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131 results for “Surface Structure”
Data for Structural Features of Interfacial Water Predict the Hydrophobicity of Chemically Heterogeneous Surfaces
<p>Scripts, raw and processed data, Jupyter notebooks, and force field files for the simulations performed in:</p> <p>B. C. Dallin, A. S. Kelkar, and R. C. Van Lehn. “Structural Features of Interfacial Water Predict the Hydrophobicity of Chemically Heterogeneous Surfaces.” <em>Chemical Science </em><strong>2023</strong>.</p>
GLAM: Glycogen-derived Lactate Absorption Map for visual analysis of dense and sparse surface reconstructions of rodent brain structures on desktop systems and virtual environments
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Data from: Determining structural and chemical heterogeneities of surface species at the single-bond limit
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Data from: Sensing the structural characteristics of surfaces: Texture encoding by a bottom-dwelling fish
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Deep-time structural evolution of retroviral and filoviral surface envelope proteins
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A method for probabilistic assessment of tunneling-induced damage to surface structures considering soil-structure interaction effects
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METHODS. Bovine ilia were used in the simulations because their histological structure (a fibrolamellar cortex overlying cancellous bone26) was found to match that of the Triceratops ilium. Bone sections 10 x 50 x 縠 3.0 cm with cortices ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 mm in depth (the range of initial cortical-thickness estimates based on gross morphology) were mounted on a servohydraulic mechanical loading frame (MTS Bionix, Minneapolis) and penetrated with an aluminium-bronze T. rex tooth replica. The replica was cast from an actual adult T. rex maxillary tooth, after casts made from some ofthe deeper bite marks revealed the size and shape of the teeth that had impacted the pelvis8 • The replica was penetrated into the ilia sections at 1 mm s-1 to a depth of 11.5 mm, equivalent to the maximum depth of the deepest ilium bite mark8 • Forces were measured with an MTS 25 N strain-gauge-based axial load cell accurate to 0.2%. The forces increased with increasing penetration depth even after the cortical layer had been perforated and the underlying cancellous bone was being crushed. The increase in force with penetration depth is attributed to a greater cortical surface area coming into contact with the semi-conical penetrator tooth as it descended through the ilia. in Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones
METHODS. Bovine ilia were used in the simulations because their histological structure (a fibrolamellar cortex overlying cancellous bone26) was found to match that of the Triceratops ilium. Bone sections 10 x 50 x 縠 3.0 cm with cortices ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 mm in depth (the range of initial cortical-thickness estimates based on gross morphology) were mounted on a servohydraulic mechanical loading frame (MTS Bionix, Minneapolis) and penetrated with an aluminium-bronze T. rex tooth replica. The replica was cast from an actual adult T. rex maxillary tooth, after casts made from some ofthe deeper bite marks revealed the size and shape of the teeth that had impacted the pelvis8 • The replica was penetrated into the ilia sections at 1 mm s-1 to a depth of 11.5 mm, equivalent to the maximum depth of the deepest ilium bite mark8 • Forces were measured with an MTS 25 N strain-gauge-based axial load cell accurate to 0.2%. The forces increased with increasing penetration depth even after the cortical layer had been perforated and the underlying cancellous bone was being crushed. The increase in force with penetration depth is attributed to a greater cortical surface area coming into contact with the semi-conical penetrator tooth as it descended through the ilia.
Supplementary Data of Microbial structures in the surface sediments of Shenhu Area, South China Sea
<p>Supplementary Data</p>
Data from: The influence of cactus spine surface structure on puncture performance and anchoring ability is tuned for ecology
Spines are common morphological features found in almost all major biological groups offering an opportunity to explore large-scale evolutionary convergence across disparate clades. As an example, opuntioid cacti have spines with barbed ornamentation that is remarkably similar in form and scale to that found on porcupine quills, suggesting specific biomechanical convergence across the animal and plant kingdoms. While the mechanics of porcupine quills as defensive mechanisms has been previously tested, the mechanics of cacti spines (which have evolved to fill a number of functions including defense, climbing and dispersal) has not been characterized. Here we study the puncturing and anchoring ability of six species of cactus, including both barbed and non-barbed spines. We found that barbed spines require less work to puncture a variety of targets than non-barbed spines. Barbed spines also require more work than non-barbed spines to withdraw from biological materials, due to their barbs engaging with tissue fibers. These results closely match those found previously for barbed vs. non-barbed porcupine quills, implying biomechanical convergence. The variation in performance of barbed versus non-barbed spines, as well as between barbed spines from different species, is likely tied to the diversity of ecological functions of cactus spines.
Data from: Mechanistic insights into landscape genetic structure of two tropical amphibians using field-derived resistance surfaces
Conversion of forests to agriculture often fragments distributions of forest species and can disrupt gene flow. We examined effects of prevalent land uses on genetic connectivity of two amphibian species in northeastern Costa Rica. We incorporated data from field surveys and experiments to develop resistance surfaces that represent local mechanisms hypothesized to modify dispersal success of amphibians, such as habitat-specific predation and desiccation risk. Because time lags can exist between forest conversion and genetic responses, we evaluated landscape effects using land-cover data from different time periods. Populations of both species were structured at similar spatial scales but exhibited differing responses to landscape features. Litter frog population differentiation was significantly related to landscape resistances estimated from abundance and experiment data. Model support was highest for experiment-derived surfaces that represented responses to microclimate variation. Litter frog genetic variation was best explained by contemporary landscape configuration, indicating rapid population response to land-use change. Poison frog genetic structure was strongly associated with geographic isolation, which explained up to 45% of genetic variation, and long-standing barriers, such as rivers and mountains. However, there was also partial support for abundance and microclimate response derived resistances. Differences in species responses to landscape features may be explained by overriding effects of population size on patterns of differentiation for poison frogs, but not litter frogs. In addition, pastures are likely semi-permeable to poison frog gene flow because the species is known to use pastures when remnant vegetation is present, but litter frogs do not. Ongoing reforestation efforts will likely increase connectivity in the region by increasing tree cover and reducing area of pastures.
Data from: Jumping without slipping: leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) possess special tarsal structures for jumping from smooth surfaces
Many hemipteran bugs can jump explosively from plant substrates, which can be very smooth. We therefore analysed the jumping performance of froghoppers (Philaenus spumarius, Aphrophoridae) and leafhoppers (Aphrodes bicinctus/makarovi, Cicadellidae) taking off from smooth (glass) and rough (sandpaper, 30 µm asperity size) surfaces. On glass, the propulsive hind legs of Philaenus froghoppers slipped, resulting in uncontrolled jumps with a fast forward spin, a steeper angle and only a quarter of the velocity compared with jumps from rough surfaces. By contrast, Aphrodes leafhoppers took off without their propulsive hind legs slipping, and reached low take-off angles and high velocities on both substrates. This difference in jumping ability from smooth surfaces can be explained not only by the lower acceleration of the long-legged leafhoppers, but also by the presence of 2–9 soft pad-like structures (platellae) on their hind tarsi, which are absent in froghoppers. High-speed videos of jumping showed that platellae contact the surface briefly (approx. 3 ms) during the acceleration phase. Friction force measurements on individual hind tarsi on glass revealed that at low sliding speeds, both pushing and pulling forces were small, and insufficient to explain the recorded jumps. Only when the tarsi were pushed with higher velocities did the contact area of the platellae increase markedly, and high friction forces were produced, consistent with the observed jumps. Our findings show that leafhoppers have special adhesive footpads for jumping from smooth surfaces, which achieve firm grip and rapid control of attachment/detachment by combining anisotropic friction with velocity dependence.
Data from: Water-repellent plant surface structure induced by gall-forming insects for waste management
Many animals and plants have evolved elaborate water-repellent microstructures on their surface, which often play important roles in their ecological adaptation. Here we report a unique type of water-repellent structure on plant surface, which develops as an insect-induced plant morphology in a social context. Some social aphids form galls on their host plant, in which they produce large amount of hydrophobic wax. Excreted honeydew is coated by the powdery wax to form "honeydew balls", which are actively disposed by soldier nymphs through an opening on their gall. These activities are enabled by a highly water-repellent inner gall surface, and we discovered that this surface is covered with dense trichomes that are not found on normal plant surface. The trichomes are coated by fine particles of the insect-produced wax, thereby realizing a high water repellency with a cooperative interaction between aphids and plants. The plant leaves on which the gall is formed often exhibit patchy areas with dense trichomes, representing an ectopic expression of the insect-induced plant morphology. In the pouch-shaped closed galls of a related social aphid species, by contrast, the inner surface was not covered with trichomes. Our findings provide a convincing example of how the extended phenotype of an animal, expressed in a plant, plays a pivotal role in maintaining sociality.
Unravelling the Surface Oxidation-Induced Evolution of the Electronic Structure of Gallium
<p>Dataset of "Unravelling the Surface Oxidation-Induced Evolution of the Electronic Structure of Gallium"</p> <p><a title="DOI URL" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c09324">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c09324</a></p>
Data from: Structure of the rare archaeal biosphere and seasonal dynamics of active ecotypes in surface coastal waters
Marine Archaea are important players among microbial plankton and significantly contribute to biogeochemical cycles, but details regarding their community structure and long-term seasonal activity and dynamics remain largely unexplored. In this study, we monitored the inter-annual archaeal community composition of abundant and rare biospheres in northwestern Mediterranean Sea surface waters by pyrosequencing 16S rDNA and rRNA. A detailed analysis of the rare biosphere structure showed that the rare archaeal community was composed of three distinct fractions. One contained the rare Archaea that became abundant at different times within the same ecosystem; these cells were typically not dormant, and we hypothesize that they represent a local seed bank that is specific and essential for ecosystem functioning through cycling seasonal environmental conditions. The second fraction contained cells that were uncommon in public databases and not active, consisting of aliens to the studied ecosystem and representing a non-local seed bank of potential colonizers. The third fraction contained Archaea that were always rare but actively growing; their affiliation and seasonal dynamics were similar to the abundant microbes and could not be considered a seed bank. We also showed that the major archaeal groups, Thaumarchaeota Marine Group-I (MGI) and Euryarchaeota Group-II.B (MGII.B) in winter and Euryarchaeota Group-II.A (MGII.A) in summer, contained different ecotypes with varying activities. Our findings suggest that archaeal diversity could be associated with distinct metabolisms or life strategies, and that the rare archaeal biosphere is composed of a complex assortment of organisms with distinct histories that affect their potential for growth.
Relating Crystal Structure to Surface Properties: A Study on Quercetin Solid Forms
<p>This dataset was used in the publication "Relating Crystal Structure to Surface Properties: A Study on Quercetin Solid Forms". In this work, the surface properties of two different quercetin solvates (quercetin dihydrate and quercetin DMSO solvate) were studied using molecular (synthonic) modeling and experimental techniques, including inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and contact angle measurements, to establish a relationship between crystal structure and surface properties. The attachment energy model was used to predict morphologies and calculate surface properties through the study of their growth synthons. The modeling results confirmed the surface chemistry anisotropy for the two forms. For quercetin dihydrate, the {010} facets were found to grow mainly by nonpolar offset quercetin–quercetin stacking interactions, thus being hydrophobic, while the {100} facets were expected to be hydrophilic, growing by a polar quercetin–water hydrogen bond. For QDMSO, the dominant facet {002} grows by a strong polar quercetin–quercetin hydrogen bonding interaction, while the second most dominant facet {011} grows by nonpolar π–π stacking interactions. Water contact angle measurements and IGC confirmed a greater overall surface hydrophilicity for QDMSO compared to QDH and demonstrated surface energy heterogeneity for both structures. This work shows how synthonic modeling can help in the prediction of the surface nature of crystalline particles and guide the choice of parameters that will determine the optimal crystal form and final morphology for targeted surface properties, for example, the choice of crystallization conditions, choice of solvent, or presence of additives or impurities, which can direct the crystallization of a specific crystal form or crystal shape.</p>
INVESTIGATION OF SCANDIUM ALLOY ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE SILICON SURFACE LAYER
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Models from "Applying Machine Learning to Characterize and Extrapolate the Relationship Between Seismic Structure and Surface Heat Flow"
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Figures 35-41 from: Akkari N, Enghoff H (2011) On some surface structures of potential taxonomic importance in families of the suborders Polydesmidea and Dalodesmidea (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 156: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.156.2134
Figures 35-41 - Intercalary micro-scutes on the metazonitesof 35 Fuhrmannodesmus lividus (Fuhrmannodesmidae) 36 Propolydesmus laevidentatus (Polydesmidae) 37 Icosidesmus sp. (Dalodesmidae) 38 Ophiodesmus albonanus (Macrosternodesmidae) 39 nearctodesmid sp. (Nearctodesmidae) 40 Solaenaulus butteli (Opisotretidae) 41 Napocodesmus endogeus (Trichopolydesmidae). Arrows point to the micro-scutes.
Figures 31-34 from: Akkari N, Enghoff H (2011) On some surface structures of potential taxonomic importance in families of the suborders Polydesmidea and Dalodesmidea (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 156: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.156.2134
Figures 31-34 - The structure of the limbus 31 Solaenaulus butteli (Opisotretidae) 32 Napocodesmus endogeus (Trichopolydesmidae), 33 Fuhrmannodesmus lividus (Fuhrmannodesmidae) 34 fuhrmannodesmid sp. (Fuhrmannodesmidae). Abbreviations: bu bulges, L limbus.
Figures 27-30 from: Akkari N, Enghoff H (2011) On some surface structures of potential taxonomic importance in families of the suborders Polydesmidea and Dalodesmidea (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 156: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.156.2134
Figures 27-30 - The structure of the limbus in 27 Icosidesmus sp. (Dalodesmidae), 28 Ophiodesmus albonanus (Macrosternodesmidae) 29 Propolydesmus laevidentatus (Polydesmidae) 30 Brachydesmus superus (Polydesmidae). Abbreviations: L limbus, rs ramified spike.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.