, type locality. B. Perigona spelunca sp. nov. living specimen. C. Map of South America highlighting Brazil, Amazon rainforest, Atlantic rainforest and Cerrado Biomes, Minas Gerais state and the municipalities of Arcos, Pains and Doresópolis; the black areas correspond to the limestone groups in South America; the red dots represent all caves registered in the highlighted municipalities; the red star corresponds to Éden cave type locality and the yellow stars correspond to the others caves where P. spelunca sp. nov. was found. D. A small guano pile at Santuário cave. E. Santuário cave. (Photographs A and D are by Robson de Almeida Zampaulo; B and E are by Rodrigo L. Ferreira).

Fig. 2 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 2. Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. (ISLA 66142). A. Head, lateral view. B. Antennae, detail. C. Prosternum. D. Elytral pores 3–5, detail. E. Elytra, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bs = elytral basal/scutellar seta; dc = elytral aplical discal seta; ep1–15 = elytral pores of setae 1–15 from the umbilical series; ls = antennal scape long setae; soa = supraorbital setae anterior; sop = supraorbital setae posterior; ts = antennal trichoid sensilla. Scale bars: A, C = 250 μm; B = 150 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 500 μm.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Behavior preferences between medium-large mammals in Atlantic Forest and Cerrado inside a public university of Southeastern Brazil

<p>We studied large and medium-sized mammals in a modified landscape between the Atlantic Forest and a Cerrado transitional zone (Brazil). We used eight camera traps between August 2016 and August 2017, totaling 75840 camera hours or 3,160 camera trap days. The sampling effort was evaluated from a rarefaction curve based on the daily sampling. We conducted comparative univariate and multivariate ordination statistical analyses. We recorded 19 species in 13 families. The most recorded species were S. scrofa and Cerdocyon thous , while the least recorded were Cuniculus paca, Didelphis albiventris and Tamandua tetradactyla. Richness and total records do not differ among day period, month, season, vegetation type, and moon phase. Individually, species abundance nevertheless sometimes showed trends for these factors. S. scrofa dominated all landscapes and periods of the year because it is an opportunist species that rapidly reproduces and lacks natural efficient predators. The presence of this species reduces the dissimilarity of the community, but when it is removed, the dissimilarity of native species increases. The modified landscape studied here is an important area for mammalian fauna owing to high richness; some species in the area are threatened with extinction. The wide temporal sampling effort contributed to a high number of mammal species records, although without spatial variation.</p>

FIGURE 3 in Multidecadal fishers' knowledge reveals overexploitation of sharks in southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 3 | Best day's catches (number of individuals caught) according to hook and line fishers of Arraial do Cabo. A. Spinner shark, Carcharhinus brevipinna, with fourth order polynomial regression (r² = 0.02, p = 0.8); B. Shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, with second order polynomial regression (r² = 0.14, p = 0.46); C. Sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, with third order polynomial regression (r² = 0.08, p = 0.02).

FIGURE 5 in Multidecadal fishers' knowledge reveals overexploitation of sharks in southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 5 | Photographs showing past and present of beach seine catches of spinner shark, Carcharhinus brevipinna, caught in Arraial do Cabo, Brazil. A. Individuals caught in 1979; B. In 1996; C. In 2005; and D. In 2014. Images were kindly provided by interviewed fishers of Arraial do Cabo.

FIGURE 4 in Multidecadal fishers' knowledge reveals overexploitation of sharks in southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 4 | Spatial distribution of fishing grounds of best day's shark catches in Arraial do Cabo (number of individuals caught). A. Spinner shark, Carcharhinus brevipinna, catches from 1979 to 2005 and B. 2006 to 2019; C. Shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, catches from 1962 to 2005 and D. 2006 to 2019; E. Sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, catches from 1968 to 2005 and F. 2008 to 2019.

FIGURE 2 in Multidecadal fishers' knowledge reveals overexploitation of sharks in southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 2 | Spinner shark, Carcharhinus brevipinna, catches according to beach seine fishers in Arraial do Cabo (with second order polynomial regression line shown r2 = 0.09, p = 0.5).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Fig. 3 in Phyllanthus novofriburgensis and P. pedrosae, two new species of Phyllanthus subsect. Clausseniani (Phyllanthaceae) from Southeastern Brazil

Fig. 3. Distribution map of Phyllanthus novofriburgensis J.C.R.Mendes, J.M.A.Braga & Fraga sp. nov. (white square) and P. pedrosae J.C.R.Mendes, J.M.A.Braga & Fraga sp. nov. (white circle). State abbreviations: ES = Espírito Santo; MG = Minas Gerais; RJ = Rio de Janeiro; SP = São Paulo.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Fig. 4. Phyllanthus pedrosae J.C.R.Mendes, J.M.A in Phyllanthus novofriburgensis and P. pedrosae, two new species of Phyllanthus subsect. Clausseniani (Phyllanthaceae) from Southeastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Phyllanthus pedrosae J.C.R.Mendes, J.M.A.Braga & Fraga sp. nov. A‒B. Habitat. C. Branches (in detail the shape of the branches, as well as the apex of the leaf blade). D. Floral branches. E. Branches with a staminate flower in detail. F‒G. Capsule. Photos by J.C.R. Mendes (A–B), L. Pedrosa (C–E) and F–G by M.C.T.B. Messias (OUPR [6395]).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Fig. 1. A‒F. Phyllanthus novofriburgensis J.C.R.Mendes, J.M.A in Phyllanthus novofriburgensis and P. pedrosae, two new species of Phyllanthus subsect. Clausseniani (Phyllanthaceae) from Southeastern Brazil

Fig. 1. A‒F. Phyllanthus novofriburgensis J.C.R.Mendes, J.M.A.Braga & Fraga sp. nov. A. Branches. B. Leaf blade. C. Cymule. D. Staminate flower. E. Pistillate flower. F. Capsule. G‒M. Phyllanthus pedrosae J.C.R.Mendes, J.M.A.Braga & Fraga sp. nov. G. Branches. H. Branch detail [angular]. I. Leaf blade [in detail the mucronate apex]. J. Staminate flower. K. Pistillate flower. L. Capsule. M. Seed. Illustration designs based on type specimens by Regina Carvalho.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

FIG. 3 in Bryophytes from Martírios-Andorinhas Mountain Ridge, a highly impacted Amazonia-Cerrado transition zone in southeastern Pará, Brazil

FIG. 3. — Exclusive and shared species in the vegetation types of the MartíriosAndorinhas Mountain Ridge. Abbreviations: GF, gallery forest; RF, riparian forest; SF, secondary forest; SV, savanna.