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123 results for “breeding success”
Data from: The cost of migratory prey: seasonal changes in semi-domestic reindeer distribution influences breeding success of Eurasian lynx in northern Norway
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Data from: Determinants of age at first reproduction and lifetime breeding success revealed by full paternity assignment in a male ungulate
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Urbanisation lowers great tit (Parus major) breeding success at multiple spatial scales
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Data from: Mercury exposure in an endangered seabird: long-term changes and relationships with trophic ecology and breeding success
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Mercury (Hg) is an environmental contaminant which, at high concentrations, can negatively influence avian physiology and demography. Albatrosses (Diomedeidae) have higher Hg burdens than all other avian families. Here, we measure total Hg (THg) concentrations of body feathers from adult grey-headed albatrosses (<i>Thalassarche chrysostoma</i>) at South Georgia. Specifically, we: (i) analyse temporal trends at South Georgia (1989–2013) and make comparisons with other breeding populations; (ii) identify factors driving variation in THg concentrations; and, (iii) examine relationships with breeding success. Mean ± SD feather THg concentrations were 13.0 ± 8.0 µg g<sup>-1</sup> dw, which represents a threefold increase over the past 25 years at South Georgia and is the highest recorded in the <i>Thalassarche</i> genus. Foraging habitat, inferred from stable isotope ratios of carbon (<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C), significantly influenced THg concentrations – feathers moulted in Antarctic waters had far lower THg concentrations than those moulted in subantarctic or subtropical waters. THg concentrations also increased with trophic level (<i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N), reflecting the biomagnification process. There was limited support for the influence of sex, age and previous breeding outcome on feather THg concentrations. However, in males, Hg exposure was correlated with breeding outcome – failed birds had significantly higher feather THg concentrations than successful birds. These results provide key insights into the drivers and consequences of Hg exposure in this globally important albatross population.</p>
Data from: Local prey shortages drive foraging costs and breeding success in a declining seabird, the Atlantic puffin
<p>As more and more species face anthropogenic threats, understanding causes of population declines in vulnerable taxa is essential. However, long-term datasets, ideal to identify lasting or indirect effects on fitness measures such as those caused by environmental factors, are not always available. </p> <p>Here we use a single year but multi-population approach on populations with contrasting demographic trends to identify possible drivers and mechanisms of seabird population changes in the north-east Atlantic, using the Atlantic puffin, a declining species, as a model system. </p> <p>We combine miniature GPS trackers with camera traps and DNA metabarcoding techniques on four populations across the puffins' main breeding range to provide the most comprehensive study of the species' foraging ecology to date. </p> <p>We find that puffins use a dual foraging tactic combining short and long foraging trips in all four populations, but declining populations in southern Iceland and north-west Norway have much greater foraging ranges, which require more (costly) flight, as well as lower chick-provisioning frequencies, and a more diverse but likely less energy-dense diet, than stable populations in northern Iceland and Wales. </p> <p>Together, our findings suggest that the poor productivity of declining puffin populations in the north-east Atlantic is driven by breeding adults being forced to forage far from the colony, presumably because of low prey availability near colonies, possibly amplified by intraspecific competition. Our results provide valuable information for the conservation of this and other important North-Atlantic species and highlight the potential of multi-population approaches to answer important questions about the ecological drivers of population trends.</p>
Data from: Haemosporidian parasites depress breeding success and plumage coloration in female barn swallows (Hirundo rustica)
Parasites are major effectors of natural selection and also play a role in sexual selection processes. Haemosporidian blood parasites are common in vertebrates and have been shown to vary in their effects depending on both the parasite and host species, on the host trait investigated as well as on host condition and stage of infection. Here we investigated infection of adult barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) by Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus species during the chronic stage of infection and the consequences for host fitness traits. Prevalence was higher than 10% only for Plasmodium. Chronic stage infection by Plasmodium was associated with reduced female breeding success, but did not affect breeding dates. Infection did not affect the expression of male secondary sexual traits (tail length and melanin‐based plumage coloration), but was associated with paler coloration of females. Finally, we found a negative effect of infection by Plasmodium on feather growth rate in older but not in yearling individuals. Because feathers are moulted during wintering in sub‐Saharan Africa where infection of barn swallows by Plasmodium occurs, our results suggest that male secondary sexual traits have little potential to reveal acute‐stage infection whereas plumage coloration of females may advertise their infection status. In addition, these results suggest that infection by Plasmodium can influence the course of plumage moult. Thus, our results add to the observations of negative effects of haemosporidian infection on fitness traits in birds and provides evidence that these effects can vary among traits and in relation to age and sex.
Data from: Examining carry‐over effects of winter habitat on breeding phenology and reproductive success in prairie warblers (Setophaga discolor)
Winter habitat quality can influence breeding phenology and reproductive success of migratory birds. Using stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C) from bird claws and red blood cells collected in Massachusetts, USA, we assessed if winter habitat occupancy carried over to affect prairie warbler (Setophaga discolor) breeding arrival dates, body condition upon arrival, pairing success, first-egg dates, and reproductive success. In two of three years (in 2011 and 2012, but not in 2013), after-second-year (ASY) males wintering in drier habitat, as indicated by enriched δ13C values, arrived later on the breeding grounds. Based on the North Atlantic Oscillation index, there was likely less rainfall in the Caribbean wintering grounds during the winters of 2011 and 2012 compared to the winter of 2013, suggesting increased winter rainfall in 2013 may have diminished the influence of winter habitat occupancy on arrival date. We did not find any effects of winter habitat on breeding season phenomena for second-year (SY) males or females, but our sample sizes for these age/sex classes were relatively low. Although winter habitat quality influenced arrival dates of ASY males, there was no evidence that it affected reproductive performance, perhaps because of high rates of nest depredation in our system. Our study adds to a growing body of research that shows the influence of carry-over effects can differ among species and within populations, and also can be modulated by other environmental conditions. This information enriches our understanding of the role of carry-over effects in population limitation for migratory birds.
Data from: Spring weather conditions influence breeding phenology and reproductive success in sympatric bat populations.
1. Climate is known to influence breeding phenology and reproductive success in temperate zone bats, but long-term population level studies and interspecific comparisons are rare. 2. Investigating the extent to which intrinsic (i.e. age), and extrinsic (i.e. spring weather conditions), factors influence such key demographic parameters as the proportion of females becoming pregnant, or completing lactation, each breeding season, is vital to understanding of bat population ecology and life-history traits. 3. Using data from twelve breeding seasons (2006 - 2017), encompassing the reproductive histories of 623 Myotis daubentonii and 436 M. nattereri adult females, we compare rates of recruitment to the breeding population, and show that these species differ in their relative sensitivity to environmental conditions and climatic variation, affecting annual reproductive success at the population level. 4. We demonstrate that i) Spring weather conditions influence breeding phenology, with warm, dry and calm conditions leading to earlier parturition dates and advanced juvenile development, whilst cold, wet and windy weather delays birth timing and juvenile growth, ii) Reproductive rates in first-year females are influenced by spring weather conditions in that breeding season and in the preceding breeding season when each cohort was born. Pregnancy and lactation rates were both higher when favourable spring foraging conditions were more prevalent, iii) Reproductive success increases with age in both species, but at different rates, iv) Reproductive rates were consistently higher, and showed less inter-annual variation, in second-year and older M. daubentonii (mean 91.55% ± 0.05 SD) than M. nattereri (mean 72.74% ± 0.15 SD), v) Estimates of reproductive success at the population level were highly correlated with the size of the juvenile cohort recorded each breeding season. 5. Improving understanding of the influence of environmental conditions, especially extreme climatic fluctuations, and the identification of critical periods (i.e. spring for reproductive female bats in temperate zones), which have disproportionate and lasting impacts on breeding phenology and reproductive success at a population level, is critical for improving predictions of the likely impact of climate change on bat populations.
Data from: Great spotted cuckoo disregard information on conspecific breeding success while parasitizing magpie
The study of mechanisms underlying host selection by brood parasites usually lays on selection by parasites of host traits that inform on host parental abilities or location. However, brood parasites might use information extracted from past reproductive performance of either their hosts or themselves, a possibility almost neglected. In this study, we use a long-term data set to analyse whether the probability of parasitism by great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius) of a magpie (Pica pica) nest in a given year is related with the reproductive outcome of any of the two species in the surroundings of that nest the previous year. We found that probability of parasitism for a nest in a year was explained by previous year cuckoo reproductive outcome and parasitism rate in the area surrounding the focal nest, but not by host reproductive outcome. To discern between the effect of parasitism rate and that of parasite reproductive success on parasite choices we carried out an experiment modifying the natural correlation found between parasitism status and host and parasite success in the patches. The results showed that neither host nor cuckoo reproductive outcome in a patch after the experiment explained probability of parasitism the following year. Only parasitism rate in the surroundings of a nest before the experiment explained probability of parasitism for this nest in the following year. Hence, these results indicate that great spotted cuckoos disregard social information related to past parasitism outcome, probably because parasitism outcome is tightly correlated with parasitism itself.
Data from: The role of partial incubation and egg repositioning within the clutch in hatching asynchrony and subsequent effects on breeding success
The main mechanism to achieve hatching asynchrony (HA) for incubating birds is to start heating the eggs before clutch completion. This might be achieved through partial incubation and/or early incubation. Even in the absence of incubation behaviour during the laying phase, clutches still experience a certain degree of asynchrony. Recent studies have shown that eggs located in the centre of the nest receive more heat than peripheral ones during incubation. Since eggs receiving more heat would develop faster, we hypothesised that HA should be shorter in nests where eggs were moved homogeneously along the centre-periphery space during incubation compared to those nests where eggs repeatedly remained in the same locations, either centrally or peripherally. We explored the relative roles of egg repositioning and partial incubation in determining HA in wild birds by (1) removing eggs from 20 Great Tit Parus major nests on day of laying and replacing them with fake eggs to avoid partial incubation, and returning them when full incubation began; (2) monitoring twice a day the position of each individually marked egg relative to the clutch centre during incubation, and estimating the coefficient of variation of the distances (CVdistance); (3) determining HA in each nest. Preventing partial incubation reduced HA by 51% days in experimental nests. It also caused negative effects for the incubating females (lengthening the full incubation period) and positive effects for the brood (increasing fledging success). However, our hypothesis about the role of egg repositioning on HA was not supported: all the females moved the eggs with remarkable consistency, generally attaining a CVdistance around 33%, and it was not related to the HA experienced. We therefore conclude that partial incubation is an important factor regulating HA, and females compensate for the potential effects of differential heating by moving the eggs homogeneously within the clutch.
Data from: Simulated moult reduces flight performance but overlap with breeding does not affect breeding success in a long-distance migrant
1. Long-distance migrants are time-constrained as they need to incorporate many annual cycle stages within a year. Migratory passerines moult in the short interval between breeding and migration. To widen this interval, moult may start while still breeding, but this results in flying with moulting wings when food provisioning. 2. We experimentally simulated wing gaps in breeding male pied flycatchers by plucking 2 primary feathers from both wings. We quantified the nest visitations of both parents, proportion of high-quality food brought to the nestlings and adults and nestlings condition. Differences in oxidative damage caused by a possible reduction in flight efficiency were measured in amounts of ROMs and OXY in the blood. We also measured how flight performance was affected with recordings of the male`s escape flight using high-speed cameras. Finally, we collected data on adult survival, clutch size and laying date in the following year. 3. "Plucked" males travelled a 5% shorter distance per wingbeat, showing that our treatment reduced flight performance. In line with this, "plucked" males visited their nests less often. Females of "plucked" males, however, visited the nest more often than controls, and fully compensated their partner's reduced visitation rate. As a result, there were no differences between treatments in food quality brought to the nest, adult or chick mass or number of successfully fledged chicks. Males did not differ in their oxidative damage or local survival to the following year. In contrast, females paired with plucked males tended to return less often to breed in the next year in comparison to controls, but this difference was not significant. For the birds that did return there were no effects on breeding. 5. Our results reveal that wing gaps in male pied flycatchers reduce their flight performance, but when it occurs during breeding they prioritise their future reproduction by reducing parental care. As a result, there is no apparent detriment to their condition during breeding. Because non-moulting females are able to compensate their partner's reduced care, there is also no immediate costs to the offspring, but females may pay the cost suffering from a reduced survival.
Replication package for: (Successful) Democracies Breed Their Own Support
<p>This replication package generates all the tables and figures in the paper "(Successful) Democracies Breed Their Own Support" (Review of Economics Studies, forthcoming) by Acemoglu, Ajzenman, Aksoy, Fiszbein, and Molina, using data from multiple sources (see README for details) and Stata code. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Figure 1 from: da Silva Mohr LR, Périco E, da Silva Fonseca VS, Mohr AR (2017) The breeding biology, nest success, habitat and behavior of the endangered Saffron-cowled Blackbird, Xanthopsar flavus (Aves: Icteridae), at an Important Bird Area (IBA) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Zoologia 34: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20783
Figure 1 - Map of study area, with the Wildlife Refuge Banhado dos Pachecos (WRBP) and, in its immediate vicinity, the Environmental Protection Area of Banhado Grande (EPABG), in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Fig. 4 in An exceptional influx and successful breeding of Pantala flavescens on the Island of Malta (Maltese Archipelago) (Odonata: Libellulidae)
Fig. 4 – Numbers of Pantala flavescens recorded in the Maltese Islands between 29th July and 27th November, 2020.
Figure 5 from: Studer A, Cardoso de Sousa M, Barcena Goyena B (2018) Breeding biology and nest success of Short-tailed Antthrush Chamaeza campanisona (Aves: Formicariidae) in the Atlantic rainforest of northeastern Brazil. Zoologia 35: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e12906
Figure 5 Cumulative number of active nests between 1986–2016 and the average precipitation in Quebrangulo (Agência Nacional de Águas 2009).
Figures 2-4 from: Studer A, Cardoso de Sousa M, Barcena Goyena B (2018) Breeding biology and nest success of Short-tailed Antthrush Chamaeza campanisona (Aves: Formicariidae) in the Atlantic rainforest of northeastern Brazil. Zoologia 35: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e12906
Figures 2-4 (2) Detail of C. campanisona nest location; (3) nest and eggs of C. campanisona at cavity bottom; (4) adult of C. campanisona at nest entrance carrying a large quantity of arthropods. All photos by A. Studer on March 2009.
Figure 4 in Effect of reed burning and precipitation on the breeding success of Great Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, on a mining pond
Figure 4. Spatial distribution of GRW nests and actual pairs on Bager Pond. Black dots represent GRW nests and ellipsoids indicate actual breeding pairs. Ellipsoids contain both successful and perished nests (dots) belonging to the same female. Ellipsoids containing 2 (1 original and 1 replacement clutch) or more dots show that 1 female raised 1 or more replacement clutches.
Figure 2 in Nest characteristics and breeding success of Sarus Crane, Antigone antigone (Linnaeus, 1758) (Aves: Gruidae) in different habitats at Dhanauri Wetland, Uttar Pradesh, India
Figure 2. Study area in Gautum Budh Nagar district, Noida, Uttar Pradesh showing roads (black lines) to monitor Sarus Crane nests and their breeding success during the study period, location of villages in red circles with names, wetlands> 40 ha (blue polygon) and village ponds> 8 ha (dark gray polygon). In the top left, the insets show the location of Uttar Pradesh in India (with state boundaries) and the blue spot in Uttar Pradesh blue spot shows Gautum Budh Nagar District.
Figure. Map of the study area with the locations of actively used white-tailed eagle nests in the years 2009–2011. in Nest-site selection, breeding success, and diet of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the Danube Delta, Romania
Figure. Map of the study area with the locations of actively used white-tailed eagle nests in the years 2009–2011.
Data from: Great spotted cuckoo disregard information on conspecific breeding success while parasitizing magpie
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