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FIGURE 2 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)

FIGURE 2. Interpretative line drawings of the re-arranged and articulated skull of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, right lateral view; B, sagittal cut with removed right skull half, revealing medial aspects of the left skull half. Speculatively, grey silhouettes add unknown parts to the skull known from other spinosaurids. Abbreviations: an, angular; ar, articular; boc, basioccipital; d, dentary; ep, ectopterygoid; epi, epipterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ls; laterosphenoid; m, maxilla; n, nasal; osp, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, palatine; par, parietal; pbsp, parabasisphenoid; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; pra, prearticular; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; s, stapes; sur, surangular; soc, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; v, vomer.

FIGURE 5. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)

FIGURE 5. 3D renderings of the left maxilla of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, lateral view; B, lateral view with maxillary bone rendered transparent; C, medial view; D, medial view with maxilla bone rendered transparent; E, posterior view; F, ventral view (anterior to top); G, ventral view without teeth, showing alveoli. Note different scale for E. Also note that tooth positions are numerically labelled but refer to preserved tooth position from anterior to posterior, not to anatomical tooth positions, which are unknown. Replacement teeth are highlighted with dashed lines in D, and different generations are indicated with prime (') or double prime (''). Red arrow heads point to neurovascular foramina. Abbreviations: acp, ascending process; jr, jugal ramus; lac, lacrimal contact; llam, lateral lamina; nac, nasal contact; palgr, palatine groove; pdl, paradental lamina; pmxf, premaxillary facet; prmr, promaxillary recess; rt, replacement tooth; snf, subnarial fossa.

FIGURE 15. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)

FIGURE 15. 3D renderings of the left postorbital of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, medial view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior process; fc, frontal contact; jf, jugal facet; jp, postorbital jugal process; lspc, laterosphenoid contact; orf, orbital fossa; pac, parietal contact; sqp, squamosal process.

FIGURE 13. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)

FIGURE 13. 3D renderings of the right and left parietals of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. Abbreviations: fc, frontal contact; lspc, laterosphenoid contact; nuc, nuchal crest base; oto, otoccipital contact; poc, postorbital contact, socc, supraoccipital contact; stf, supratemporal fossa; sqc, squamosal contact.

FIGURE 9. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)

FIGURE 9. 3D renderings of the right lacrimal and prefrontal of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). Note that sutures between these two bones could not be identified in the CT data, but externally visible sutures on the specimen show that these bones are only partially fused (see Figure 10). A, lateral view; B, medial view. Abbreviations: frc, frontal contact; jc, jugal contact; la, lacrimal; laor, lacrimal antorbital recess; lap, lacrimal anterior process; lvp, lacrimal ventral process; mxc, maxillary contact, nc, nasal contact; onr, orbitonasal ridge; prf, prefrontal.

Fig. 49 in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 49. Life reconstruction of a group of Balaur bondoc individuals attacking a dwarf hadrosauroid dinosaur in the Late Cretaceous Haţeg Island ecosystem of present-day Romania. Illustration by Demetrios Vital.

Fig. 32 in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 32. Overview photograph of the articulated left lower hind limb, metatarsus, and foot of Balaur bondoc (EME PV.313). Scale bar equals 1 cm.

Fig. 31 in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 31. Closeup of pubic apron of Balaur bondoc (EME PV.313) in dorsal view (anterior toward top). Scale bar equals 1 cm.

Fig. 40 in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 40. Transverse histological sections of Balaur. (A) Left fibula of the B. bondoc holotype (EME PV.313) shown in polarized microscopy. Dense Haversian remodeling (Hc 5 Havesian canals), endosteal bone (eb), and weakly differentiated lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are evident (arrows). Note that deep cortical lines do not follow the prominent contours of the periosteal surface sculpturing (ss). Scale bar 5 500 um. (B) Transverse histological section of the B. sp. left ulna (LPB [FGGUB R.1581] shown in polarized microscopy. Dense Haversian remodeling (Hc 5 Haversian canals), and weakly differentiated lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are evident (arrows). Note that deep cortical lines do not follow the prominent contours of the periosteal surface sculpturing (ss). Scale bar 5 500 um. (C) Transverse histological section of the B. sp. left ulna in polarized microscopy, showing locally preserved deep cortical primary matrix. The periosteal surface is to the right (not shown). Weakly expressed deep cortical fibrolamellar bone with circumferential vascularization (cv) is preserved. Scale bar 5 200 um. (D) Closeup histological section of the B. sp. left ulna showing periosteal surface sculpturing and corresponding lines of arrested growth. Note that the LAGs shown here that were deposited latest in life (arrows) follow the contours of the periosteal surface sculpturing (ss), suggesting that the sculpturing is not a diagnetic or taphonomic feature. Scale bar 5 200 um.

Fig. 27 in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 27. Pelvis and sacrum of Balaur bondoc (EME PV.313) in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Photographs taken before final preparation. Abbreviations: acet, acetabulum, anti, antitrochanter; cf, cuppedicus fossa; dcfr, ridge demarcating dorsal edge of cuppedicus fossa; df, dorsal flange of proximal ischium; ic, ischial crest; it, ischial tubercle; obrid, oblique ridge extending anterodorsally from the antitrochanter; p, pubis; pa, pubic apron; pcfr, ridge demarcating posterior edge of cuppedicus fossa; pospr, postacetabular process of ilium; prepr, preacetabular process of ilium; s1, first sacral vertebra; sac, supraacetabular crest. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

Fig. 37 in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 37. Right metatarsus of Balaur bondoc (EME PV.313) in extensor (A), flexor (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views. Abbreviations: fus, line of fusion between metatarsals and proximal tarsals; mt, individual metatarsals; rid, ridge along medial margin of extensor surface of metatarsal II. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

Fig. 34 in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 34. Closeup photo of left ankle region of Balaur bondoc (EME PV.313) before final preparation. See figure 35 for abbreviations. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

Fig. 26 in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 26. Referred manual digits of Balaur sp.?Right manual digit I-1 (LPB [FGGUB] R.1583) in extensor (A), flexor (B), lateral (C), medial (D), and proximal (E) views. Left manual phalanx II-2 (LPB [FGGUB] R.1584) in extensor (F), flexor (G), lateral (H), medial (I), and distal (J) views. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Proximal end toward top in lateral, medial, anterior, and posterior views.

Fig. 23. Left manual digit II in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 23. Left manual digit II of Balaur bondoc (EME PV.313). Left phalanx II-1 (A–F), left phalanx II- 2 (G–L), and left phalanx II-3 (M–N) in extensor (A, G), flexor (B, H), lateral (C, I, M), medial (D, J, N), proximal (E, K), and distal (F, L) views. Abbreviations: ygr, proximal bifurcations of the Y-shaped groove. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

Fig. 45 in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 45. Plot of absolute hind-limb element lengths for various dromaeosaurid theropods (based on table 6). For Deinonychus: * 5 MCZ 4371, ** 5 AMNH FARB 3015; for Velociraptor: * 5 IGM 100/982, ** 5 IGM 100/986; for Saurornitholestes: * 5 MOR 660, ** 5 TMP 88.121.39; for Microraptor: * 5 20-7- 004, ** 5 20-8-001. Numbers besides plot bars indicate the percent length of the respective element compared to the tibia, for ease of relative length comparisons between the different taxa.

Fig. 22. Right manual digit I in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 22. Right manual digit I of Balaur bondoc (EME PV.313). Right phalanx I-1 (A–F) and right phalanx I-2 (G–H) in extensor (A), flexor (B), lateral (C, H), medial (D, G), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. Abbreviations: for, foramen; ft, flexor tubercle. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

Fig. 21. Left manual digit I in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 21. Left manual digit I of Balaur bondoc (EME PV.313). Left phalanx I-1 (A–F) and left phalanx I- 2 (G–H) in extensor (A), flexor (B), lateral (C, G), medial (D, H), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. Abbreviations: for, foramen; ft, flexor tubercle; gr, groove separating flexor tubercle from ventral surface of ungual. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

Fig. 20. Referred metacarpal II in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 20. Referred metacarpal II of Balaur sp. (LPB [FGGUB] R.1585). Left metacarpal II in extensor (A), flexor (B), lateral (C), medial (D), and distal (E) views. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Proximal end toward top in lateral, medial, anterior, and posterior views.

Fig. 30 in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 30. Left side of pelvis of Balaur bondoc (EME PV.313) in posterior ventral oblique view. Abbreviations: acet, acetabulum; anti, antitrochanter; bf, brevis fossa; ic, ischial crest; it, ischial tubercle; obrid, oblique ridge extending anterodorsally from the antitrochanter. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

Fig. 28 in The Osteology Of Balaur Bondoc, An Island-Dwelling Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Romania

Fig. 28. Pelvis and sacrum of Balaur bondoc (EME PV.313) in oblique posterodorsal (A) and anteroventral (B) views. Photographs taken before final preparation (see fig. 29 for photographs taken after additional preparation). Abbreviations: acet, acetabulum; arid, anterior ridge on dorsal surface of pubic shaft; mdrid, medial ridge on dorsal surface of pubis that contributes to pubic apron; mvrid, medial ridge on ventral surface of pubis that contributes to pubic apron; pa, pubic apron; prepr, preacetabular process; prid, posterior ridge on dorsal surface of pubic shaft. Scale bar equals 1 cm.