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FIGURE 10 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 10. Tectonic setting for the formation of mountain belts in central and Southwest Asia at 35 MYBP, Eocene/ Oligocene. The map is after Dercourte et al. (1986). Note the approaching Arabian Plate, with much of Southwestern Asia in front of the Indian Plate.

FIGURE 9 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 9. Movements of tectonic plates. During the middle Eocene, 50–45 MYBP, India first contacted Eurasia. Since that time, India and Laurasian plates have converged 2365 km in the west, 2475 in the center, and 2750 km in the east (Dewey et al. 1989; Molnar et al. 1987; Royden et al. 2008; Windley 1988). The high altitudes now present in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Tien Shan, and Pamir are attributed to the Indian collision (Dewey et al. 1988, 1989). The Hindu Kush between the Helmand and Farah blocks is associated with the uplift of the trans-Himalaya, which includes the Karakoram and is one of the earlier uplifting events. The Tien Shan and Pamir, which now separate the Taklimakan Desert (Tarim Plate) from the Caspian Basin and Farah Block, were formed approximately 10 MYBP (Abdrakhmatov et al. 1996; Tapponier et al. 1981). Crustal shortening and deformation rates are from Dewey et al. (1989). The map is modified from Tapponier et al. (1981).

FIGURE 7 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 7. Strict consensus of 18 equally parsimonious trees of 408 steps from the 25 (all informative) allozyme loci, coded using allele combinations and analyzed with step matrices. Bootstrap values are presented above branches and decay indices are presented below branches in bold. Outgroups (Laudakia, and Trapelus), and well-supported Phrynocephalus clades and lineages discovered in the mitochondrial DNA analysis are identified to the right as D–M where sampling overlaps (clades that are broken are numbered as in Figs. 5 and 6).

FIGURE 6 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 6. Strict consensus of six equally parsimonious trees of 381 steps from the 213 (107 informative) allozyme alleles, coded as presence/absence. Bootstrap values are presented above branches and decay indices are presented below branches in bold. Outgroups (Laudakia, and Trapelus), and well-supported Phrynocephalus clades and lineages discovered in the mitochondrial DNA analysis are identified to the right as D–M where sampling overlaps (clades that are broken are numbered as in Fig. 5).

FIGURE 14 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 14. Pliocene (3.5–3.0 MYBP) extent of the rejuvinted Paratethys Sea. Note that the Caspian Basin is reconnected with the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. This period of water inundation may have further subdivided populations of Phrynocephalus. Note the rejuvenated inundation to the southeast of the current Caspian Sea outline, which is at the base of the Kopet-Dagh (mountains) uplifting that initiated approximately 5 MYBP (Smit et al. 2013). The map is after Steininger & Rogl (1984).

FIGURE 5 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 5. Strict consensus of 62 equally parsimonious trees of 831 steps from the 2760 (342 informative) aligned nuclear RAG-1 DNA positions. Bootstrap values are presented above branches and decay indices are presented below branches in bold. Outgroups (Laudakia, Bufoniceps, and Trapelus), and well-supported Phrynocephalus clades and lineages discovered in the mitochondrial DNA analysis are identified to the right as A–M (clades that are broken are numbered).

FIGURE 3. A in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 3. A simplified tectonic map of Asia's associated tectonic plates. Top: The tectonic history of Asia including the break up of Gondwana, trans-Tethys migration of microplates, the isolation of the Indian plate, and subsequent docking of India with Asia (after Tapponier et al. 1981). Bottom: Major plates and suture zones of Asia: low elevations plates of China, J= Junggar and Ta= Tarim; high elevation plates of Tibet, K= Kunlun, Q= Qiangtang and Ti= South Tibet; Southwest Asian plates, F= Farah, H= Helmand, L= Lut, and M= Makran which is an uplift from the Gulf of Oman. Note the complex shifting of plates deep in Asia by Arabia, India, and SE Asia.

FIGURE 2 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 2. The approximate distribution of Phrynocephalus and Bufoniceps laungwalaensis. The 29 Phrynocephalus species sampled are indicated with general geographic distribution. Multiple populations were sampled from 10 species which are: P. arabicus, P. forsythii, P. luteoguttatus, P. maculatus, P. mystaceus, P. przewalskii, P. roborowskii, P. salenskyi, P. scutellatus, and P. vlangalii. Two populations are included from all of the above except for P. przewalskii which is four populations, and P. vlangalii which is three populations. In some cases these are depicted on the map. See appendix 1 for exact localities of samples.

FIGURE 1 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 1. The major deserts of Asia and intervening mountain belts. Major deserts are labeled 1–7 which are: (1) Arabian, (2) Thar, (3) Southwest Asian, (4) Caspian Basin, (5) Gobi-Taklimakan, (6) Qaidam-Qinghai, and (7) High Elevation Tibetan. Intervening mountain belts are labeled A–J which are: (A) Zagroz, (B) Kopet-Dagh, (C) Hindu Kush, (D) Karakorum, (E) Himalaya, (F) Pamir, (G) Tien Shan, (H) Arjin-Qilan, (I) Kunlun, and (J) Tangula Shan. Phrynocephalus species occur in all major desert regions of Asia, with the exception of the Thar Desert in India having Bufoniceps laungwalaensis, which was originally described as a Phrynocephalus species (Sharma 1978) and is the sister taxon to Trapelus (Macey et al. 2006).

FIGURE 17 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 17. Highest maximum-likelihood tree (-ln = 19894.22) from the 1595 included aligned mitochondrial DNA positions. Bootstrap values are presented above branches and comparative parsimony decay indices are presented below branches in bold (Macey 2005). Branches that appear in parsimony analyses have the parsimony decay index plotted. Branches with no parsimony cost but are not present in strict consensus trees are listed as a "0" decay value. Branches that conflict with the parsimony analysis have a negative decay value representing the number of parsimony steps cost to obtain the maximumlikelihood branch. Bold italic bootstraps are those that differ from parsimony analysis. Outgroups (Laudakia, Bufoniceps, and Trapelus), and Phrynocephalus clades and lineages previously identified are labeled to the right as A–M.

FIGURE 11 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 11. Tectonic setting for the formation of mountain belts in central and Southwest Asia at 22 MYBP, Early Miocene. The map is after Dercourte et al. (1986) and uplifting in the Pamir and Karakoram mountains is schematic after Tapponier et al. (1981). Note the near docking of the Arabian Plate with Eurasia, forward movement of India into Eurasia, and Southwest movement of ancient Gondwanan Plates (Farah, Helmand, Iran).

FIGURE 8 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics

FIGURE 8. Strict consensus of three equally parsimonious trees of 5683 steps from the combined data with 4568 included (1288 informative) characters. These data consist of aligned mitochondrial DNA and nuclear RAG-1 DNA positions, as well as allozyme alleles coded as presence/absence characters. Bootstrap values are presented above branches and decay indices are presented below branches in bold. Outgroups (Laudakia, Bufoniceps, and Trapelus), and well-supported Phrynocephalus clades and lineages discovered in the mitochondrial DNA analysis are identified to the right as A–M.

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Figure 1 in An ontogenetically stable sexual character in a montane agamid, Salea horsfieldii Gray, 1845 (Reptilia: Agamidae) from Nilgiris, India

Figure 1. Dimorphic secondary sexual ornamentation in different size classes of Salea horsfieldii. Insets a, b, c and d are females of SVL 28.6 mm, 36.2 mm, 57.2 mm and 71.4 mm, respectively, and e, f, g and h are males of SVL 29.08 mm, 40.6 mm, 67.4 mm and 74.7 mm, respectively. The red arrow mark shows the break at the nuchal region in males.

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Figure 2 in An ontogenetically stable sexual character in a montane agamid, Salea horsfieldii Gray, 1845 (Reptilia: Agamidae) from Nilgiris, India

Figure 2. Histogram showing the frequency distribution of SVL (mm) in males (n = 170) on the left and females (n = 52) on the right.

FIGURE 9 in An integrative taxonomic review of the agamid genus Bronchocela (Kuhl, 1820) from Peninsular Malaysia with descriptions of new montane and insular endemics

FIGURE 9. Color pattern variation in Bronchocela cristatella. Upper left: adult male from Taiping, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia (LSUHC 12102). Upper right: adult male from Hutan Lipur Sekayu, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia (LSUHC 11992). Lower left: adult male from Pulau Natuna Besar, Indonesia (LSUHC 11616). Photographs by L. L. Grismer. Lower right: adult male (LSUDPC 4651) from Kanowit, Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo). Photograph by Chan, K. O.

FIGURE 6 in An integrative taxonomic review of the agamid genus Bronchocela (Kuhl, 1820) from Peninsular Malaysia with descriptions of new montane and insular endemics

FIGURE 6. Upper and lower left and upper right: Bronchocela shenlong sp. nov. from Parit Falls, Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Upper and lower left: adult male paratype LSUHC 12105 in light and dark color phase, respectively. Upper right: adult female paratype LSUHC 12104 in light color phase. Lower right: Bronchocela cristatella (LSUHC 12103) from 12 km S Parit Falls. Photographs by L. L. Grismer.

FIGURE 5 in An integrative taxonomic review of the agamid genus Bronchocela (Kuhl, 1820) from Peninsular Malaysia with descriptions of new montane and insular endemics

FIGURE 5. Bronchocela shenlong sp. nov. from Bukit Larut, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Upper left and right: adult female paratypes LSUHC 10660 (light color phase) and 9144 (dark color phase), respectively. Lower right: juvenile female paratype LSUHC 9416. Lower left: hatchling LSUHC 11587 sleeping on a fern at night. Photographs by L. L. Grismer.

FIGURE 4 in An integrative taxonomic review of the agamid genus Bronchocela (Kuhl, 1820) from Peninsular Malaysia with descriptions of new montane and insular endemics

FIGURE 4. Habitat of Bronchocela rayaensis sp. nov. on Gunung Raya, Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia. Upper: hill dipterocarp forest. Lower: microhabitat within hill dipterocarp forest. Photographs by L. L. Grismer.

FIGURE 8 in An integrative taxonomic review of the agamid genus Bronchocela (Kuhl, 1820) from Peninsular Malaysia with descriptions of new montane and insular endemics

FIGURE 8. Habitat of Bronchocela shenlong sp. nov. Left: disturbed habitat near Parit Falls, Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (Photograph by L. L. Grismer). Upper right: disturbed habitat at Bukit Larut, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia (Photograph by E. S. H. Quah). Lower right: undisturbed microhabitat at Bukit Larut (Photograph by L. L. Grismer).

FIGURE 3 in An integrative taxonomic review of the agamid genus Bronchocela (Kuhl, 1820) from Peninsular Malaysia with descriptions of new montane and insular endemics

FIGURE 3. Upper left and right and middle left: Bronchocela rayaensis sp. nov. from Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia. Upper left and right: adult females from Lubuk Sembilan (LSUDPC 9458 [photograph by D. Hegner] and LSUDPC 4696 [photograph by L. L. Grismer], respectively). Middle left: female paratype (LRCUKM 0136) from 400 m on the northwestern slope of Gunung Raya (Photograph by Ehwan N.). Lower: type series of B. rayaensis sp. nov.; holotype LSUHC 7535 (left) and paratype LRCUKM 0136 (right). Photographs by L. L. Grismer.