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Fig. 9. Microporella setiformis O in Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California

Fig. 9. Microporella setiformis O'Donoghue & O'Donoghue, 1923 (SBMNH 704776), Black Sand Beach, Lost Coast, California, USA. A. Group of zooids, some ovicellate. B. Autozooids and kenozooids (white asterisks) at colony growing edge. C. Close-up of orifice, showing low condyles, ascopore, and avicularia with crossbar missing. D. Close-up of ovicellate zooids with avicularia showing complete crossbar. E. Close-up of marginal zooid showing exposed pore chamber windows. F. Group of autozooids with two oral spines, some indicated with arrows. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 µm; C = 50 µm; D, F = 250 µm; E = 150 µm.

Fig. 8 in Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California

Fig. 8. Microporella neocribroides Dick & Ross, 1988 (SBMNH 704692), Stengel Beach, California, USA. A. Group of autozooids lacking avicularia and showing two distolateral oral spines. B. Group of zooids lacking avicularia, with ovicells in various stages of development. C. Group of zooids, mostly ovicellate, and some with avicularia. D. Group of zooids, some in formation, at colony growing edge. E. Close-up of the orifice and reticulate ascopore. Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm; E = 50 µm.

Fig. 5. Microporella cribrosa Osburn, 1952 in Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California

Fig. 5. Microporella cribrosa Osburn, 1952, holotype (SBMNH 668403) (previously AHF 80), Corona del Mar (36°31′59.998169″ N, 121°56′59.989014″ W), Newport Harbor, Orange County, California, USA. A. Group of ovicellate zooids with two oral spines visible and paired avicularia with setiform mandibles. B. Group of zooids, most ovicellate, with umbones hiding the ascopore; one zooid showing five robust oral spines. C. Close-up of frontal shield and ovicells showing the simple (i.e., nonreticulate) pseudopores. D–E. Close-ups of ascopore showing well-developed distal projections and radial denticulations converging towards the centre giving to the lunate aperture a reticulate appearance. F. Tatiform ancestrula, seemingly regenerated as a kenozooid with adventitious avicularium, and early astogeny with zooids showing up to 7 oral spines. Scale bars: A–B, F = 500 µm; C = 200 µm; D = 100 µm; E = 50 µm.

Fig. 6 in Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California

Fig. 6. Microporella similis Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. A–C. Holotype (SBMNH 704271), Velero 1232–41, 5 miles from San Pedro Breakwater, California, USA. D. Paratype (SBMNH 702583), Laguna Beach, California, USA. E–G. Paratype (SBMNH 703675), Santa Catalina Island, California, USA. H–L. Paratype (SBMNH 668408), Bahia Todos Santos, Mexico. A. Group of autozooids, some ovicellate. B. Close-up of ascopore. C. Ancestrula and periancestrular zooids. D. Close-up of autozooids showing the orifice. E. Autozooids with multiple umbones on the frontal shield. F. Close-up of multiporous septula. G. Close-up of a young autozooid at colony growing edge showing the length of oral spines. H. Close-up of an open mandible. I. Ovicellate zooids with quadrangular umbo. J. Group of zooids, one showing a third avicularium (see arrow). K. Close-up of ascopore. L. Close-up of reticulate pseudopores. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 100 µm; C, I = 500 µm; D = 250 µm; E, G = 200 µm; F = 50 µm; H = 120 µm; J = 300 µm; K–L = 20 µm.

Fig. 4 in Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California

Fig. 4. Microporella rota Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov., all California, USA. A, D, F. Paratype (SBMNH 704769), Pillar Point. B–C. Holotype (SBMNH 704766), Shelter Cove. E, G. Paratype (SBMNH 704767), Mill Creek. H. Paratype (SBMNH 706126), Marshall Gulch. A. Group of autozooids with umbonate frontal shield. B. Group of ovicellate zooids. C. Close-up of the ascopore, reticulate pseudopores (see also insert), and orifice. D. Partially overgrown tatiform ancestrula and first budded autozooid lacking an avicularium. E. Close-up of multiporous septula. F. Aberrant zooids, lacking an orifice but with avicularium and ascopore (seemingly triple in the aberrant zooid at the bottom), formed at the edge of encounter between two colonies. G. Autozooid with two avicularia on the same side. H. Autozooids having avicularia with preserved mandibles. Scale bars: A–B, F, H = 500 µm; C = 200 µm; D = 150 µm; E = 50 µm; G = 250 µm.

Fig. 2 in Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California

Fig. 2. Microporella dentata Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov., holotype (SBMNH 704789), MacKerricher State Park, California, USA. A. General view of colony. B. Group of autozooids, each with four oral spines and avicularia. The insert shows an avicularium with open mandible. C. Closeup of orifice with serrated hinge-line and ascopore. D. Ovicellate zooids with incomplete, developing ovicells. E. Paratype (SBMNH 704790a), Greenwood, California, USA. Ovicellate zooids with complete ovicells. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 200 µm; C = 50 µm; D = 150 µm; E = 250 µm.

Fig. 3 in Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California

Fig. 3. Microporella pauciperforata Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov., holotype (SBMNH 704788), Trinidad Head North, California, USA. A. General view of the colony showing majority of zooids lacking avicularia (some marked with asterisks), zooid with proximolateral avicularium (arrow), and an ovicellate zooid (star). B. Group of autozooids with abraded frontal shields either lacking avicularia, or with small, lateral avicularium distally directed or placed in the proximolateral corner and directed proximally. C. Close-up of the ovicellate zooid showing a preserved reticulate ascopore. D. Close-up of reticulate ascopore. E. Close-up of an avicularium. F. Close-up of zooids with evident spine bases (white arrows). Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 µm; C, F = 200 µm; D = 60 µm; E = 100 µm.

Fig. 1. A in Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California

Fig. 1. A. Location of sampling sites along the Californian coastline. B. Distributions and relative abundances of species indicated by colour-coded bars. C–D. Two sites as examples of the rocky intertidal boulder fields that were sampled for this study. C. Palmer's Point. D. Marshall Gulch.

Fig. 7 in Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California

Fig. 7. Microporella californica (Busk, 1856) (SBMNH 704770), Point Saint George, California, USA. A. Group of zooids, most ovicellate. B. Close-up of autozooids with paired avicularia, one zooid ovicellate. C. Ovicellate zooids with acute frontal shield umbones hiding the ascopore.D. Autozooids with oral spines intact. E. Close-up of an orifice, with oral spine bases obliterated by secondary calcification, and avicularia. F. Close-up of the ascopore and orifice with condyles. G. Incomplete autozooids showing distal pore chamber windows. Scale bars: A–C, G = 500 µm; D = 200 µm; E = 100 µm; F = 50 µm.

Fig. 10 in Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California

Fig. 10. Microporella umbonata (Hincks, 1883) (NHMO H1940), Palmer's Point, Trinidad, California, USA. A. Group of ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids, one zooid with avicularium. B. Distal part of autozooid showing umbonate ovicell, small adventitious avicularium, C-shaped ascopore with projecting tongue and denticulate margin, and concave proximal margin of orifice with triangular condyles. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B = 200 µm.

Fig. 5. Hippothoa connata Ortmann, 1890 in Monoporella projecta (Cheilostomata: Bryozoa), a New Uniserial Species from the Continental Shelf and Slope of Japan

Fig. 5. Hippothoa connata Ortmann, 1890, encrusting the same substrate (a molluscan shell) as Monoporella projecta, NMNS PA 18452. Scale bar: 500 µm.

Fig. 1 in Monoporella projecta (Cheilostomata: Bryozoa), a New Uniserial Species from the Continental Shelf and Slope of Japan

Fig. 1. Colonies of Monoporella projecta sp. nov. A, holotype, NMNS PA 16855; B, paratype, NMNS PA 18451A. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 4. Orifice and operculum. A in Monoporella projecta (Cheilostomata: Bryozoa), a New Uniserial Species from the Continental Shelf and Slope of Japan

Fig. 4. Orifice and operculum. A, orifice of zooid L4 in Fig. 2A; B, orifice of one zooid of the lower-right row in Fig. 1A; C, outer surface of operculum, NMNS PA 18451B; D, inner surface of operculum, NMNS PA 18451B. Scale bars: 50 µm.

Fig. 2. Autozooids. A in Monoporella projecta (Cheilostomata: Bryozoa), a New Uniserial Species from the Continental Shelf and Slope of Japan

Fig. 2. Autozooids. A, holotype, NMNS PA 16855, ancestrulae "a" and subsequent zooids; B, paratype, NMNS PA 16857, ancestrulae "0" and subsequent zooids; C, zooid "L4" in A, separated from the substrate by cleaning; D, zooid "3" in B, moved from the original position. Scale bars: 1 mm in A, B, and 200 µm in C, D.

Fig. 12. Skylonia sandbergi Sandberg, 1962 in Newly discovered species of cheilostomatid Bryozoa from the Miocene of western Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Fig. 12. Skylonia sandbergi Sandberg, 1962 (GIS/B 0549). A. General view of the colony showing autozooids and well-developed knobs bordering the aperture. B. Close-up of the colony showing autozooids and well-developed knobs (arrows).

Fig. 11 in Newly discovered species of cheilostomatid Bryozoa from the Miocene of western Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Fig. 11. Labioporella hariparensis Guha & Gopikrishna, 2007 (GIS/B 0533). A. General view of the colony showing autozooids. B. Enlargement of an autozooid showing cryptocyst and polypide tube. C. Close-up of the colony showing autozooid with proximal tubercles. D. Enlargement of the colony showing ancestrula and interzooecial avicularia.

Fig. 10 in Newly discovered species of cheilostomatid Bryozoa from the Miocene of western Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Fig. 10.?Tretosina gen. et sp. indet. (GIS/B 0522). A. General view of the colony showing hexagonal autozooid arranged in longitudinal rows. B. Close-up of a single autozooid showing oval opesia and tuberculated cryptocysts.

Fig. 8 in Newly discovered species of cheilostomatid Bryozoa from the Miocene of western Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Fig. 8. Cellaria sp. (GIS/B 0515). A. General view of the colony showing hexagonal autozooids. B. Close-up of a single autozooid showing semicircular orifice with a pair of strong denticles, depressed proximal cryptocyst and distally placed ooecial cavity.

Fig. 9 in Newly discovered species of cheilostomatid Bryozoa from the Miocene of western Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Fig. 9. Micropora vredenburgi Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 (GIS/B 0516). A. General view of the colony showing subhexagonal autozooid. B. Close-up of an autozooids showing orifices opesia, opesiules, thick mural rims and ooecia.

Fig. 7 in Newly discovered species of cheilostomatid Bryozoa from the Miocene of western Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Fig. 7. Crepis gurjarensis Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 (GIS/B 0504). A. General view of the colony encrusting an echinoid test showing uniserial chains with branching on both sides. B. Close-up of an autozooid showing oval opesia, cryptocyst and well-developed gymnocyst.