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FIG. 7 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 7. Ventral view of R. affinis skulls from Borneo (A — TK168483, ♀), Sumatra (B — MZB35882, ♀), Java (C — MZB34475, ♀), Malay Peninsula (D — IS110823.10, ♂; E — IS120122.1, ♂) and India (F — HZM4.28148). Scale = 5 mm

FIG. 4 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 4. Noseleaf variation of R. affinis in the Sundaic subregion (specimen from northern India included for comparison). Kabumen, Central Java (A — MZB34475, ♀); Musoorie, northern India (B — HZM.4.28148, ♂); Sarawak, northwest Borneo (C — TK152216, ♀); Lampung, southwestern Sumatra (D — MZB34965, ♀); Narathiwat, southern Malay Peninsula (E — IS120122.1, ♂); Songkhla, southern Malay Peninsula (F — IS110823.10, ♂). Scale = 5 mm

FIG. 3 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 3. Lateral view of R. affinis skulls from Borneo (A — TK168483, ♀), Sumatra (B — MZB35882, ♀), Central Java (C — MZB34475, ♀), Malay Peninsula (D — IS110823.10, ♂; E — IS120122.1, ♂) and India (F — HZM4.28148, ♂). Scale = 5 mm

FIG. 12 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 12. Distribution of COI clades of R. affinis in the Sundaic subregion. The shape of the symbols corresponds to clades defined in Fig. 11. Black symbols are sequences from the current study and Ith et al. (in review) whereas grey symbols are sequences from GenBank. Localities of the sequences not listed in the methods and materials of the current study are listed for the first time as following, ER = Endau Rompin National Park, Peninsular Malaysia; KL = Kuala Lompat, Pahang; NS = Negeri-Sembilan; TT = Thaninthary Div, Myanmar. Dashed arrows indicate the type localities of subspecies. Black solid arrows indicate the transition zones of biota in the peninsula

FIG. 9 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 9. Baysian phylogenetic tree based on Cytb gene. Scores on the branches refer to bootstrap support values (1,000 iterations) derived from maximum likelihood (1st score) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (2nd score); -- = no support value. The horizontal bars on the tree branches represent the 95% highest posterior density intervals for the divergence estimates. Specimens are labeled by specimen codes (CHGTK, EF, EU, JN, IS, MZB, PS and TK) and collecting localities. The symbols of clades correspond to the genetic distribution map, Fig. 10

FIG. 2 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 2. PCA of 12 external and cranial characters for R. affinis specimens from Borneo (black squares), Sumatra (black diamonds), southern Malay Peninsula (black circles) and northern Malay Peninsula (open circles)

FIG. 6 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 6. Dorsal view of R. affinis skulls from Borneo (A — TK168483, ♀), Sumatra (B — MZB35882, ♀), Java (C — MZB34475, ♀), Malay Peninsula (D — IS110823.10, ♂; E — IS120122.1, ♂) and India (F — HZM4.28148, ♂). Scale = 5 mm

FIG. 1 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 1. Sample localities and echolocation frequencies of R. affinis in the Sundaic subregion. M = Peninsular Malaysia, Sa = Sarawak, S = Sumatra, and T = Thailand. Abbreviations for localities are given in the methods and materials. The grey shading indicates the Sundaic biogeographic subregion following Woodruff (2010), green (zone A) and orange (B) shadings are the echolocation zones recognized in the Malay Peninsula. Dashed arrows indicate type localities and subspecies names, solid arrows indicate the transition zone of biota within the Malay Peninsula, dashed lines indicate the echolocation frequencies (min–max), and the two-headed arrows indicate the echolocation frequencies (min–max) as a whole from each echolocation zone. Note: the northern boundary of the Sundaic subregion is sometimes placed at the Isthmus of Kra (e.g., Lekagul and McNeely, 1988 and Corbet and Hill, 1992)

FIG. 5 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 5. Sella variation of R. affinis in the Sundaic Subregion (specimen from northern India included for comparison). Kabumen, Central Java (A — MZB34475, ♀); Musoorie, northern India (B — HZM.4.28148, ♂); Sarawak, northwest Borneo (C — TK152216, ♀); Lampung, southwestern Sumatra (D — MZB34965, ♀); Narathiwat, southern Malay Peninsula (E — IS120122.1, ♂); Songkhla, southern Malay Peninsula (F — IS110823.10, ♂). Scale = 5 mm

FIG. 8 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 8. Bacula of R. affinis from the Sundaic Subregion in lateral view (l), ventral view (v) and dorsal view (d); Sarawak, northwestern Borneo (A — TK152217); Lampung, southwestern Sumatra (B — MZB31501); Narathiwat, southern Malay Peninsula (C — IS120124.1). Scale = 1 mm

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

dryad32/100

The flow of axonal information among hippocampal subregions: 2. Patterned stimulation sharpens routing of information transmission

<p>The subregions of the hippocampal formation are essential for episodic learning and memory formation, yet the spike dynamics of each region contributing to this function are poorly understood, in part because of a lack of access to the inter-regional communicating axons. Here we reconstructed hippocampal networks confined to four subcompartments in 2D cultures on a multi-electrode array that monitors individual communicating axons. In our novel device, somal and axonal activity were measured simultaneously with the ability to ascertain the direction and speed of information transmission. Each subregion and inter-regional axons had unique power-law spiking dynamics, indicating differences in computational functions. After stimulation, spiking and burst rates decreased in all subregions, spikes per burst generally decreased, intraburst spike rates increased, and burst duration decreased, which were specific for each subregion. These changes in spiking dynamics post-stimulation were found to occupy a narrow range, consistent with the maintenance of the network at a critical state. Functional connections between the subregion neurons and communicating axons in our device revealed homeostatic network routing strategies post-stimulation in which spontaneous feedback activity was selectively decreased and balanced by decreased feed-forward activity. Post-stimulation, the number of functional connections per array decreased, but the reliability of those connections increased. The networks maintained a balance in spiking and bursting dynamics in response to stimulation and sharpened network routing. These plastic characteristics of the network revealed the dynamic architecture of hippocampal computations in response to stimulation by selective routing on a spatiotemporal scale in single axons.</p>

dryad32/100

Subregions specific dynamics of striatal dopamine

<div> <div> <div> <p>Transient increases in dopamine within the striatum can encode reward prediction errors, critical signals for updating predictions of future rewards. However, it is unclear how this mechanism can provide suitable feedback for predictions across a wide range of time horizons: from seconds or less (if singing a song) to potentially hours or more (if hunting for food). Here we report that dopamine transients in distinct striatal subregions convey prediction errors over distinct time scales. Dopamine dynamics systematically accelerated from ventral to dorsal- medial to dorsal-lateral striatum, in the tempo of their spontaneous fluctuations, their temporal integration of prior rewards, and their discounting of future rewards. This spectrum of time scales for evaluative computations can help achieve efficient learning and adaptive motivation for a wide range of behaviors.</p> </div> </div> </div>

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Dataset for "Sensitivity of subregional distribution of socioeconomic conditions to the global assessment of water scarcity"

<p>This dataset contains the data related to the final analysis for "Sensitivity of subregional distribution of socioeconomic conditions to the global assessment of water scarcity".</p>

FIGURE 8 in The first record of Ia io Thomas, 1902 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Sundaic Subregion, with a description of a new subspecies from peninsular Thailand

FIGURE 8. Bayesian phylogram using GTR+I+G nucleotide substitution model based on the mitochondrial CytB gene of Ia io and other vespertilionids as outgroup. The node labels indicate posterior probability values. Samples included in this analysis are listed in Appendix.

FIGURE 5 in The first record of Ia io Thomas, 1902 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Sundaic Subregion, with a description of a new subspecies from peninsular Thailand

FIGURE 5. Biplot between skull length and maxillary toothrow length of I. io peninsulata subsp. nov. and I. io io.

FIGURE 2 in The first record of Ia io Thomas, 1902 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Sundaic Subregion, with a description of a new subspecies from peninsular Thailand

FIGURE 2. Ia io peninsulata subsp. nov., PSUZC-MM2012.159 (paratype), female, from peninsular Thailand. Not to scale.

FIGURE 1 in The first record of Ia io Thomas, 1902 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Sundaic Subregion, with a description of a new subspecies from peninsular Thailand

FIGURE 1. Map of the localities of specimens of Ia io analysed in this study; black dots = specimens examined for morphological analysis only; red dots = specimens used for genetic analysis only; half black/red dots = specimens used for both morphological and genetic analyses. Type localities of the nominate subspecies io and the new subspecies peninsulata, as well as the other two synonyms, Ia longimana and Parascotomanes beaulieui, are indicated. The grey shaded area is the known distribution of Ia io based on data in the IUCN Red List.

FIGURE 4 in The first record of Ia io Thomas, 1902 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Sundaic Subregion, with a description of a new subspecies from peninsular Thailand

FIGURE 4. Dorsal (left) and ventral view (right) of the baculum of I. io peninsulata subsp. nov., PSUZC-MM2012.158 (holotype), male, from peninsular Thailand. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in The first record of Ia io Thomas, 1902 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Sundaic Subregion, with a description of a new subspecies from peninsular Thailand

FIGURE 7. Bayesian tree using HKY+I+G nucleotide substitution model based on the mitochondrial COI gene of Ia io and other vespertilionids as outgroup. The node labels indicate posterior probability values. Samples included in this analysis are listed in Appendix.

FIGURE 3 in The first record of Ia io Thomas, 1902 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Sundaic Subregion, with a description of a new subspecies from peninsular Thailand

FIGURE 3. Comparison of the cranial and dental characters between (a) I. io peninsulata subsp. nov., PSUZC-MM2012.158 (holotype), male, from peninsular Thailand, and (b) I. io io BMNH.2.6.10.2 (holotype), male, from China. Scale bar = 5 mm.