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Fig. 2 in Mammal-like tooth from the Upper Triassic of Poland

Fig. 2. SEM microphotographs of ZPAL V.33/734, right lower molariform tooth of the morganucodont mammaliaform Hallautherium sp. from Upper Triassic, Lipie Śląskie clay-pit at Lisowice, Poland; in lingual (A), labial (B), and occlusal (C) views. Scale bars 500 μm.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2012View details →

Fig. 1 in The Upper Triassic flora of Svalbard

Fig. 1. Map of Svalbard with exposure of Carnian strata and NRM and VSEGEI localities; after the geological maps of Svalbard 1:100 000 provided by the Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø. Locality names are depicted in Table 1.

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Fig. 10 in The Upper Triassic flora of Svalbard

Fig. 10. World map of the Late Triassic (Carnian, 220 Mya) showing the position of key floras comprising bennettitaleans (grey diamonds) and supposed North-Atlantic floral sub-province (striped area). Base map: Ron Blakey, CP Geosystems, Inc., Flagstaff, AZ, USA.

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Fig. 4 in Unique bone histology in partial large bone shafts from Upper Triassic of Aust Cliff, England: An early independent experiment in gigantism

Fig. 4. Flow diagram explaining the peculiar patterns of remodelling seen in the Aust Cliff bones BRSMG Cb3869 and Cb3870. In a simple vascular canal, lamellar bone is deposited centripetally forming a primary osteon. In the Aust Cliff shafts, the inner lamellae of this primary osteon are later resorbed from the inside. When erosion stops before the entire primary osteon is resorbed, leaving a resorption line within the primary osteon, new lamellae can be deposited and a secondary osteon forms within the primary one. With ongoing resorption, an erosion cavity forms, the size of which exceeds the one of the former primary osteon. When resorption stops, deposition of lamellar bone can resume.

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Fig. 1 in Unique bone histology in partial large bone shafts from Upper Triassic of Aust Cliff, England: An early independent experiment in gigantism

Fig. 1. Photographs in different views of long bone shafts of BRSMG Cb3870 (A) and Cb3869 (B) from the Westbury Formation of Aust Cliff near Bristol, UK; in anterior (A 1, B 1),?lateral (A 2, B 2), posterior (A 3, B 3),?medial (A 4, B 4), proximal (B 5) and distal (A 6, B 6) views; cut and ground surface in distal view (A 5). The specimens represent notably straight shafts of large long bones, presumably femora. Core sample location indicated by the black circle. Note that in BRSMG Cb3870 only a small area of outer bone surface is preserved, constraining the sample location. Modified from Galton (2005).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2009View details →

Fig. 2 in Tooth Histology of the ParareptileSoturnia caliodonfrom the Upper Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Fig. 2. The procolophonid Soturnia caliodon Cisneros and Schultz, 2003, UFRGS PV1112T, from the Norian (Upper Triassic) Caturrita Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A. Enamel and primary dentine from the apical region of m2. B. Enamel and primary dentine from the region between the apex and the cervix of m2. The slightly sigmoid curvature of the crystallites is highlighted by a dashed line. C. Primary and secondary dentine in the anterior portion of the cervical region of m2. Note the irregular primary dentinal tubules compared to those in the apical region (A and E). D. Attachment bone in the posterior region of the base of m2. E. Primary dentine in the apical region of m2. F. Tooth implantation in m1 and part of m2. Attachment bone, characterized by globular or irregular bone cell lacunae, is predominant in the reddish areas of the photograph. Dentine is shown in blue, note some small amounts of pedicle dentine within the dentary bone. Dentary bone tissue, represented in yellow and orange, showing predominance of elongated and anteroposteriorly directed bone cell lacunae. The apex is placed to the left in B and C. All photographs taken using polarized light.

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Fig. 1 in Tooth Histology of the ParareptileSoturnia caliodonfrom the Upper Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Fig. 1. The procolophonid Soturnia caliodon Cisneros and Schultz, 2003, UFRGS PV1112T, from the Norian (Upper Triassic) Caturrita Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Partial left maxilla and mandible, before preparation (A), and during initial stages of preparation (B). C. I2 (to the left) and M1 (to the right), showing the limits of tooth morphogenetic fields (indicated by arrows), reticular bone tissue, fragmentary dentine, indicating tooth resorption in M1. D. A pronounced secondary dentine pulp deposition (indicated by an arrow) in m2. E. m1, note that enamel is completely absent in the cervix. F. Portion of m2 crown, showing the transition of thick enamel in the apex (to the top) to a very thin enamel close to the cervix (to the bottom). G. M1, M2, m1 and m2. Note remnant dentine fragments in most of M1. A–D in labial view, anterior is to the left. E–G in lingual view and under polarized light.

Fig. 4 in The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas

Fig. 4. Partial left maxilla of an archosaur (TMM 41936-1.1), Otis Chalk area, Dockum Group, Late Triassic, found with and possibly referable to neotheropod Lepidus praecisio gen. et sp. nov., in lateral (A), ventral (B), and medial (C) views, arrows indicate anterior direction. D. A replacement tooth in labial view within the fourth alveolus in anterolateral view (D 2), close up (D ).

Fig. 3 in The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas

Fig. 3. The referred left femur of neotheropod Lepidus praecisio gen. et sp. nov., Otis Chalk area, Dockum Group, Late Triassic (TMM 41936-1.3) in anterior (A) and posterior (B) views and the bone tissues of the femur (D) through the entire cortex on the anterolateral side (C) and the middle and outer cortex on the posterolateral side (D). Arrows indicate the direction of the external surface of the femur.

Fig. 5 in The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships of early theropod dinosaurs recovered here highlighting the phylogenetic position of Lepidus praecisio gen. et sp. nov. with the holotype only (A), simplified strict consensus of six MPTs, TL = 1058, CI = 0.5311, RI = 0.8250) or with all of the hypothesized material (B), simplified strict consensus of 18 MPTs, TL = 1061, CI = 0.5383, RI = 0.8303). The original taxon list and relationships outside of Dinosauria and within Ornithischia are exactly the same as that of Nesbitt et al. (2009b).

Fig. 1 in The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas

Fig. 1. Map of the type locality of Lepidus praecisio gen. et sp. nov. near Signal Peak, southeast of Big Spring, Texas. The dotted circle is the approximate area that holotype came from and its relationship to the famous Otis Chalk localities.

Fig. 2 in The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas

Fig. 2. Comparisons of almost naturally articulated ankle complexes of neotheropods. A. Lepidus praecisio gen. et sp. nov., Otis Chalk area, Dockum Group, Late Triassic (TMM 41936-1.3). B. Camposaurus arizonensis Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Sullivan, and Lockley, 1998, Placerias Quarry, Chinle Formation, Late Triassic UCMP 34498), reversed. C. Coelophysis bauri Cope, 1887, Coelophysis Quarry, Chinle Formation, Late Triassic (AMNH FARB 30615). D. Zupaysaurus rougieri Arcucci and Coria, 2003, Colorados Formation, Late Triassic (PULR 076), reversed. Left (A, C) and right (B, D) tibia, fibula, and astragalocalcaneum in anterior (A 1–D1), medial (A2–D2), posterior (A3–D3), lateral (A4–D4), and ventral (A5–D5) views, arrows indicate anterior direction.

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Fig. 3 in Osteohistology of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Southern Brazil

Fig. 3. Stratocladogram of archosauromorph bone histology modified from Botha-Brink and Smith (2011) with the new data from the present study. Lamellar-zonal and parallel-fibred bone indicates slowest growth, represented by white and grey shading, respectively. Black shading indicates rapid growing of fibrollamelar bone. In the Rhynchosauria it occurs during the early ontogenetic stages, similarly to Proterosuchus and Chanaresuchus. Phylogeny from Sues (2003), Dilkes and Sues (2009), and Nesbitt et al. (2009). Histological information from Ricqlès et al. (2008), Nesbitt et al. (2009), Werning and Irmis (2010), and Botha-Brink and Smith (2011). Time scale from Walker and Geissman (2009).

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Fig. 2 in Osteohistology of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Southern Brazil

Fig. 2. Transverse section of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs Hyperodapedon sp. from Santa Maria Supersequence, Santa Maria 2 Sequence, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Upper Triassic. A. UFRGS-PV-0247-T, tibia showing the fibrolamellar bone tissue in the perimedullary region (A 1); humerus showing the fibrolamellar bone tissue with primary osteons (big arrows) (A 2). B. UFRGS-PV-1217-T, radius showing uninterrupted fibrolamellar bone tissue with longitudinal oriented vascular canals (arrow). C. UFRGS-PV-0293-T, tibia showing a poorly defined fibrolamellar bone tissue in the perimedullary region (big arrow) and a parallel-fibred bone tissue (arrow) towards the periphery. D. MMACR-PV-018, humerus with resorption cavities (RC) in the perimedullary region and a growth mark (big arrow) in the mid-cortex. E. UFRGS-PV-408-T, humerus showing the lamellar-zonal bone tissue with growth marks (arrows). Scale bars 1 mm.

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Fig. 1 in Osteohistology of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Southern Brazil

Fig. 1. Transverse section of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs Teyumbaita sulcognathus Montefeltro, Langer and Schultz, 2010 (A–C) and Hyperodapedon sp. (D) from Santa Maria Supersequence, Santa Maria 2 Sequence, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Upper Triassic. A. UFRGS-PV-0298-T, radius, cortex showing a more organized parallel-fibred region (arrows) (A 1); rib, cortex showing primary (arrows) and secondary (big arrow) osteons (A 2); humerus, lamellar-zonal bone with growth marks (arrows) and the EFS (double-headed arrow) on the external surface of the cortex (A 3). B. UFRGS-PV-0232-T, tibia, fibrolamellar bone tissue in the perimedullary region (big arrow) and three growth marks (arrows) near the periosteal surface. C. UFRGS-PV- 0290-T, tibia showing the growth marks present in the parallel-fibred region (arrows). D. UFRGS-PV-0247-T, rib showing the secondary osteons (big arrows) in the perimedullary region. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian-Lower Triassic of Uruguay

Fig. 3. Mastodonsaurid mandible FC−DPV 1280 from the Permo−Triassic Buena Vista Formation near Colonia Orozco, Cerro Largo County, Uruguay. Photograph (A) and interpretive drawing (B) of the coronoid area with two rows of teeth on the posterior and middle coronoid. Cross hatching represents damaged areas of bone.

Fig. 2 in Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian-Lower Triassic of Uruguay

Fig. 2. Mastodonsaurid mandible FC−DPV 1280, from the Permo−Triassic Buena Vista Formation near Colonia Orozco, Cerro Largo County, Uruguay. Photographs (A, C, E) and interpretive drawings (B, D, F) in labial (A, B), lingual (C, D), and dorsal (E, F) views. Cross hatching represents damaged areas of bone.

Fig. 5 in Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian-Lower Triassic of Uruguay

Fig. 5. Mastodonsaurid mandible FC−DPV 1305 from the Permo−Triassic Buena Vista Formation near Colonia Orozco, Cerro Largo County, Uruguay. Photographs (A, C, E) and interpretive drawings (B, D, F) in labial (A, B), lingual (C, D), and dorsal (E, F) views. Cross hatching represents damaged areas of bone.

Fig. 1. A in Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian-Lower Triassic of Uruguay

Fig. 1. A. Location of the outcrops near Colonia Orozco, Cerro Largo County, northeastern Uruguay, where the fossils described herein were collected. B. Generalized stratigraphic section of the Permo−Triassic Buena Vista Formation of Uruguay showing the position of the mastodonsaurids with respect to the other components of the Colonia Orozco fauna. The vertical scale on the left is in meters.

Fig. 6 in Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian-Lower Triassic of Uruguay

Fig. 6. Records of the earliest Triassic mastodonsaurids in Gondwana: (1) lower Fremouw Formation of Antarctica (Colbert and Cosgriff 1974); (2) Panchet Formation of India (Tripathi 1969); (3) Lower Sakamena Formation of Madagascar (Lehman 1961; Steyer 2003); (4) Arcadia, (5) Knocklofty, and (6) Blina Shale formations of Australia (Warren 1980; Cosgriff and DeFauw 1987; Warren and Hutchinson 1988; Damiani 2000); (7) Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone of South Africa (Damiani et al. 2001); (8) Buena Vista Formation of South America (Piñeiro and Ubilla 2003; this paper).