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179 results for “Xenarthra”
Figure 6 in Dental microwear in the orthodentine of the Xenarthra (Mammalia) and its use in reconstructing the palaeodiet of extinct taxa: the case study of Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae)
Figure 6. Hierarchical cluster dendrogram (same method as Fig. 3) including Nothrotheriops shastensis among all extant xenarthran taxa. Note that N. shastensis clusters with extant folivores (Bradypus).
Figure 3 in Dental microwear in the orthodentine of the Xenarthra (Mammalia) and its use in reconstructing the palaeodiet of extinct taxa: the case study of Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae)
Figure 3. Hierarchical cluster dendrogram of microwear variables for all extant xenarthran species in this study. Euclidean distance measure is used. Note that folivores (Bradypus) cluster together (shaded area).
Figure 4 in Dental microwear in the orthodentine of the Xenarthra (Mammalia) and its use in reconstructing the palaeodiet of extinct taxa: the case study of Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae)
Figure 4. Plot of mean scratch and pit values for individual Cabassous centralis specimens (N = 11) in relation to extant xenarthran dietary ecomorphospaces from Fig. 2. The four individuals with highest scratch values are labelled by specimen number for reference within text.
Figure 11 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 11. Skull and lower jaw of Choloepus. A, skull and lower jaw shown in left lateral view. B, skull shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 4(1), left and right toothrows anteriorly divergent; 13(1), C1 largest upper tooth; 14(1), c1 largest lower tooth; 20(0), C1/c1 with oblique, nearly vertical wear facet; 23(1), fossa on palatal surface of maxilla posterior to C1 present; 24(1), C1/c1 displaced laterally relative to molariform toothrow; 29(1), C1 with trigonal cross-section; 76(2), mandible with strong fossa posterior to c1; 84(0), orbit in typical mammalian position in lateral view; 85(1), snout relatively short, <40%, ≥ 27% of BNL; 114(3), dorsal process of premaxilla absent; 122(3), palate elongate, strongly widened anteriorly; 146(1), postorbital process of jugal weak; 152(1), descending process of jugal wide at base, tapers strongly toward tip; 169(1), zygomatic process of squamosal horizontal or inclined slightly dorsad in lateral view; 170(1), zygomatic process of squamosal of moderate depth; 187(0), small condyloid foramen. [Modified from Naples (1982).]
Figure 10 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 10. Skull and lower jaw of Acratocnus odontrigonus in left lateral view. Characters and states illustrated: 3(3), C1 & c1 strongly depressed relative to molariforms in lateral view; 13(1), C1 largest upper tooth; 14(1), c1 largest lower tooth; 20(0), C1/c1 with oblique, nearly vertical wear facet; 23(1), fossa on palatal surface of maxilla posterior to C1 present; 25(1), alveolus of C1/c1 projects anteriorly; 37(4), mandibular depth> 25%, £ 27.5% of MML; 40(2), ascending ramus of mandible covers posterior teeth in lateral view; 48(1), angular process of intermediate development, ratio of length to depth> 1.0, <1.25; 84(0), orbit in typical mammalian position in lateral view; 106(2), well-developed buccinator fossa; 152(1), descending process of jugal wide at base, tapers strongly toward tip; 170(2), zygomatic process of squamosal deep; 178(2), postorbital process lies anterior to maxillary foramen. Drawings based on skull (AMNH 17722) and mandibles (AMNH 17710 & AMNH 17719) of Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Figure 9 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 9. Skull and lower jaw of Nothrotheriops and Pronothrotherium. A, skull and lower jaw of Nothrotheriops shown in left lateral view. B, skull of Pronothrotherium shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 2(4), 4/3 dental formula; 3(0), toothrow horizontal in lateral view; 37(2), mandible of moderate depth,> 20%, £ 22.5% of MML; 56(1), condylar surface nearly horizontal in lateral view; 68(2), symphyseal spout elongate; 86(0), snout narrow; 132(1), pterygoid/vomer contact; 137(2), large pterygoid sinus present; 189(1), posterior edge of occipital condyles at or anterior to posterior edge of foramen magnum; 199(1), ethmoid covered by vomer in roof of nasopharynx; 200(1), vomer with elongate, asymmetrical keel extending posteriorly into nasopharynx; 201(1), vomer with large exposure in roof of nasopharynx, covering presphenoid and much of basisphenoid. Drawing A modified from Stock (1925); drawing B based upon specimen of Pronothrotherium typicum (FMNH P14467).
Figure 6 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 6. Skull and lower jaw of Paramylodon harlani. A, skull and lower jaw shown in left lateral view. B, skull shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 16(1), long axis of posterior molariform teeth oblique to long axis of skull; 65(0), mandibular symphysis with convex profile in lateral view; 91(1), profile of nasal region and braincase roughly horizontal in lateral view, but nasal region depressed relative to braincase; 95(1), complete zygomatic arch; 111(0), medial palatal process of maxilla anterior to lateral palatal process; 115(1), palatal process of premaxilla V-shaped, wide; 149(0), wide ascending process of jugal; 171(1), free end of zygomatic process of squamosal broad and somewhat flattened. [Modified from Stock (1925).]
Figure 5 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 5. Skull and lower jaw of Scelidotherium. A, skull and lower jaw shown in left lateral view. B, skull shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 14(2), c1 neither smallest nor largest tooth; 17(3), molariforms with flat occlusal surface; 20(4), C1/c1 with flat occlusal surface; 31(3), M1 lobate, its transverse width greater than its anteroposterior length; 33(5), M2 & M3 lobate, their transverse width greater than their anteroposterior length; 51(0), short condyloid process; 85(1), snout moderately elongate, <40%, ≥ 27% of BNL; 87(1), snout elevated anteriorly; 105(1), maxilla elevated for dental alveoli only in the middle, coincident with molariform row; 107(0), dorsal contact of maxilla and frontal excluded by nasal/lacrimal contact; 111(0), medial palatal process of maxilla anterior to lateral palatal process; 113(0), premaxilla tightly sutured to skull; 117(1), incisive foramen slit-like, hidden in ventral view by medial palatal process of maxilla; 121(5), palatal profile evenly convex in lateral view; 137(1), pterygoid inflated at base; 152(0), descending process of jugal wide; 172(2), frontal/parietal suture well posterior to front of glenoid; 189(1), posterior edge of occipital condyles at or anterior to posterior edge of foramen magnum. [Modified from Owen (1857).]
FIG. 7 in The Xenarthra (Mammalia) of São José de Itaboraí Basin (upper Paleocene, Itaboraian), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
FIG. 7. — Xenarthra incertae sedis, rigth and left astragali; A, B, MCT 2395-M; A, dorsal view; B, plantar view; A' and B', interpretive drawings of the specimen; C, D, MCT 2394-M; C, dorsal view; D, plantar view; C' and D', interpretive drawings of the specimen. Abbreviations: Dfg, digital flexor tendon groove; Ef, ectal facet; Fs, fibular shelf; Mc, medial crest; Mcl, protuberance for the medial collateral ligament; N, neck; Nc; neck crest; Nf, navicular facet; Rf, rugose fossa; Sf, sustentacular facet. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 2 in Multiple colors in anteaters: review and description of chromatic disorders in Tamandua (Xenarthra: Pilosa) with reports of new and rare coat colorations
Figure 2. Record of the two erythristic individuals in the same tree and without agonistic behavior. (A) individual 1 climbing the tree, (B, C) individuals 1 and 2 seeing each other, (D, E) individual 1 and 2 moving towards each other (photographs taken by Canopy Family staff).
Figure 3 in Multiple colors in anteaters: review and description of chromatic disorders in Tamandua (Xenarthra: Pilosa) with reports of new and rare coat colorations
Figure 3. Distribution of chromatic disorders in Tamandua in Central and South America. (A) record locations of all chromatic disorders, (B) albinism and leucism, (C) xanthochromism and partial xanthochromism, (D) melanism, partial melanism, "brown" and partial "brown", (E) erythrism.
Figure 1 in Multiple colors in anteaters: review and description of chromatic disorders in Tamandua (Xenarthra: Pilosa) with reports of new and rare coat colorations
Figure 1. Chromatic disorders in Tamandua: (A) Melanism (by javatru), (B) Partial melanism (by shrike2), (C) Xanthochromism (by pfaucher), (D) Partial xanthochromism (by kenchamberlain), (E) "Brown" variation (by chartuso), (F) Leucism (More et al. 2021), (G) Albinism (Ríos et al. 2019), (H) Erythrism (by Slifkin). A–F originally published on iNaturalist.
Figure 2 in The vertebral column of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) (Chlamyphoridae, Cingulata, Xenarthra): Anatomy and Thoracolumbar variation. Spinal cord relation
Figure 2. Trajectory of the vertebral artery and associated nerves in C. villosus. (A) Schematic drawing that shows the path of the vertebral artery along the cervical region in dorsal view. (B) Schematic drawing that shows the path of the vertebral artery within the lateral mass of the atlas in posterodorsal view.
Figure 1 in The vertebral column of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) (Chlamyphoridae, Cingulata, Xenarthra): Anatomy and Thoracolumbar variation. Spinal cord relation
Figure 1. Major details in every region of the axial skeleton of C. villosus. (A-B) Anterior and posterior view of the atlas (C1), respectively. t.a. = transverse apophysis, ax.fc. = articular facet for the axis, ax.ne.fc. = articular facet for the neurapophysis of the axis, f.d. = fovea dentis, g.c. = glenoid cavity for the occipital bones, in lateral mass (l.m.), tb. = tuberosity, t.f. = transverse foramen. (C-D) Lateral and ventral view of the mesocervical bone (C2 + C3 + C4), respectively: od.pr. = odontoid process, ax. = axis, t.a. = transverse apophysis, ne. = neurapophysis. (E) left image: laterodorsal view of the axial region including the mesocervical bone, posterior free cervicals (C5-C7), and first thoracic vertebra (T1); right image: lateroventral view of the last free cervical (C7) and first thoracic vertebrae. ne. = neurapophysis, int.f. = intervertebral foramina, grey areas show the articular facets in C7 and T1 for the first rib. (F-G) dorsal and lateral views of the axial region between T4 and T7, respectively. Black arrowheads indicate the dorsal xenarthrales, me. = metapophysis, an. = anapophysis, tb.fc. = facet for the tubercle of the rib, cp.fc. = facet for the capitulum of the rib. The supplementary articulations (= xenarthrales) are clearly shown in the schematic drawing in the circular areas. (H) anterior (left) and posterior (right) view of T9 showing the pre- and postzygapophyses, respectively. Black arrowheads indicate the vertical component in both articular facets. (I) lateral view of the axial region between the last thoracics (T9-T11) and first lumbar (L1). Grey surfaces in T11 (also outlined in black) and L1 indicate the facets of the ventral xenarthrales. an. = anapophysis, a.dfc. = anterior demifacet for the capitulum of the rib, me. = metapophysis. (J-K) Dorsal and lateral views of the axial skeleton (with the exception of the caudal region) of a specimen that bears 11 thoracic and 3 lumbar vertebrae. ac. = Acetabulum, an. = anapophysis, a.r. = anterior ramus of the pubis, di.vb. = diaphragmatic vertebrae, il. = ilium, il.tb. = iliac tuberosity, is. = ischium, is.tb. = ischial tuberosity, me. = metapophysis, o.f. = obturator foramen, pb. = pubis, p.r. = posterior ramus of the pubis, S. = synsacral vertebrae, s.is.f. = sacroischial foramen, v.r. = ventral ramus of the pubis. * Dorsoventral curvature of the cervical vertebrae.
Figure 4 in The vertebral column of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) (Chlamyphoridae, Cingulata, Xenarthra): Anatomy and Thoracolumbar variation. Spinal cord relation
Figure 4. Schematic drawing of the anterior face of Cd5 and its relationship with the caudal osteoderms. v.b. = vertebral body.
Figure 3 in The vertebral column of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) (Chlamyphoridae, Cingulata, Xenarthra): Anatomy and Thoracolumbar variation. Spinal cord relation
Figure 3. Axial skeleton in two specimens of C. villosus that deviate from the thoracolumbar count of 11T + 3L. (A) Specimen with 12T + 3L (LMED-652). Above, dorsal view of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. Below left, lateral view of the lumbosacral region. Below right, ventral view of the pelvis. Black arrowheads indicate the synsacral foramina, (B) Specimen 12T + 2L (LMED-637). Above, dorsal view of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. Below left, lateral view of the lumbosacral region. Below right, ventral view of the pelvis articulating with the first free caudal (Cd1). do.rd. = dorsal ridge; rb.fc. = rib facet, pb.sy. = pubic symphysis, v.r. = ventral ramus, t.p. = transverse process in first caudal (Cd1).
FIG. 21 in Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 2: Xenarthra, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, And Sirenia
FIG. 21. Matses boy with pet red brocket fawn (photo by D.W.F.; Estirón, 2016).
Figure 9 in Reassessment of the cranial characters of Glossotherium and Paramylodon (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Mylodontidae)
Figure 9. Mandible of Glossotherium chapadmalense, type specimen (MACN 8675) in occlusal view.
Figure 7 in Reassessment of the cranial characters of Glossotherium and Paramylodon (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Mylodontidae)
Figure 7. Mandible outlines in lateral view of Glossotherium (A) and Paramylodon (B).
Data from: Postcranial anatomy of the extinct terrestrial sloth Simomylodon uccasamamensis (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Pliocene of the Bolivian Altiplano and its evolutionary implications
<p>Extinct terrestrial sloths are common elements of the late Cenozoic South American fossil record. Among them, Mylodontinae species were particularly abundant in the Americas throughout the Pleistocene epoch, and their anatomy is relatively well known. In contrast, less information is available from the Neogene record and particularly from localities at low latitudes, with an additional and considerable bias in favor of craniodental rather than postcranial remains. In this contribution, we provide comparative descriptions of several postcranial bony elements ascribed to <i>Simomylodon uccasamamensis</i>, a moderate-sized extinct mylodontine from the Andean Altiplano. This species was particularly abundant during latest Miocene–late Pliocene times in the high altitudes of the Andean Cordillera, and so far represents the best known mylodontine from the Neogene of South America. Its anatomy is compared with that of several extinct terrestrial sloths, with the aim of using the observed morphologies to elucidate taxonomy, phylogeny, and locomotion. From a morphofunctional perspective, the postcranium of <i>S. uccasamamensi</i>s is consistent with that of a terrestrial graviportal quadruped, with moderate climbing and digging capabilities.</p>
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