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135 results for “Weapons”
Contrasting selection pressure on body and weapon size in a polygynous megaherbivore
<p>Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a common morphological trait in ungulates, with polygyny considered the leading driver of larger male body mass and weapon size. However, not all polygynous species exhibit SSD, while molecular evidence has revealed a more complex relationship between paternity and mating system than originally predicted. SSD is, therefore, likely to be shaped by a range of social, ecological and physiological factors. We present the first definitive analysis of SSD in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius ) using a unique morphological dataset collected from 2994 aged individuals. The results confirm that hippos exhibit SSD, but the mean body mass differed by only 5% between the sexes, which is rather limited compared with many other polygynous ungulates. However, jaw and canine mass are significantly greater in males than females (44% and 81% heavier, respectively), highlighting the considerable selection pressure for acquiring larger weapons. A predominantly aquatic lifestyle coupled with the physiological limitations of their foregut fermenting morphology likely restricts body size differences between the sexes. Indeed, hippos appear to be a rare example among ungulates whereby sexual selection favours increased weapon size over body mass, underlining the important role that species-specific ecology and physiology have in shaping SSD.</p>
FIG. 3 in Taurus of the Tidepool? Inferring the Function of Cranial Weapons in Intertidal Sculpins (Pisces: Cottoidea: Oligocottinae)
FIG. 3. Phylomorphospace of preopercle shape for Oligocottinae. Each colored dot represents the average preopercle shape for a given species. The fill color of each dot reflects the average rFA of that species. The outline color of each dot represents the kind of allometric trajectory of each species (color follows that of Fig. 2). The shape change captured by PC1 and PC2 is represented by transformation of a model of the average shape of the preopercle in Oligocottinae, with a TPS transformation grid overlaid. A CT reconstruction of the left preopercle from an average specimen of the species that occupies the extreme values of each PC axis is placed near the species location in morphospace, with a dashed gray line connecting the preopercle to the point representing its species. Clockwise, from the top, the illustrated specimens are: Clinocottus acuticeps (UAM 47689, 44.00 mm SL), Chitonotus pugetensis (OS 5269, 92.95 mm SL), Artedius corallinus (SIO 51-34, 59.84 mm SL), and Clinocottus recalvus (SIO 51-249, 59.00 mm SL).
FIG. 2 in Taurus of the Tidepool? Inferring the Function of Cranial Weapons in Intertidal Sculpins (Pisces: Cottoidea: Oligocottinae)
FIG. 2. Allometric trajectories of three representative oligocottine sculpins. The regression score (vertical axis) represents the axis of maximum variance of allometric shape change of the preopercle and is unique to each species. A TPS transformation grid overlayed on a model of a preopercle that has been warped to show the change in shape illustrates the extremes of variation along that axis. The species illustrated (from top to bottom) are: Artedius lateralis, Oligocottus rubellio, and Leiocottus hirundo. Solid lines indicate a statistically significant relationship between preopercle shape and the standard length of the specimen; dashed line indicates a non-significant relationship (e.g., isometry). Stars and points in each plot represent the symmetric component of the shape of the left and right preopercle for an individual specimen of a given species. The inset preopercles in each graph show the morphology of the left preopercle of a small, medium, and large specimen of each species (respectively, from left to right; each specimen marked by a star). The color of stars, points, and regression lines in each plot represents the allometric trajectory such that green is negative (top graph), purple is positive (middle graph), and dark blue is isometry (bottom graph).
FIG. 1 in Taurus of the Tidepool? Inferring the Function of Cranial Weapons in Intertidal Sculpins (Pisces: Cottoidea: Oligocottinae)
FIG. 1. Location and morphology of the preopercle (outlined in red) in Clinocottus analis (left panel; OS 26170, 76.55 mm SL) and diversity of preopercle shape as represented in six phylogenetically dispersed cottoid species (right panel, clockwise from top left): Cottiusculus gonez (SU 69887, 36.6 mm SL), Antipodocottus galatheae (LACM 42620-7, 48.8 mm SL), Enophrys diceraus (OS 15214, 67.27 mm SL), Artediellus gomojunovi (UW 20981, 64.0 mm SL), Microcottus sellaris (OS 11467, 89.0 mm SL), Hemilepidotus spinosus (OS 3769, 62.0 mm SL). Scale bar is 5 mm.
Fig. 1 in Dhurrin: A naturally occurring phytochemical as a weapon against insect herbivores
Fig. 1. Mechanism of biosynthesis, catabolism, detoxification and alternate pathway of turnover of dhurrin in a cyanogenic plant.
Fig. 2 in Dhurrin: A naturally occurring phytochemical as a weapon against insect herbivores
Fig. 2. Mechanism of action of Dhurrin as pest deterrent. Before tissue disruption, compartmentalization of dhurrin in epidermal cells and dhurrinase in mesophyll is depicted. But tissue disruption leads to cyanogenesis, leading to release of HCN by the action of dhurrinase on dhurrin. Inside insect body cyanide inhibits aerobic respiration through binding to cytochrome oxidase, block carbohydrate metabolism by binding with glycolysis intermediates, activates proteolytic enzymes while some of cyanide expired as HCN and carbon dioxide and also excrete in the form of amino acids. Insects are also known to have cyanide detoxification mechanisms where cyanoalanine synthase and nitrilase enzymes act on cyanide to form asparagine, aspartic acid and ammonia. Here, purple structure represents dhurrin and orange structure represents dhurrinase; red structure represents cyanide and the green structure represents the cytochrome oxidase enzyme. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Axe Weapon 1GA2
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Studies of Thyroid Abnormalities in Northeastern Kazakhstan Associated With Nuclear Weapons Testing
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00341185. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
The Medical Management in Patients Exposed to Weapons of Mass Destruction
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05026645. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 6. Publications: 1.
Data from: The design of a beautiful weapon: compensation for opposing sexual selection on a trait with two functions
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Dataset for: Trade-offs between weapons and testes do not manifest at high social densities
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Data from: Is diversification in male reproductive traits driven by evolutionary trade-offs between weapons and nuptial gifts?
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Data from: Weapon allometry varies with latitude in the New Zealand giraffe weevil
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Data from: Shark tooth weapons from the 19th century reflect shifting baselines in Central Pacific predator assemblies
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Data from: Selection on an extreme weapon in the frog legged leaf beetle (Sagra femorata)
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Data from: Are weapon allometries steeper in major or minor males? A meta-analysis
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Data from: Toxicity and utilization of chemical weapons: does toxicity and venom utilization contribute to the formation of species communities?
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Anti-predator behaviour depends on male weapon size
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Allelopathic effects of Brassica nigra in both its native and invaded ranges do not support the novel weapons hypothesis
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Data from: Sperm competition and the evolution of precopulatory weapons: Increasing male density promotes sperm competition and reduces selection on arm strength in a chorusing frog
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