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Fig. 2 in Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) colonising large carcasses in Central Europe

Fig. 2 Differences between habitats in the number of species of adult (a) or larval (c) flesh flies and abundance of adult flesh flies (b). Sex ratio of the most abundant species (d). Differences between flesh flies and blowflies in the preappearance interval of the first instar larvae (e) and

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Fig. 1 in Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) colonising large carcasses in Central Europe

Fig. 1 Shape of sixth and seventh sternite of female abdomen of the six species of Sarcophaga collected in experiments. a S. albiceps, b S. argyrostoma, c S. carnaria species group, d S. caerulescens, e S. melanura and f S. similis

Fig. 16 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 16. Alignment of variable positions of the 18S rRNA gene of five astome ciliates isolated from the lumbricid earthworms. Boxes mark 25 nucleotide positions in which M. lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841) differs from M. varians (de Puytorac, 1954). The comparison with three outgroup species of Anoplophrya Stein, 1860 indicates that 19 out of the 25 variable nucleotide positions of M. lumrici are either plesiomorphies or possibly homoplasies.

Fig. 7 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 7. Metaradiophrya varians (de Puytorac, 1954), Slovak specimens in vivo. A, D. Ventral view of representative specimens, showing the typical body shape, localization of the fibrillar hook, the long rodlike macronucleus and two staggered rows of contractile vacuoles (arrowheads). B. Detail of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are 5 or 6 fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 26 (22–29) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and 11 or 12 fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the fibrillar hook towards the left body margin. C. Dorsal view, showing the somatic kineties. The ciliary rows are narrowly arranged and are composed of very densely spaced basal bodies (left inset). E. Ventral view, showing a late divider. Scale bars: A, C–E = 50 µm; B = 20 µm.

Fig. 2 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 2. Metaradiophrya lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. A. Semi-schematic diagram of the ventral side, showing the fibrillar hook as well as the contractile vacuole and the somatic ciliary pattern. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the hook towards the left body margin. B. Detail of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are on average 6 (5–7) fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 33 (30–37) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and on average 11 (8–13) fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. C. Shape variants of fibrillar hooks. The hook is composed of two unequally long arms: the longer arm is flat and 25–35 µm long, while the shorter arm appears slightly more robust at the base and is 8–13 µm long. D–E. Lateral somatic kineties form a right and a left subterminal suture in the posterior body region. F. Ventral view, showing the general body organization. G. The cytoplasm contains innumerable granules being ca 0.4 µm across and rod-like bacteria being about 3–15 µm long. Scale bars: A, F = 50 µm; B = 10 µm.

Fig. 1 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 1. Map of Slovakia showing the localization of six collection sites (marked by black dots). A schematized outline of Bratislava City is depicted left of the map of Slovakia. Rectangles A and B indicate the two Bratislava study areas, whose details are shown in panels (A) and (B) under the map of Slovakia. For locality codes and further details, see Table 1.

Fig. 6 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 6. Metaradiophrya varians (de Puytorac, 1954), Slovak specimens in vivo. A. Semi-schematic diagram of the ventral side, showing the localization of fibrillar hook, the arrangement of contractile vacuoles and the somatic ciliary pattern. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the fibrillar hook towards the left body margin. B. Detail of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are 5 or 6 fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 26 (22–29) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and 11 or 12 fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. C. Shape variants of fibrillar hooks. The longer arm of the hook measures on average 30 µm, while the shorter arm only 11 µm. D–E. The macronucleus is rodlike and accompanied by an elliptical micronucleus. F–I. Variability of body shape and size as well as of the contractile vacuole and nuclear apparatus. There are two staggered rows of contractile vacuoles arranged along the left and right side of the macronucleus. Drawn to scale. J. Ventral view, showing a late divider. Scale bars: A, F–J = 50 µm; B = 20 µm.

Fig. 3 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 3. Metaradiophrya lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. A. Detail of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are on average 6 (5–7) fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 33 (30–37) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and on average 11 (8–13) fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the fibrillar hook towards the left body margin. B, F–M. Variability of body shape and size as well as of the contractile vacuole and nuclear apparatus. Drawn to scale. C–E. The macronucleus is rod-like and its surface is smooth or with some indistinct irregularities. However, many small vesicules appear in its vicinity in dying cells. The micronucleus is elliptical and typically situated close to the mid-portion of the macronucleus. Scale bars: A = 20 µm; B, F–M = 100 µm.

Fig. 4 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 4. Metaradiophrya lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. A–B. Ventral view of representative specimens, showing the typical body shape, localization of the fibrillar hook, the long rod-like macronucleus and two staggered rows of contractile vacuoles (arrowheads). C–D. Detail, showing the long rod-like macronucleus, a single micronucleus, contractile vacuoles and cytoplasmic bacteria. The central region of the micronucleus appears homogenous and brighter than its margin in the differential interference optics and might represent a central nucleolus. E–F. Somatic ciliature is holotrichous and composed of very densely ciliated meridional kineties. In the posterior body region, lateral somatic kineties form a right and a left subterminal suture (arrow in E), whose detail is shown in the left inset. Scale bars: A–B = 100 µm; C–D = 10 µm; E–F = 20 µm.

Fig. 5. A–B in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 5. A–B. Metaradiophrya lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. Details of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are on average 6 (5–7) fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 33 (30–37) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and on average 11 (8–13) fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the fibrillar hook towards the left body margin. The somatic kineties above the suture run towards the anterior body end where they curve onto the dorsal body side to meridionally extend over its surface towards the posterior body end. On the other hand, the somatic kineties below the suture run meridionally over the ventral side towards the posterior body end. The ventral somatic kineties are lined with fibers attached to the fibrillar hook. Scale bars: 20 µm.

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Figure 1 in Ctenocallis israelica - first record in Central Europe, with a note on the genus Ctenocallis

Figure 1. Morphology of abdomen of Ctenocallis spp.: A– C. setosa (drawing from Nieto Nafría and Mier Durante, 1998, modified), C. dobrovljanskyi (drawing from Quednau, 2003, modified); B– C. israelica (original photograph).

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Text-fig. 2. Plot of height versus height to width ratio of leaf scars of the studied species of Protopteris and Oncopteris. in Revision Of Protopteris And Oncopteris Tree Fern Stem Casts From The Late Cretaceous Of Central Europe

Text-fig. 2. Plot of height versus height to width ratio of leaf scars of the studied species of Protopteris and Oncopteris.

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Text-fig. 1. Geological setting and location of the fossil sites mentioned in this paper. Grey area indicates Cretaceous Basins. in Revision Of Protopteris And Oncopteris Tree Fern Stem Casts From The Late Cretaceous Of Central Europe

Text-fig. 1. Geological setting and location of the fossil sites mentioned in this paper. Grey area indicates Cretaceous Basins.

Text-fig. 9. Sex estimation of Moča skull (Komárno district, southern Slovakia), linear discriminant analysis using Henke's Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic database (n = 129, f = 46, m = 83), as well as according to recent Howells's database (n = 2524, f = 1156, m = 1368) with variables M1 (GOL) and M45 (ZYB). in A Late Upper Palaeolithic Skull From Moča (The Slovak Republic) In The Context Of Central Europe

Text-fig. 9. Sex estimation of Moča skull (Komárno district, southern Slovakia), linear discriminant analysis using Henke's Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic database (n = 129, f = 46, m = 83), as well as according to recent Howells's database (n = 2524, f = 1156, m = 1368) with variables M1 (GOL) and M45 (ZYB).

Text-fig. 6b. Z-score profile for Moča skull. Comparison of Moča skull indices with LUP and recent sample, –1.96 and +1.96: 95% tolerance interval (95% of the LUP and recent variability), 0: LUP and recent sample mean, grey band: 95% confidence interval of mean z-scores. Only those samples having more than n = 5 in the particular group are included. in A Late Upper Palaeolithic Skull From Moča (The Slovak Republic) In The Context Of Central Europe

Text-fig. 6b. Z-score profile for Moča skull. Comparison of Moča skull indices with LUP and recent sample, –1.96 and +1.96: 95% tolerance interval (95% of the LUP and recent variability), 0: LUP and recent sample mean, grey band: 95% confidence interval of mean z-scores. Only those samples having more than n = 5 in the particular group are included.

Text-fig. 5. Skull from Moča (Komárno district, southern Slovakia), frontal radiograph of skull showing hypoplasia of the right frontal sinus. in A Late Upper Palaeolithic Skull From Moča (The Slovak Republic) In The Context Of Central Europe

Text-fig. 5. Skull from Moča (Komárno district, southern Slovakia), frontal radiograph of skull showing hypoplasia of the right frontal sinus.

Text-fig. 1. Skull from Moča (Komárno district, southern Slovakia): a) anterior view, b) posterior view, c) left lateral view, d) inferior view, e) superior view in A Late Upper Palaeolithic Skull From Moča (The Slovak Republic) In The Context Of Central Europe

Text-fig. 1. Skull from Moča (Komárno district, southern Slovakia): a) anterior view, b) posterior view, c) left lateral view, d) inferior view, e) superior view

Text-fig. 6a. Z-score profile for Moča skull. Comparison of Moča skull measurements with LUP and recent sample, –1.96 and +1.96: 95% tolerance interval (95% of the LUP and recent variability), 0: LUP and recent sample mean, gray band: 95% confidence interval of mean z-scores. Only those samples having more than n = 5 in the particular group are included. in A Late Upper Palaeolithic Skull From Moča (The Slovak Republic) In The Context Of Central Europe

Text-fig. 6a. Z-score profile for Moča skull. Comparison of Moča skull measurements with LUP and recent sample, –1.96 and +1.96: 95% tolerance interval (95% of the LUP and recent variability), 0: LUP and recent sample mean, gray band: 95% confidence interval of mean z-scores. Only those samples having more than n = 5 in the particular group are included.

Text-fig. 10. Regional affinity of the Moča skull (Komárno district, southern Slovakia), linear discriminant analysis using the Henke's Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic database (Europe, n = 76) with variables M1 (GOL), M5 (BNL), M8 (XCB), M40 (BPL), W – West Europe, CE – Central-East Europe, S – South Europe. in A Late Upper Palaeolithic Skull From Moča (The Slovak Republic) In The Context Of Central Europe

Text-fig. 10. Regional affinity of the Moča skull (Komárno district, southern Slovakia), linear discriminant analysis using the Henke's Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic database (Europe, n = 76) with variables M1 (GOL), M5 (BNL), M8 (XCB), M40 (BPL), W – West Europe, CE – Central-East Europe, S – South Europe.

Text-fig. 3. Geological map and schematic geological section of the discovery site of the Late Upper Palaeolithic skull from Moča (southern Slovakia). I. – Primary position (?), II. – The discovery site (secondary position), A – B – The schematic geological section of the discovery site 1. H – Fluvial clayey to sandy loams (subordinately humolites) – Holocene; secondary discovery site layer, 2. lm-pH – Loam – peat – Holocene, 3. e Wl – Eolian sands – Late Würm (Late glacial of Würm), 4. lm,sWl – Fluvial clayey (to humic) loams or fine sands – Late Würm (Late glas cial of Würm); original discovery site layer, now eroded, 4a. fe Wl – Fluvial – aeolian silty sands (calcareous) – Late Würm (Late glacial s-lm of Würm), 5. lmW3 – Fluvial loams, sandy loams – final Würm (W3), 5a. W3 – Fluvial sands – final (?) Würm (?W3), 6. gW2+3 – Fluvial gravs els, sandy gravels, sands with gravel – Pleniglacial of Würm (W2+3), 7. lW – Aeolian loess and loess loams – Würm (undivided) in A Late Upper Palaeolithic Skull From Moča (The Slovak Republic) In The Context Of Central Europe

Text-fig. 3. Geological map and schematic geological section of the discovery site of the Late Upper Palaeolithic skull from Moča (southern Slovakia). I. – Primary position (?), II. – The discovery site (secondary position), A – B – The schematic geological section of the discovery site 1. H – Fluvial clayey to sandy loams (subordinately humolites) – Holocene; secondary discovery site layer, 2. lm-pH – Loam – peat – Holocene, 3. e Wl – Eolian sands – Late Würm (Late glacial of Würm), 4. lm,sWl – Fluvial clayey (to humic) loams or fine sands – Late Würm (Late glas cial of Würm); original discovery site layer, now eroded, 4a. fe Wl – Fluvial – aeolian silty sands (calcareous) – Late Würm (Late glacial s-lm of Würm), 5. lmW3 – Fluvial loams, sandy loams – final Würm (W3), 5a. W3 – Fluvial sands – final (?) Würm (?W3), 6. gW2+3 – Fluvial gravs els, sandy gravels, sands with gravel – Pleniglacial of Würm (W2+3), 7. lW – Aeolian loess and loess loams – Würm (undivided)