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FIGURES 142–147. Hatschekia mihkagan n in The copepod genus Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) from triggerfishes (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae) from off the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with descriptions of eleven new species

FIGURES 142–147. Hatschekia mihkagan n. sp., female, holotype NSMT–Cr 20916. 142, leg 1, anterior view; 143, leg 2, anterior view; 144, intercoxal sclerite of leg 1, anterior view; 145, intercoxal sclerite of leg 2, anterior view; 146, leg 3; 147, leg 4. Scale bars: 142–145, 20μm; 146–147, 10μm.

FIGURES 119–126. Hatschekia nakamurai n in The copepod genus Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) from triggerfishes (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae) from off the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with descriptions of eleven new species

FIGURES 119–126. Hatschekia nakamurai n. sp., female, holotype NSMT–Cr 20914. 119, habitus dorsal; 120, posterior part of trunk, dorsal; 121, antennule, ventral, rp = rostrum process; 122, antenna, ventral; 123, antenna with parabasal papilla (drawn from a paratype, NSMT–Cr 20915); 124, mandible; 125, maxillule; 126, maxilla. Scale bars: 119, 200μm; 120, 122, 30μm; 121, 40μm; 123, 50μm; 124–125, 10μm; 126, 20μm.

FIGURES 85–90. Hatschekia zanpa n in The copepod genus Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) from triggerfishes (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae) from off the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with descriptions of eleven new species

FIGURES 85–90. Hatschekia zanpa n. sp., female, holotype NSMT–Cr 20909. 85, leg 1, anterior view; 86, leg 2, anterior view; 87, intercoxal sclerite of leg 1, anterior view; 88, intercoxal sclerite of leg 2, anterior view; 89, leg 3; 90, leg 4. Scale bars: 85–88, 20μm; 89–90, 5μm.

FIGURES 56–61. Hatschekia izenaensis n in The copepod genus Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) from triggerfishes (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae) from off the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with descriptions of eleven new species

FIGURES 56–61. Hatschekia izenaensis n. sp., female, holotype NSMT–Cr 20905. 56, leg 1, anterior view; 57, leg 2, anterior view; 58, intercoxal sclerite of leg 1, anterior view; 59, intercoxal sclerite of leg 2, anterior view; 60, leg 3; 61, leg 4. Scale bars: 56–59, 30μm; 60–61, 10μm.

FIGURES 113–118. Hatschekia mongarah n in The copepod genus Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) from triggerfishes (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae) from off the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with descriptions of eleven new species

FIGURES 113–118. Hatschekia mongarah n. sp., female, holotype NSMT–Cr 20912. 113, leg 1, anterior view; 114, leg 2, anterior view; 115, intercoxal sclerite of leg 1, anterior view; 116, intercoxal sclerite of leg 2, anterior view; 117, leg 3; 118, leg 4. Scale bars: 113–116, 20μm; 117–118, 10μm.

FIGURES 45–55. Hatschekia izenaensis n in The copepod genus Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) from triggerfishes (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae) from off the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with descriptions of eleven new species

FIGURES 45–55. Hatschekia izenaensis n. sp., female, holotype NSMT–Cr 20905. 45, habitus dorsal; 46, habitus lateral; 47, habitus dorsal with egg sacs; 48, posterior part of trunk, dorsal; 49, caudal ramus, dorsal; 50, antennule, ventral, rp = rostrum process; 51, antenna, ventral; 52, antenna with parabasal papilla (drawn from a paratype, NSMT–Cr 20906); 53, mandible; 54, maxillule; 55, maxilla. Scale bars: 45–46, 400μm; 47, 1000μm; 48, 80μm; 49, 53, 20μm; 50– 51, 40μm; 52, 50μm; 54, 10μm; 55, 30μm.

FIGURES 70–75. Hatschekia churaumi n in The copepod genus Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) from triggerfishes (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae) from off the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with descriptions of eleven new species

FIGURES 70–75. Hatschekia churaumi n. sp., female, holotype NSMT–Cr 20907. 70, leg 1, anterior view; 71, leg 2, anterior view; 72, intercoxal sclerite of leg 1, anterior view; 73, intercoxal sclerite of leg 2, anterior view; 74, leg 3; 75, leg 4. Scale bars: 70–73, 20μm; 74–75, 10μm.

FIGURES 16–23. Hatschekia jonesi n in The copepod genus Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) from triggerfishes (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae) from off the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with descriptions of eleven new species

FIGURES 16–23. Hatschekia jonesi n. sp., female, holotype NSMT–Cr 20901. 16, habitus dorsal; 17, posterior part of trunk, dorsal; 18, antennule, ventral, rp = rostrum process (drawn from a paratype, NSMT–Cr 20902); 19, antenna, ventral. (drawn from a paratype, NSMT–Cr 20902); 20, antenna with parabasal papilla (drawn from a paratype, NSMT– Cr 20902); 21, mandible (drawn from a paratype, NSMT–Cr 20902); 22, maxillule; 23, maxilla. Scale bars: 16, 200μm; 17–19, 23, 40μm; 20, 22, 20μm; 21, 10μm.

FIGURES 62–69. Hatschekia churaumi n in The copepod genus Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) from triggerfishes (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae) from off the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with descriptions of eleven new species

FIGURES 62–69. Hatschekia churaumi n. sp., female, holotype NSMT–Cr 20907. 62, habitus dorsal; 63, posterior part of trunk, dorsal; 64, antennule, ventral, rp = rostrum process; 65, antenna, ventral; 66, antenna with parabasal papilla; 67, mandible; 68, maxillule; 69, maxilla. Scale bars: 62, 65–66, 100μm; 63–64, 68–69, 20μm; 67, 10μm.

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FIGURE 1 in Distribution of Tetraodontiformes (Family: Tetraodontidae) along the Parangipettai Coast, Southeast coast of India

FIGURE 1. Location map of puffer fish sampling point (Station 1-Mudusalodai, Station 2-Annankoil (Porto Novo) and Station 3-Samyerpettai) along the South East Coast of India in TamilNadu.

FIG. 12 in Pelvic-Fan Flaring and Inflation in the Three-Tooth Puffer, Triodon macropterus (Tetraodontiformes: Triodontidae), with Additional Observations on Their Behavior in Captivity

FIG. 12. Inflation in Tetraodontiformes. Orange indicates presence of inflation behavior. (A) Inflation has three steps when optimized on the topology of Arcila and Tyler (2017; 16 loci and morphology). (B) Inflation has three steps when optimized on the topology of Betancur-R. et al. (2017; nuclear and mitochondrial loci). (C) Inflation has three steps when optimized on the topology of Ghezelayagh et al. (2022; ultraconserved elements). Data on the occurrence of inflation are summarized in Table 2.

FIG. 11 in Pelvic-Fan Flaring and Inflation in the Three-Tooth Puffer, Triodon macropterus (Tetraodontiformes: Triodontidae), with Additional Observations on Their Behavior in Captivity

FIG. 11. Pelvic-fan flaring in Tetraodontiformes. Blue indicates presence of pelvic-fan flaring behavior. (A) Pelvic-fan flaring has two steps when optimized on the topology of Arcila and Tyler (2017; 16 loci and morphology). (B) Pelvic-fan flaring has two steps when optimized on the topology of Betancur-R. et al. (2017; nuclear and mitochondrial loci). (C) Pelvic-fan flaring has two steps when optimized on the topology of Ghezelayagh et al. (2022; ultraconserved elements). Data on the occurrence of pelvic-fan flaring are summarized in Table 2.

FIG. 7 in Pelvic-Fan Flaring and Inflation in the Three-Tooth Puffer, Triodon macropterus (Tetraodontiformes: Triodontidae), with Additional Observations on Their Behavior in Captivity

FIG. 7. Dissection of branchiostegal rays and muscles of Triodon macropterus (NSMT P93783, 343 mm SL). The specimen was photographed using high-energy royal-blue light to differentiate autofluorescing alizarin-stained bones and scales from muscles (see Smith et al., 2018). (A) Overview to show position of branchiostegal rays. Rectangular box indicates area shown in part B. (B) Higher magnification view to show relative size of branchiostegal 1 in comparison with branchiostegals 2–6 and the position and size of the hyohyoidei abductores (numbers on photograph indicate branchiostegal rays).

FIG. 4. Frames from a in Pelvic-Fan Flaring and Inflation in the Three-Tooth Puffer, Triodon macropterus (Tetraodontiformes: Triodontidae), with Additional Observations on Their Behavior in Captivity

FIG. 4. Frames from a video of Triodon macropterus, Fish 3 (320 mm SL), recorded during the night (1900–0400 hours) of 16 to 17 November 2020 at the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium. Frames A–U show behaviors that occurred during a 1:11 minute interval that included 13 buccal cavity expansions and 11 pump-like expansions and retractions of the pelvic fan. We term this behavior pump flaring. No inflation occurred. Supplemental Video 2 (see Data Accessibility) was the basis for this figure.

FIG. 3 in Pelvic-Fan Flaring and Inflation in the Three-Tooth Puffer, Triodon macropterus (Tetraodontiformes: Triodontidae), with Additional Observations on Their Behavior in Captivity

FIG. 3. Kinematics of pelvic-fan flaring and inflation in two individuals of Triodon macropterus at the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium during six handling trials. Shaded gray boxes behind the bars indicate when the fish was held in hand; at other times during the trials the fish was free swimming. Brackets show periods of ultrasound examination. Numbers and letters in circles for parts D and F link figure numbers to the kinematic analysis. (A, B) Trials 1 and 2 of Fish 1 (308 mm SL). Fish 1 flared its pelvic fan in response to being handled but did not inflate in either trial. Fish 1 had been handled during routine care during 16 months in the aquarium. (C–F) Trials 1–4 of Fish 2 (376 mm SL). Fish 2 flared its pelvic fan and inflated in all four trials in response to handling; it had been handled at the aquarium but was a relatively new resident (3 months) at the time of the trials.

FIG. 10 in Pelvic-Fan Flaring and Inflation in the Three-Tooth Puffer, Triodon macropterus (Tetraodontiformes: Triodontidae), with Additional Observations on Their Behavior in Captivity

FIG. 10. Photographs of digestive tract removed from Triodon macropterus, NMST P93783, 343 mm SL, anterior to left. (A) Digestive tract from esophagus to pseudocloaca showing the rectangular-shaped stomach with the bile duct entering the body of the stomach. The thin-walled pyloric region of the stomach is where most of the inflation occurs. (B) Lining of anterior region of digestive tract. (C) Lining of posterior half of the digestive tract.

FIG. 9 in Pelvic-Fan Flaring and Inflation in the Three-Tooth Puffer, Triodon macropterus (Tetraodontiformes: Triodontidae), with Additional Observations on Their Behavior in Captivity

FIG. 9. Dissection of Triodon macropterus, NSMT P0110597, 360 mm SL. Black dashed lines indicate cut edges. (A) Skin of the pelvic fan and abdomen removed to show muscles of the pelvic fan. (B) Dissection to show the viscera and extent of the ventral abdominal recess (white dashed line). Postcleithral bones removed to view abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity has small ventral peritoneal folds. The stomach in this specimen everted into the buccal cavity because of barotrauma. It tore away from its connection with the intestine at the pyloric region; the rest of the intestinal tract, including Tyler's pouch, is in place as in life.

FIG. 6 in Pelvic-Fan Flaring and Inflation in the Three-Tooth Puffer, Triodon macropterus (Tetraodontiformes: Triodontidae), with Additional Observations on Their Behavior in Captivity

FIG. 6. Ultrasound recording of Triodon macropterus, Fish 2 (376 mm SL), at the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium. The kinematic record of this trial is shown in Figure 3D. The circumference of the stomach is outlined with a yellow line. Black areas within the stomach are water; white spots are air bubbles. (A) Ultrasound image showing the circumference (13.0 cm) of the stomach and the area of one slice of the stomach (10.8 cm2) 30 seconds into the trial. (B) Ultrasound image showing increase in the circumference (15.5 cm) and the slice area of the stomach (17.3 cm2) 2:30 minutes after the image shown in Figure 6A.

FIG. 2 in Pelvic-Fan Flaring and Inflation in the Three-Tooth Puffer, Triodon macropterus (Tetraodontiformes: Triodontidae), with Additional Observations on Their Behavior in Captivity

FIG. 2. Photographs of Triodon macropterus showing pelvic-fan flaring and inflation. (A) Individual (collected 8 February 2007), 300 mm TL, in display tank at the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium showing pelvic fan fully retracted and no inflation. Photograph by Atsushi Kaneko; modified from Matsuura et al. (2017). Photograph reprinted with permission from the Ichthyological Society of Japan. (B) Specimen with pelvic fan flared, abdomen uninflated, LBRC-F 00805, 324.5 mm SL, sex unknown. Caught by hook and line in the Maluku Sea, Indonesia, and purchased at a fish market, 11 July 2009. Photograph by Teguh Peristiwady; modified from Wibowo et al. (2020: fig. 2a). Photograph reprinted with permission from the Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia (see Supplemental Figure 1D, Supplemental Table 1; see Data Accessibility). (C) Individual photographed shortly after capture with pelvic fan flared and abdomen inflated. The fish was destructively sampled for parasites (see Beveridge et al., 2014; Bray and Justine, 2014), 361 mm FL, female. Caught by hook and line off Récif Toombo, Nouméa, New Caledonia (22834.5650S, 166827.6360E), 2 July 2009. Collected and photographed by Jean-Lou Justine (see Supplemental Fig. 1H, Supplemental Table 1; see Data Accessibility).

FIG. 5. Frames from a in Pelvic-Fan Flaring and Inflation in the Three-Tooth Puffer, Triodon macropterus (Tetraodontiformes: Triodontidae), with Additional Observations on Their Behavior in Captivity

FIG. 5. Frames from a video of Triodon macropterus, Fish 2 (376 mm SL), inflating underwater during handling for Trial 4 at the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium. The kinematic record of this trial is shown in Figure 3F. During this 2:59 minute sequence, the fish buccal pumped water into the stomach for inflation. As the abdomen expanded, the position of the ocellus changed (white arrows; changes in the position of the ocellus are primarily the result of inflation and not further pelvicfan flaring). (A) At 27 seconds into the trial, Fish 2 showed no external signs of inflation. (B) At 49 seconds, external signs of inflation became visible. (C) At 01:19 minutes into being held, the fish was moderately inflated because water had been buccal pumped for inflation into the