Find research datasets worth reusing

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World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Repackaged hash://sha256/4e969a1c8243b523b093d3a05fd5f7683479c2919e7d83e8b1383c5e5ef1d4e5 hash://md5/fb7559ce707d11f96a878d8a8a79a661

<h1>Introduction</h1> <p>The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) (Ahyong et al. 2024) aims to “[…] provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms, including information on synonymy. While the highest priority goes to valid names, other names in use are included so that this register can serve as a guide to interpret taxonomic literature. […]”</p> <p>This data publication contains a verifiable copy of the World Register of Marine Species as well as a streamable version in json-line format. The aims of this publication are to:</p> <ol> <li> <p>provide a signed citation (Elliott, Poelen, and Fortes 2023) for a copy of WoRMS</p> </li> <li> <p>prepare WoRMS to be included in the Nomer Corpus of Taxonomic Resources (J. H. (ed. ). Poelen 2023).</p> </li> <li> <p>pre-process the World Register of Marine Species to facilitate optimized indexing and offline taxonomic name alignments using tools like Nomer (J. Poelen and Salim 2023).</p> </li> </ol> <p>Overall, the publications aims to facilitate taxonomic name alignment using the wealth of information provided by the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) to help enable fast, reproduceable, offline-enabled alignment of namelists with taxonomic resources of known provenance (or origin).</p> <p>An example of an application facilitated by this publication is the Taxonomic Name Alignment tool as provided through https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/name-alignment-template. This template repository implements an automated workflow using GitHub Action to align scientific names in csv/tsv files and darwin core archive with common taxonomic name lists like WoRMS, NCBI Taxonomy, Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), and GBIF Backbone taxonomy.</p> <h2><a name="methods"></a>Methods</h2> <p>To capture and process WoRMS, the following steps were taken:</p> <ol> <li> <p>re-use a tracked and archived copy of WoRMS</p> </li> <li> <p>make WoRMS archive streamable by translating the WoRMS DwC-A into a line-json</p> </li> <li> <p>assign an alias to the processed resources</p> </li> </ol> <p>Steps 1-3 are captured and documented using Preston, a biodiversity data tracker. Preston not only helps to documents the steps, but also includes the digital resources that were used and produced.</p> <h3><a name="reuse-versioned-worms-archive"></a>Reuse Versioned WoRMS Archive</h3> <p>To reuse a versioned copy of June 2024 WoRMS as provided through Checklist Bank, the following command was issued:</p> <pre># define dependency on a June 2024 version of Checklist Bank. preston use hash://sha256/763edde4043c32ff53b9d8fc945a67b6409adccc0757a3bff1e52cccd4802476 # resolve WoRMS by their Checklist Bank Alias preston cat hash://sha256/763edde4043c32ff53b9d8fc945a67b6409adccc0757a3bff1e52cccd4802476\ --remote https://linker.bio\ | grep hasVersion\ | grep "https://api.checklistbank.org/dataset/2011/archive.zip"\ | head -1\ | preston dwc-stream --remote https://linker.bio\ | gzip\ | preston track # define an alias short cut to the generated json.gz archive preston head\ | preston cat\ | grep hasVersion\ | grep -oE "hash://[a-z0-9]+/[a-f0-9]+"\ | xargs -L1 preston alias worms:worms.json.gz</pre> <p>With this, a previously archived copy of https://api.checklistbank.org/dataset/2011/archive.zip is downloaded and their sha256 checksum (or hash) is calculated. Also, the download process was previously captured machine-readable rdf/nquads statement of hash://sha256/763edde4043c32ff53b9d8fc945a67b6409adccc0757a3bff1e52cccd4802476.</p> <p>An example record from the derived dataset worms:worms.json.gz included in this publication can be found using:</p> <pre>preston alias\ --anchor hash://sha256/4e969a1c8243b523b093d3a05fd5f7683479c2919e7d83e8b1383c5e5ef1d4e5\ --remote https://zenodo.org/deposit/8327611/files\ worms:worms.json.gz\ | preston cat\ | gunzip\ | head -n1\ | jq .</pre> <p>and is</p> <pre>{ "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": "line:zip:hash://sha256/ca4baa1a90f4ce80d27ec7d1525f54a75fa679d76a66ed6143b17031287dea09!/taxon.txt!/L2", "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Taxon", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/text/id": "urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:1", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/scientificNameAuthorship": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/nomenclaturalStatus": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/acceptedNameUsage": "Biota", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/infraspecificEpithet": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonRank": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/phylum": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/scientificNameID": "urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:1", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/scientificName": "Biota", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/parentNameUsage": "Biota", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/datasetName": "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/references": "https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/subgenus": null, "http://purl.org/dc/terms/rightsHolder": "WoRMS Editorial Board", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/family": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/order": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/class": null, "http://purl.org/dc/terms/bibliographicCitation": "WoRMS (2024). Biota. Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/genus": null, "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/namePublishedInYear": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/institutionCode": "VLIZ", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/acceptedNameUsageID": "urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:1", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/kingdom": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonID": "urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:1", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/parentNameUsageID": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/datasetID": "https://doi.org/10.14284/170", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/nomenclaturalCode": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/namePublishedInID": null, "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified": "2004-12-21", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonomicStatus": "accepted", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/namePublishedIn": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/specificEpithet": null }</pre> <p>which shows the first json-line object retrieved from the WoRMS DwC-A.</p> <h1><a name="results"></a>Results</h1> <p>As described in our methods, this publication derived the resource with alias worms:worms.json.gz and content id hash://sha256/0a6625167b6943d31cfa737dd5f6f123c767d236194f6a1c97c44f678d9fcaa7 . This resource contains a streamable line-json archive derived from a versioned copy package retrieved from https://api.checklistbank.org/dataset/2011/archive.zip with content identifier hash://sha256/ca4baa1a90f4ce80d27ec7d1525f54a75fa679d76a66ed6143b17031287dea09.</p> <p>The following tools were used to process the WoRMS resource:</p> <p>Tools used in this data publication</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th> <p>tool name</p> </th> </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><a href="https://github.com/bio-guoda/preston">preston</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)">bash</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip">gzip</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed">sed</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(Unix)">head</a></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h1><a name="discussion"></a>Discussion</h1> <p>This publication is intended to facilitate re-use of the WoRMS data package in taxonomic name alignment workflows. While the primary goal was to generate a resource for use in Nomer v0.4.9 (J. Poelen and Salim 2023), other usage can be imagined such as:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Lots of Copies Keeps Stuff Safe (LOCKSS (Maniatis et al. 2005)): keep an identical copy of WoRMS data package outside of the Checklist Bank/ WoRMS infrastructure.</p> </li> <li> <p>making a json-line streamable copy of WoRMS available via https://zenodo.org/record/12112610/files/0a6625167b6943d31cfa737dd5f6f123c767d236194f6a1c97c44f678d9fcaa7 for use in workflows like looking up the first record that contain <em>Enhydra lutris</em> (Sea otter):</p> </li> </ol> <pre> curl -L 'https://zenodo.org/record/12112610/files/0a6625167b6943d31cfa737dd5f6f123c767d236194f6a1c97c44f678d9fcaa7'\ | gunzip\ | grep "Enhydra lutris"\ | head -n1\ | jq .</pre> <p>producing</p> <pre>{ "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": "line:zip:hash://sha256/ca4baa1a90f4ce80d27ec7d1525f54a75fa679d76a66ed6143b17031287dea09!/taxon.txt!/L111764", "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Taxon", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/text/id": "urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:242598", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/scientificNameAuthorship": "(Linnaeus, 1758)", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/nomenclaturalStatus": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/acceptedNameUsage": "Enhydra lutris", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/infraspecificEpithet": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonRank": "Species", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/phylum": "Chordata", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/scientificNameID": "urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:242598", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/scientificName": "Enhydra lutris", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/parentNameUsage": "Enhydra", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/datasetName": "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/references": "https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=242598", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/subgenus": null, "http://purl.org/dc/terms/rightsHolder": "WoRMS Editorial Board", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/family": "Mustelidae", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/order": "Carnivora", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/class": "Mammalia", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/bibliographicCitation": "WoRMS (2024). Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=242598", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/genus": "Enhydra", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/namePublishedInYear": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/institutionCode": "VLIZ", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/acceptedNameUsageID": "urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:242598", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/kingdom": "Animalia", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonID": "urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:242598", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/parentNameUsageID": "urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:242597", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/datasetID": "https://doi.org/10.14284/170", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/nomenclaturalCode": "ICZN", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/namePublishedInID": null, "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified": "2010-05-20", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonomicStatus": "accepted", "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/namePublishedIn": null, "http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/specificEpithet": "lutris" } ``` Note that the following command should also produce the *exact* same results: </pre> <p>preston cat –remote https://linker.bio,https://zenodo.org/record/12112610/files/<br>hash://sha256/0a6625167b6943d31cfa737dd5f6f123c767d236194f6a1c97c44f678d9fcaa7<br>| gunzip<br>| grep “Enhydra lutris”<br>| head -n1<br>| jq . ~~~</p> <p>and</p> <pre>preston cat --remote https://linker.bio,https://zenodo.org\ hash://sha256/0a6625167b6943d31cfa737dd5f6f123c767d236194f6a1c97c44f678d9fcaa7\ | gunzip\ | grep "Enhydra lutris"\ | head -n1\ | jq .</pre> <p>and</p> <pre>preston cat --remote https://linker.bio,https://zenodo.org\ hash://md5/aa54d0c3587526e3da167cf93afa541f\ | gunzip\ | grep "Enhydra lutris"\ | head -n1\ | jq .</pre> <h1><a name="acknowledgements"></a>Acknowledgements</h1> <p>This work stands on the shoulders of contributors to open source software and openly accessible datasets. Thank you!</p> <h1><a name="bibliography"></a>References</h1> <div> <p>Ahyong, S., C. B. Boyko, N. Bailly, J. Bernot, R. Bieler, S. N. Brandão, M. Daly, et al. 2024. “World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS).” WoRMS Editorial Board. <a href="https://www.marinespecies.org/">https://www.marinespecies.org</a>. https://doi.org/10.14284/170</p> <p> </p> </div> <div> <p>Elliott, Michael J., Jorrit H. Poelen, and José A. B. Fortes. 2023. “Signing Data Citations Enables Data Verification and Citation Persistence.” <em>Scientific Data</em> 10 (1). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02230-y">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02230-y</a>.</p> </div> <div> <p> </p> <p>Maniatis, Petros, Mema Roussopoulos, Thomas J Giuli, David SH Rosenthal, and Mary Baker. 2005. “The LOCKSS Peer-to-Peer Digital Preservation System.” <em>ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)</em> 23 (1): 2–50.</p> </div> <div> <p> </p> <p>Poelen, Jorrit H. (ed.). 2023. “Nomer Corpus of Taxonomic Resources hash://sha256 /12051b8aa59930d6561a3ed46b7cf3f67a31a98445a457d78 894f6b8a8e81641 hash://md5/1ff6b3628d7afc15b882cc0c9b1c3815.” Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8326175">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8326175</a>.</p> </div> <p> </p> <p>Poelen, Jorrit, and José Augusto Salim. 2023. “Globalbioticinteractions/Nomer: 0.5.4.” Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8329422">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8329422</a>.</p>

Fig. 6 in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 6. Echiura gen. et sp. indet. from the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) of Castle Bank, Wales, UK, NMW.2021.3G.102. A1, overall view; A2, proboscis; A3, caudal region; A4, close up showing projections from anal region. A1 in plane-polarised light, A2–A4 in cross-polarised light.

Fig. 5 in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 5. Reconstruction of Llwygarua suzannae gen. et sp. nov.; observed size range: 5.5 to 7 mm long.

Fig. 1. A in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 1. A. Location of Castle Bank within Wales (highlighted within UK, inset). B. Stratigraphic position within the sequence of the Builth-Llandrindod Inlier. Asterisk indicates Castle Bank locality.

Fig. 3 in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 3. Thalassematid echiuran Llwygarua suzannae gen. et sp. nov., from the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) of Castle Bank, Wales, UK, paratype NMW.2021.3G.100. A1, overall view; A2, close up showing detail of central region of trunk, with muscle arrangement of longitudinal and oblique muscle bundles (arrowed); A3, proboscis with anterior projections arrowed, A5, close up showing reticulate structure; A4, caudal region with irregular structures possibly resulting from damage.

Fig. 4 in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 4. Thalassematid echiuran Llwygarua suzannae gen. et sp. nov., from the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) of Castle Bank, Wales, UK, NMW.2021.3G.101. A1, overall view of worm in probably dorsal view; A2, proboscis and midline structures; A3, detail of apex of proboscis, the anterior projections faintly visible (arrowed); A4, counterpart of A1; A5, close up of A4 showing caudal region.

Fig. 2 in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 2. Recent thalassematid echiuran (A) and a fossil equivalent (B). A.?Ochetostoma sp., highlighting significant features for comparison with the fossils (photograph courtesy of Arthur Anker), typical length 10–20 cm. B. Holotype of Llwygarua suzannae gen. et sp. nov., from the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) of Castle Bank, Wales, UK, NMW.2021.3G.99 showing overall specimen in slightly oblique lateral view (B1); enlargement with anterior ventral part of trunk (B4), showing one anterior seta (white arrow) and probably second seta (black arrow); detail of proboscis in cross-polarised light (B5), showing reticulate structure and anterior projections adjacent to midline; central region of trunk with distinctive wrinkling of cuticle in response to compression (B2), and proboscis in plane-polarised light (B3), with anterior projections arrowed.

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Fig. 2 in Fishing bait worm supplies in Japan in relation to their physiological traits

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of inhabitable salinity range of imported worms. The inhabitable range of salinity was evaluated from the 100 % survival of individuals after 5 days.

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Fig. 8 Incertae sedis microorganisms and agglutinated worm tubes. a-i in Upper Jurassic To Lowermost Cretaceous Microfossils From The Hăghimaş Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 8 Incertae sedis microorganisms and agglutinated worm tubes. a-i Crescentiella morronensis (Crescenti) in longitudinal-oblique (a, c, i), oblique (b, d, e, f), and transverse (e, h) sections; a, c – thin section FO1-B (c = closeup view of the middle part in a); b – thin section FO2-B8; d – thin section FO2-A1(3); e, f – thin section FO1-E (f = close-up view of the middle part in e). g – thin section FO1-A1; h – thin section FO2-A1; i – thin section FO1- F2(2). j-n Terebella lapilloides (Münster). Longitudinal (l), longitudinal-oblique (k, n), and transverse (j, m) sections; j – thin section FO2-B10; k – thin section FO1-B; l, m – thin sections FO1-A0; n – thin section FO2-A1.

FIGURE 5 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 5. Reconstruction of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China: Artistic reconstruction of larvae, juveniles, and an adult specimen by C. McCall.

FIGURE 2 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 2. Adult specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China. A, U-shaped individual with preserved post-anal organ, YKLP14530. B, Interpretative drawing of A. C, Nearly complete curved specimen, co-occurring with some incomplete specimens, YKLP14531. D, Interpretative drawing of C. Scale bars, 1 mm. A, anus; CO, collar; EBR, epibranchial ridge; GB+TB, gill and tongue bars; In, intestine; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; P, proboscis; PAO, post-anal organ; PR, parabranchial ridges; T, trunk.

FIGURE 3 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 3. Larvae and juvenile specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China, and comparison to extant hemichordate and echinoderm larvae. A, Post-hatched early stage tornaria larva, YKLP 14532. B, Interpretive drawing of A. C, Early to middle stage larva, YKLP14540. D, Interpretive drawing of C. E, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14533. F, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14536. G, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14548. H, Juvenile specimen with at least two pairs of preserved oval-shaped gill pores, YKLP14549. I, Interpretive drawing of E. J, Interpretive drawing of F. K, Interpretive drawing of G. L, Interpretive drawing of H. M, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14551. N, SEM micrograph of an extant tornaria larva of Schizocardium sp. from the coast of Texas. O, SEM micrograph of an extant early stage juvenile of Schizocardium sp. from the coast of Texas. P–S, Interpretive drawings of the developing stages of an indirect developing modern enteropneust (modified from Gonzalez et al., 2017). P, Early stage tornaria larva. Q, Middle stage tornaria larva. R, Late stage tornaria larva. S, Post metamorphic juvenile. T, Interpretive drawing of an echinoderm (Holothuroidea) larva (modified from Dyachuk and Odintsova, 2013). Scale bars, 500 μm (A–L, N, O), 1 mm (M). AO, apical organ. CB, ciliary band; CO, collar; D, digestive tract; ES, esophagus; GP, gill pore; In, intestine; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; M, mouth; P, proboscis; PAO, post-anal organ; PFB, perioral feeding band; PT, post telotroch; T, trunk.; TL, telotroch.

FIGURE 1 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 1. Adult specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China. A, Part of the holotype, YKLP14443. B, X-ray tomographic image of YKLP14443. C, Interpretative drawing of the anterior part of A. D, A well-preserved individual attached to an uncertain sclerite, YKLP14529. E, Fluorescent microscopy image of the white dashed area in C. F, Interpretative drawing of C. Scale bars, 2 mm (A–C, G), 1 mm (D–F). CO, collar; EBR, epibranchial ridge; GB+TB, gill and tongue bars; GP, gill pore; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; M, mouth; NS, nuchal skeleton; P, proboscis; PR, parabranchial ridges; T, trunk.

FIGURE 4 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 4. SEM and SEM-EDX analyses of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China. A–H, Soft-bodied tissue preservation of YKLP14532. A, A SEM micrograph showing the larva. B–H, Individual elemental maps. B, Iron. C, Sulfur. D, Carbon. E, Oxygen. F, Aluminum. G, Silicon. H, Potassium. I–P, Soft-bodied tissue preservation of YKLP14540. I, A SEM micrograph showing the larva. J–P, Individual elemental maps. J, Iron. K, Sulfur. L, Carbon. M, Oxygen. N, Aluminum. O, Silicon. P, Potassium. Scale bars equal 200 μm.

FIGURE 6 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 6. Inferred phylogenetic relationships: Phylogenetic position of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos and other Cambrian ambulacrarians using majority-rules Bayesian analysis of 113 characters and 27 taxa. Numbers at nodes represent posterior probabilities. Pie charts indicate the results of an ancestral state reconstruction.

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Fig. 1 in Caecal worm, Aulonocephalus pennula, infection in the northern bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus

Fig. 1. Histological section of a Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) caecum with intraluminal Aulonocephalus pennula parasites in transverse sections (indicated by arrows). Hematoxylin and eosin staining at 200×; C = cuticle; HD = hypodermis; LC = lateral cord; I = intestines; O = oviducts; U = uterus containing eggs; PCM = polymyarian coelomyarian musculature.

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Fig. 3 in Caecal worm, Aulonocephalus pennula, infection in the northern bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus

Fig. 3. Transverse histological sections of a pen-raised control Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) caecum without an Aulonocephalus pennula infection.

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Fig. 2 in Caecal worm, Aulonocephalus pennula, infection in the northern bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus

Fig. 2. Transverse histological sections of a Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) caecum infected with Aulonocephalus pennula. Hematoxylin and eosin staining at 40× for both A and B.

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Fig. 5 in Repeated inoculations with the lung and heartworm nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum result in increasing larval excretion and worm burden in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)

Fig. 5. Absolute counts of Eosinophils. The dotted horizontal lines represent reference ranges based on average values ± 2 × S.D. of values of foxes from groups A3, B and D at 0 wpi. Error bars (S.E.M).